Total Dynamic Head Research Articles

Assessment of Technical and Financial Feasibility of the Gadachaur Lift Irrigation System, Bajura Nepal

Implementation of a cost-effective and technically feasible irrigation project in the hilly topography contains many challenges in operation and management. This study examined the technical and economic feasibility of the lift irrigation system along with diversification of irrigated agriculture in one of the mid-hill districts of Nepal. To achieve the overall aim, a case study was conducted in Gadachaur, Bajura District of Nepal in 2022-2023. The approach consisted of collecting data and information from desk study of Google Earth maps, field visits, surveys, focus group discussions and subsequent ,interpretation. The study found that the selected system is both technically and economically feasible. The cropping intensity in the chosen area was 105%. The economic analysis indicated that the internal rate of return was 19.7%, and the B/C ratio at a 10% discount was 1.9, while at a 12% discount rate, the B/C was 1.63. After establishing the technical feasibility of the irrigation system, the following recommendations were made; the economic size of the pumping main should be 80 mm, the total dynamic head should be 160 m, the total volume of water to be pumped per day should be 141 m3, and the HP of the pump required should be 15 KW.

Design and optimization of automatic solar irrigation-based PLC


 
 
 Irrigation is the most important step in agriculture. In order to obtain a good agricultural crop, water must be used wisely and appropriately without waste. This article presents an automatic solar irrigation system developed and designed by the authors. The system consists of two parts: a photovoltaic water pumping system and a unit of control based on programmable logic controller. The programmable logic controller (PLC) uses two sensors: one is placed in the field to measure the moisture in the soil, while the second is used to control the amount of water in the storage unit. The photovoltaic pumping system was designed to be able to irrigate one-hectare area of henna Lawsonia inermis L. with daily water need of 33 m3/day and total dynamic head (TDH) of 14 m. The region opted for this study and analysis is 34°41.1’ N latitudes and 6°29.6’ E longitudes in Zribet el Oued-biskra, Algeria.
 
 

SIZING ALGORITHM OF SOLAR-POWERED WATER PUMPING SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC APPLICATION USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION

Due to some issues faced in rural areas such as increasing water demand, the limited reach of electricity, as well as the scarcity of fossil fuel and its negative impact on the environment, renewable energy water pumping systems emerges as an excellent solution to solve those problems. In this case, the components in the renewable energy water pumping system ought to be optimized to improve the effectiveness of the system. This study was aimed at developing and analyzing an optimization model for the sizing of solar-powered water pumping systems for domestic applications. The sizing algorithm was developed using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in MATLAB software. As a result of optimization, a summary of the main findings was provided, which include the optimal values for the number of solar panels, water tank capacity, and water pump power that minimize system costs and fulfill the water demand simultaneously. To investigate the performance of the proposed algorithm, several case studies have been evaluated by varying the total dynamic head (TDH) and water demands. In summary, TDH value primarily affects the number of PV panels and pump power, leaving the water tank capacity unchanged. However, the variations in water demand can impact all three parameters: the number of PV panels, water tank capacity, and water pump power. Overall, by applying the PSO method in the sizing algorithm of a solar-powered water pumping system, the cost could be minimized, and it would be able to cover the cost of water storage that supports the water demand of a certain application.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL PUMP SCHEMES REUSING DRAINAGE WATER IN A MAJOR RICE-BASED IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE AREA IN THE RED RIVER BASIN, VIETNAM

A comprehensive study was undertaken in a major rice-based irrigation and drainage area, with the objective of assessing the characteristics and importance of the wide-spread use of drainage water from canal irrigation schemes by local schemes. The irrigated area of 18,308 ha consisted of the public managed Cau Son canal scheme and 208 electric-powered pump schemes, of which 109 were classified as drainage reuse schemes using drainage water from the canal scheme. The reuse pump schemes covered 27% of the irrigated area, including 6 public and 103 local managed pump stations, the latter with about 21,000 households engaged in reuse irrigation. The local schemes were typically 25 years old and showed a high degree of variability in irrigated area, total dynamic head, design capacity, and energy use. The seasonal irrigation delivery ranged by a factor 10 with about 65% “lost” in return flow mostly as surface drainage. The use of electric power was excessive, associated with low pumping and irrigation efficiencies related to poor maintenance, inadequate water management and capacity overdesign. A significant scope was identified for improved use of water and energy and for integrating local reuse schemes in performance evaluations and water management frameworks in canal-irrigated areas.

Evaluation Study of Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) IND-1000 Pump Model with Analysis of the Flow Rate of Crude Oil in Production Well

ESP is an artificial lift with the principle of a centrifugal pump, where the production fluid that enters through the intake will be thrown by the impeller into the diffuser which will then be directed to the impeller above it so that this process repeats until the production fluid reaches the surface. The longer the production well is produced, the smaller or weakened the Pwf pressure will be, therefore an evaluation is needed in order to produce optimal production. The data needed include: well production rate (Qo), well flow pressure (Pwf), Pump Intake Pressure (PIP), Total Dynamic Head (TDH), Pump type, namely IND-1000 pump, Number of stages, Type of motor, HP motor, motor voltage, Electric current, OD motor, Total voltage, and Total starting voltage. The evaluation methodology used is to determine the optimum production rate through IPR calculations using the vogel method, Pump Intake Pressure (PIP), Total Dynamic Head (TDH), number of stages, and horse power (HHP). From the results of this evaluation, the optimal production rate (Qopt) value was obtained, which was 988.552 BPD. This optimal production rate value is still included in the capacity range, which is between 600-1260 BFPD. Because the optimal production rate is still within the range capacity, this production well does not require a new pump replacement.

Optimal Design and Comparative Analysis of a PV/Mini-Hydropower and a PV/Battery Used for Electricity and Water Supply

This work proposed an optimal design of PV-system-based water-pumped energy storage for both electricity and water supply. A case study was considered in a rural community in Cameroon. The parameters of the assessment of the system were reliability, represented in the present work by the system supply deficiency (SSD), and economic accessibility, represented by the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The obtained results showed that for 0% SSD, the optimal configuration of the system was composed of 438 PV modules of 235 W, an immersed solar motor pump of 35 kW, a hydroelectric turbine of 51.7 kW, an upper reservoir of 2307.1 m3, an inverter of 25.27 kW, and a total dynamic head of 88 m. The corresponding LCOE to this configuration is 0.224 USD/kWh. The economic accessibility of the designed system was evaluated by comparison with a PV-system-based battery energy storage. The optimal design configuration of the studied PV-system-based battery energy storage was a PV generator (120 PV modules of 235 W), solar motor pump (15 kW), upper reservoir (590.4 m3), battery capacity (351.78 kWh), inverter (25.27 kW), and total dynamic head (81 m). The corresponding LCOE to this configuration was 0.1857 USD/kWh. Although the PV-system-based battery storage appeared to be economically more cost-effective than the PV-system-based water-pumped energy storage, the sensitivity analysis revealed that there was the possibility for the PV-system-based water-pumped energy storage to be economically more profitable than the PV-system-based battery energy storage. This economic outperformance occurred when the project lifetime was a multiple of 7.5 years or when the costs of the storage components were reduced from 20% to 60%.

Design Feasibility of Solar Power Induced Irrigation System for Agriculture Sector in Pakistan and Its Impact on the Environment

The agriculture sector has become more and more environmentally friendly around the globe by utilizing renewable energy technologies however Agriculture sector in Pakistan is facing a two-pronged problem - water shortage and energy crisis, especially in the context of crop production. Currently, Irrigation in Pakistan is being done by the tube wells mainly run by fossil fuels. The excessive use of fossil fuels in conventional irrigation methods continues to pollute the environment. Also, increasing the cost of fossil fuels greatly enhances the operational cost of the users. This paper provides an alternate solution to existing fossil fuel-based irrigation systems by providing the design feasibility of the Solar Power Induced Irrigation Method for Pakistan. A detailed theoretical comparative analysis is made for this purpose to calculate the total dynamic head, horsepower, no. of solar panels, power rating of solar panels, and the amount of carbon emission saved by utilizing Solar Induced irrigation system, which is otherwise constantly being emitted by conventional fossil fuel-based irrigation system., The data is gathered through various sources mainly through primary data available at official websites using existing mathematical models and calculations via MS Excel. Five major crops that include; Wheat, Maize, Rice Sugarcane, and Cotton, of Pakistan are studied in this paper. In conclusion, design parameters for the Solar Induced irrigation system for all the major crops have been calculated. It is estimated that for a rice field spreading over an area of one hectare; on average 14 no. of Solar panels of 320-Watt capacity each are required to run a 4hp motor pump to maintain the flow rate of 68 m3/day to fulfill the water requirement of the rice crop in Pakistan in a given season. Similar findings of design parameters of five major crops of Pakistan are studied and discussed. The paper stresses the importance of the utilization of renewable energy in agriculture along with reducing carbon emissions in the agriculture sector in Pakistan. The study reveals that around 8960.30 Kilo Tons of carbon emission will be reduced by employing the Solar PV design in rice the fields in replacement of conventional diesel fueled-based irrigation systems.

Double-objective optimization-based firefly algorithm of a stand-alone photovoltaic/water pumping system for water supply in rural and remote areas: a case study

A techno-economic study of a stand-alone PV water pumping system for water supply is done in this paper. An optimal design of the system is realized thanks to a double-objective optimization based on a proposed operational strategy of the system and on firefly algorithm (FA). The two objective functions simulated simultaneously using FA are: the function defining the cost of water (COW) and the function which defines the loss of water supply probability (LWSP). The system is designed to supply water to around 328 households in Cameroon, each composed by an average of six (06) persons. For different LWSP, the double-objective simulation determines the optimal configurations of the system with their related cost. The optimal and reliable (LWSP of 0%) system configuration obtained is composed by a number of 7 PV modules, a reservoir volume of 98.4 m3 with 2 days autonomy, a total dynamic head of 40 m, and a pump power of around 1 kW. The related COW corresponding to this configuration is 0.1185 $/m3, and the total investment cost is 27,506 $. The sensitivity analysis of the system revealed that the PV size, the volume of reservoir storage, and the efficiency of the pump influence the system both technically and economically, whereas the total dynamic head only influences the system economically. The validation of the optimized system has been done by comparison with manufacturer datasheets. It is demonstrated in this paper that the techno-economic analysis of energy systems based on multi-objective optimization using firefly algorithm is a powerful tool for decision-making.

Theoretical analysis of different solar water pumping irrigation systems for seasonal crops in three geographical locations in Egypt

Solar energy has a good potential in several agriculture applications especially in rural and isolated areas and can be considered as a clean substitution fuel instead of fossil fuels. The photovoltaic water pumping system is one of the best alternative irrigation methods. This article presents a procedure for estimating the appropriate size of a photovoltaic system designed to power a pumping system for four irrigation methods (surface, sprinkler, drip, and developed surface irrigation) under different climate conditions for summer of three crops (cotton, thin corn, and soybean) and for winter of three crops (wheat, Bean and Barley). The solar simulation model estimated the hydraulic power, photovoltaic (PV) peak power, PV required area, total system costs and specific water demand according to the type of crop under different irrigation methods in three different geographical locations in Egypt at a different total dynamic head 50,100, and 200 m. As a comparison between the required water demand in several irrigation systems, it is found that the percentage of the amount of water demand per Fadden (m3/F) related to surface irrigation system for summer crops such as cotton crop was 85.7%, 79.9%, 66.7% in developed surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation respectively. While in case of thin corn crop was 74.3%, 79.9%, 66.7% and for Soybean was 85.7%, 79.9%, 66.6%, respectively. In winter crops, the percentage of the amount of water demand per Fadden (m3/F) related to surface irrigation system for wheat crop was 85.6%, 79.9%, 66.7% and for bean crop was 85.7%, 0.79%, 66.7%, and for Barley crop was 85.7%, 79.9%, 66.6% in developed surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation respectively

Design of a solar PV powered variable frequency drive for a bubbler irrigation system in palm trees fields

This work aims to design a standalone solar photovoltaic (SPV) system to operate variable frequency drive (VFD) for palm trees irrigation using bubblers and control the irrigation network. A complete irrigation system is designed and constructed in two fields of date palm trees. A small photovoltaic (PV) system is used to operate the rainbird controller which changed water delivery from one subline to another after a predetermined time. The performance of the developed system is evaluated under different operating factors and its costs are analyzed. Water distribution uniformity and soil moisture at different depths in the root zoon are measured. The frequency of supply voltage is influential in controlling the speed of the induction motor, whereby operating the inverter, the motor speed is constant without any oscillation. Irrigation through the last two laterals in field II indicated that the required maximum hydraulic energy and maximum PV array power was 7.81 kW h/d and 3.74 kWp, respectively at the total dynamic head of 22.75 m. The coefficient of variation of bubblers flow was a small value for a single lateral (3.83 %), while for two laterals it varied from 8 to 12 %. The total dynamic head reached about 22.75 m for the last sublines in field II. The average subsystem efficiency was about 0.41. The annual cost of unit power of PV system was 0.161 $US /kWh without subsidies. The proposed SPV pumping is cost-effective and controlled the motor efficiently without energy backup.

Design of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems using an Expert System program

In this research, a rule-based expert system named EFSIS-ES (Engineering Factors of Sprinkler Irrigation System -Expert System) had been built, verified and validated. Therefore, the aims of this research were to build, verify and validate an expert system for making a decision for the normal user to maximize system efficiency of sprinkler irrigation. The inputs data included location data, climate data, pump data, crop data, soil data and sprinkler system data. The outputs of the expert system were number of the sprinklers on a lateral, number of laterals in the irrigation system, length of each lateral, main line length, irrigation frequency, required pump power, total dynamic head (TDH) and pump discharge output. Results showed high correlation (R2 = 0.9927) between the EFSIS-ES program and the designed spreadsheet in regard to irrigation frequency. It could be indicated high correlation (R2 = 0.9999) between the EFSIS-ES program and the designed spreadsheet regarding pump power. The regression coefficient (R2) was 0.9983 between EFSIS-ES program and SSSDPS Expert regarding total dynamic head (TDH). It could be indicated high correlation (R2 = 0.9979) between EFSIS-ES program and SSSDPS Expert regarding pump discharge output.

Study on custom centrifugal pump performance in supplying food based high viscos liquid

Viscosity is one of the factors affecting the performance of the centrifugal pump. A centrifugal pump is a device that used driven motor called impeller to move fluid by rotational energy. This thesis is about the analysis of the performance of the centrifugal pump when transferring viscous liquids. For this project, the objective is to design and fabricate a device that can pump liquid with various viscosity using centrifugal pump. The liquids used in the experiment are comprised of a mixture of detergent and water with different ratio to alter the viscosity. The viscosity is being identified by the usage of Zahn Cup Method with the temperature kept constant at 26 °C throughout the experiment. The performance of the centrifugal pump is being investigated by four parameters which is the flowrate, Total Dynamic Head (TDH), power and efficiency. The performance of the centrifugal pump can be accessed by altering the pump shaft speed in order to get various reading for the flow rate. In order to alter the pump shaft speed, the usage of motor with Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is implemented. The values for the flowrate and pump shaft power are measured by flowmeter and Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). The Total Dynamic Head (TDH), hydraulic power and pump efficiency is calculated based on the reading of the flowmeter and pump shaft power displayed at Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). At the end of this project, the pump performance while pumping different viscous liquids at different flowrates is being identified.

Use of the Dual Stator Induction Machine in Photovoltaic - Wind Hybrid Pumping

In this article, a combination of two renewable sources is used to power a pumping station. Indeed, a photovoltaic generator (GPV) and a wind turbine are installed so as to be complementary in the process of filling the water tower similar to an accumulator, before distributing the water by gravity. Prior knowledge of a few quantities, in particular the assessment of water requirements, total dynamic head (TDH) and flow rate is essential for sizing the various components of the pumping chain. The results obtained show that the combination of the energy of the sun with that of the wind ensures a continuity of service; the use of an engine (DSIM) and a double stator induction generator (DSIG) allows degraded mode operation in the event that one or more parts of the drive system are defective. The global system is dimensioned and simulated under Matlab/ Simulink Package.

Modeling and Performance of an IntegratedSolar Water Pumping System

Solar water pumping systems provide a proper energy solution especially in rural and isolated areas where the traditional sources of power (electricity or diesel) are unavailable or very costly. Solar energy is available with abundant quantities of daily irradiance, and it is a clean and carbon free source of energy. The present work furnishes a mathematical model and performance evaluation of an integrated solar water pumping system for different water demands through a comprehensive design tool simulation program prepared and designed by the authors. The model calculates the solar radiation data for the selected cite. The simulated model, based upon the solar radiation values, can provide, for the specified water demands, the related hydraulic pump electric power for the desired pump total dynamic head, the required PV peak power and its related area requirements, and the corresponding total cost of the system components in Euro. The present program is universal and can be used to design solar water pumping systems anywhere in the word. The present results are for Cairo Egypt, for water demands range from 50-300 m3/ day. Egypt enjoys an average value of solar radiation of 5.5 kWh/m2/day. The present research offers a good accurate quick tool for designers, users, and buyers of such systems...

Assessment of the Rural Water Supply Potential by Mechanical Wind Pumping Around the Floodplains of Lake Chad

In the present work, an assessment of the rural water supply potential by mechanical wind pumping around the floodplains of Lake Chad has been considered. Inside the floodplains around Lake Chad, available surface water is largely contaminated and represents health hazards to populations. Access to underground and clean water has increasingly become rare. Moreover, clean water scarcity has led to conflict and territorial pressures, which are contributing factors to poverty in the considered area. Four localities, Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi, respectively, in Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon and Niger have been selected inside the floodplains around Lake Chad, to evaluate the potential of wind power and prospects of windmills development to provide safe drinking-water supply, livestock watering and small-scale irrigation. Long-term satellite-derived data, obtained through the Prediction of Worldwide renewable Energy Resources have been considered suitable and viable alternative to missing site-specific data from ground stations. Windmill of Multi-blade driven piston pump is the preferred water pumping option for this study because of its higher overall system efficiency. The results of this study indicate that mean wind speeds, at 10 m height above ground level, are 4.64 m/s for Baga, 4.76 m/s for Baga-Sola, 4.32 m/s for Makari and 4.44 m/s for Nguigmi. In addition, wind speeds for Baga, for instance, are in the range of 2.5–10 m (working range of a wind pump), at 10, 15, 20 and 25 m height agl, for 79.64, 82.80, 84.79, and 86.19 per cent of the time. Corresponding values for Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi are in the range of 80.50–87.76 per cent, 76.86–85, 58 per cent, 77.92–86.21 per cent, respectively. For a Windmill with a 2 m-blade, a 25 m-height tower and considering a total dynamic head of 30 m, average monthly discharges for the dry season are 1,330, 1,374, 1,200 and 1,199 m3, respectively for Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi. Furthermore, corresponding costs of water are 9.53, 9.23, 10.56 and 10.57 XAF/m3, for Baga, Baga-Sola, Makari and Nguigmi, in that order.

A critical comparison of TDH calculation models in manual ESP design procedures

The design of an ESP installation is started with the selection of the centrifugal pump, the heart of the system. To choose the ESP pump, one must calculate the installation's Total Dynamic Head (TDH) that is a measure of the required pressure increment to be generated by the pump under the operating conditions. Although this is a basic task in the installation design process, some controversies still exist in the industry about the way TDH should be calculated and many of the standard literature sources recommend an incorrect formula. The paper discusses the available TDH calculation models for single-phase and multiphase flow conditions. The traditional formula widely used in hand calculations is derived and its validity in other than gasless oil production is shown to be highly questionable. The correct formula for single-phase liquid flow is developed, and the calculation error committed by the traditional model is compared to the results of the proper formula. The incorrect model is shown to produce predominantly higher TDH values than the correct one; this fact seemingly increases the safety of pump selection. For increased reliability and in multiphase flow conditions the use of computer programs is advised.

Study of Dual Stator Induction Motor in Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell Hybrid Pumping Application

This paper discusses the modeling of hybrid Photovoltaic/Fuel cell pumping. This system comprises a photovoltaic generator and a fuel cell, two DC/DC converters, two of inverters which supply a double star induction motor (DSIM) which drives the shaft of a centrifugal pump. The evaluation of the water requirements, the total dynamic head (TDH) and the flow are of great importance to evaluate the various powers allowing the determination of the size of the pumping system. The global proposed system is sized and simulated under Matlab/Simulink Package. The obtained results under different metrological conditions show the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid pumping system.

Integrated solar power system for greenhouses irrigation using treated surface mixed water, Delta, Egypt

The present work is representing an integrated solar power system for greenhouses irrigation system using treated surface mixed water, with 75% fresh water and 25% drainage irrigation water in North Delta, Egypt. The agricultural lands in the studied areas are divided into small agricultural blocks each unit is 5 Feddans. The current study includes a full assessment of the current water quality of the source from El-Sheikha canal facing the land area that considers the main irrigation source. A suitable water treatment plant was designed with a complete treatability study has been setup to irrigate the studied area. Based on the results of the chosen parameters of raw water analysis; a complete irrigation system to cover the water demand for irrigating of 46 greenhouses in the selected area in 5 Feddans has been designed. A convenient design for 46 greenhouses with standard dimensions of 8.0 m (W) x 40.0 m (L) x 4.10 m (H) using multi span is optimized that lead to increase the overall production income of similar areas. The total dynamic head including suction, delivery and friction heads is estimated. Consequently, the irrigation pump power is designed and a solar water pumping system for the selected irrigation systems was designed including the photovoltaic modules’ area, number and power. Finally, it is found that the integrated system for the current model is representing the ideal scenario for this type of farm and location. It can be considered as a pilot guide for small farmers and young graduates whom are interesting in agricultural projects in Egypt to optimize the benefits from soil and water units, and to improve quality and maximize the yield products in national and international markets.

Experimental investigations on the seasonal performance variations of directly coupled solar photovoltaic water pumping system using centrifugal pump

Optimum sizing and type of photovoltaic array configuration (PVAC) greatly affect the performance of solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS). The electric power is decided considering the daily volume of pumped water and the total dynamic head at pumping site. In addition, however, the electric power output of PVAC also depends upon latitude, inclination angle of panel, and seasonal parameters like radiation and temperature, etc. In the present work, experimental investigations have been done to select the optimum PVAC to supply electric power to SPVWPS and effect of seasonal variations on its output. This has been done by investigating the performance of SPVWPS employing a direct current (DC) borehole centrifugal submersible pump along with different PVACs namely PVAC1 (4S × 2P), PVAC2 (5S × 2P), PVAC3 (7S), PVAC4 (8S), PVAC5 (3S × 2P) and PVAC6 (6S) at four pumping heads 2, 3, 4 and 5 bar. 4S × 2P indicates: 2 strings of photovoltaics (PV) module are connected in parallel where each string consists of 4 PV modules connected in series. Similarly, 8S indicates 8 PV modules are connected in series only. The seasonal variations in output of SPVWPS and selection of optimum PVAC have been done by testing in winter and summer seasons in the laboratory under the outdoor conditions of VNIT, Nagpur, India. Through the study, it can be concluded that PVAC2 (5S × 2P) delivered maximum discharge in winter season and PVAC4 (8S) in summer season at all pumping heads.

Solar-powered pump drip irrigation system modeling for establishing resilience livelihoods in South Omo zone and Afar regional state, Ethiopia

The shortage of electric power and high diesel cost have influenced the desires of irrigation systems. Instead of these types of pumping systems, the solar-powered water pump is respectable in socioeconomic and environmental points of view. Water scarcity during the dry season and traditional irrigation practice becomes a common challenge. The study was conducted in three districts of Hamer, Asaita and Afabo Woreda. The main objective of the study was to investigate and model a solar-powered pump drip irrigation system for establishing resilience livelihood in the water scarce and remote areas. The solar water pump systems are sized considering to irrigating one hectare of land with a maximum daily crop water requirement of 21.35 m3/day/0.5 ha (Keske) and 31.5m3/day/0.5 ha (Hinale and Humaydota) in 12-h irrigation and a total dynamic head of 14 m. The average solar power potential of Hamer is 0.72 kW/m2 and 0.57 kW/m2 in Asaita and Afabo areas. The major constraints of irrigation practices in the areas are water scarcity, market inaccessibility, inadequate technology, and agricultural imputes. Therefore, applying water-saving technology, supplying improved inputs, supporting Agro-pastoralists with training and extension services are required. Implementation of solar-powered pumps and drip irrigation technologies with reservoirs mainly in water-scarce and long dray season areas is necessary.