Total Diet Samples Research Articles

Estimation of the Distribution of Dietary Exposure to Lead Using Two-Dimensional Monte Carlo Simulation: An Attempt to Apply to Total Diet Samples

The average dietary exposure to lead (Pb) in male and female Japanese individuals >1 year of age was estimated using 280 total diet samples representing 14 food groups from 10 areas over a two-year period. A probabilistic exposure estimation was performed using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation (2D-MCS) with a Bayesian estimation that consided the uncertainty of the estimation process. The Bayesian estimation was performed using the likelihood function with cumulative distribution function between the lower and upper boundary values for no-detected values. The median dietary exposure to Pb was estimated as 5.82 μg/person/day. The 90% interval was 2.51-16.9 μg/person/day. Comparison with previously reported Pb exposure values indicates that the estimation of Pb exposure distribution using total diet samples is reasonable. The contribution to Pb exposure was highest in the order of food group 8 (light-colored vegetables, mushrooms, and seaweeds: 20.0±16.1%)>food group 1 (rice and rice products: 12.3±19.0%)>food group 10 (fish and shellfish: 10.5±13.9%). Owing to the high uncertainties of contribution ratios, it was not possible to identify dominant food groups contributing to Pb exposure. However, it was evident that the uncertainty of the estimation of Pb exposure was influenced by the uncertainty of Pb concentration than the uncertainty of food consumption rate. In particular, the effect of uncertainty from the Pb concentration of the food group 1 was 68.2%. When the margin of exposures were calculated, the estimated probabilities that a value would be <1 were 14.5% for developmental neurotoxicity to children (1-6 years old), 0.13% for blood pressure and 0.93% for kidney disease in Japanese individuals ≥1 year of age. The findings suggest that the health risk due to dietary Pb exposure is small but not negligible.

Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin exposure in South Germany: A total diet, meal and market basket study.

Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs) are high-production volume industrial chemicals that have been previously reported to occur in food, packaging material and the environment. This study presents an assessment of dietary exposure for consumers in Southern Germany based on three different sampling approaches: (i) a classical market basket study (n=154), (ii) the analysis of ready-made meals from restaurants (n=10), and (iii) a total diet approach (n=21). In 35% of the samples, CPs were below the method limit of quantification. Highest amounts of SCCPs and MCCPs were found especially in extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) and fish. Homologue patterns indicated the partial removal of CPs during the refining of (other) edible oils. Ready-made meals contained only low amounts of CPs equal to estimations based on market basket samples. Total diet samples from the same hospital were generally comparable with each other regardless of diet, although vegetarian meal plans with high amounts of cheese and other dairy products contained up to an order of magnitude more CPs than other diets. Taking all approaches into account, calculated daily exposures for adults ranged 35-420ng/kgbw/day for ΣSCCPs and 22-840ng/kgbw/day for ΣMCCPs, which is between one and two orders of magnitude higher than the current dietary intake of polychlorinated biphenyls (indicator PCBs) in Europe.

名古屋市におけるトータルダイエット試料の分析による放射性セシウム摂取量の推定

Food samples were purchased in Nagoya based on daily intake in the Tokai region, and prepared as total diet samples according to the market basket method. The contents of radioactive cesium (Cs) were determined by using a γ-ray spectrometer with a germanium semiconductor detector, and a committed effective dose was estimated. Radioactive Cs was not detected in samples collected in 2006 before the Fukushima nuclear plant accident. Radioactive Cs was detected in samples prepared in August, 2011, five months after the accident. The sources were sugar and confectioneries (3rd food group), other vegetables, seaweeds and mushrooms (8th food group) and fishes, shellfishes and processed seafoods (10th food group). Only Cs-137 was detected in samples prepared in August, 2012, one year and five months after the accident. The sources were the 8th and the 10th food groups. The estimated committed effective dose for radioactive Cs was 0.0015 mSv in 2011 and 0.00016 mSv in 2012.

マーケットバスケット方式による放射性セシウムおよび放射性カリウムの預託実効線量推定

The Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster after the Great East Japan Earthquake has caused radioactive contamination in food. Using the market basket method, total diet samples in Tokyo, Miyagi prefecture and Fukushima prefecture were analyzed for cesium-134 and -137 (radioactive cesium) and naturally occurring potassium-40 (radioactive potassium) in order to estimate the committed effective doses of these radioactive materials from food. Doses were calculated on the assumption that "not detected" corresponded to zero or to half the limit of detection (values in brackets). The estimated doses of radioactive cesium in Tokyo, Miyagi and Fukushima were 0.0021 (0.0024), 0.017 (0.018) and 0.019 (0.019) mSv/year, respectively. Although the doses in Miyagi and Fukushima were more than 8 times the dose in Tokyo, they were significantly lower than the maximum permissible dose (1 mSv/year) determined by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. The estimated doses of naturally occurring radioactive potassium in these areas were in the range of 0.17-0.20 (0.18-0.20) mSv/year, and there were no significant differences between the areas.

トータルダイエット試料を用いた放射性セシウムの預託実効線量推定に関する解説

トータルダイエット試料を用いた放射性セシウムの預託実効線量推定に関する解説

北海道における日常食中の放射性セシウムについて（2011～2012）

The level of radioactive cesium (the sum of (134)cesium (Cs) and (137)Cs) was investigated in total diet samples collected from adults living in the Sapporo area, Hokkaido. They were ashed, and examined with a germanium semiconductor detector. The maximum and average radioactivities of cesium in an indivividual's daily food intake were as follows: 1.0 Bq and 0.24 Bq in July 2011, 1.3 Bq and 0.30 Bq in November 2011, 3.9 Bq and 1.0 Bq in February 2012, and 0.34 Bq and 0.12 Bq in July 2012, respectively. The committed effective dose would be 0.022 mSv/year in the case of continued intake of meals containing the maximum cesium concentration.

Daily intake of inorganic arsenic and some organic arsenic species of Japanese subjects

The daily dietary intake of inorganic arsenic (InAs) and some of organic arsenic (OrAs) species of Japanese subjects were estimated by determining the concentrations of As species in two different sets of total diet sample: duplicated diet samples collected from 25 subjects in Japan and a certified reference material with total diet matrix (NIES CRM No. 27 Typical Japanese Diet, TJD). The concentration of InAs and OrAs in diet samples were determined by LC-ICP-MS using a photo-oxidation and hydride generation system. The median intake of InAs for the 25 subjects was 3.8μgday−1 (2.0–57μgday−1) and intake of 27μgday−1 was estimated from TJD. The median intake of MMA, DMA and TMAsO were <0.18, 1.1 and <0.053μgday−1 for the 25 subjects and that of MMA, DMA, AB and TMAsO was estimated to be 3.9, 11, 140 and 5.9μgday−1, respectively, based on TJD analysis. On the basis of InAs intakes estimated and the oral slope factor of the US EPA and Health Canada, excess cancer risk was estimated to exceed acceptable level. Cancer risk posed by the dietary InAs of the general Japanese may not be negligible.

LC-MS/MSによる市販および調理食品中のヘテロサイクリックアミンの分析

A analytical method for simultaneous determination of 10 heterocyclic amines (HCAs) applicable to prepared foods on the market was studied. HCAs were extracted with acidic methanol, and then purified on a diatomaceous column and an ion-exchange column prior to LC-MS/MS. The method was validated within laboratory using three groups among the total diet samples (oils and fats, fish and shellfish, meat and eggs). The method showed good precision and trueness (as recovery) in duplicate analyses over 5 days, though there were some unsatisfactory results. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the method were estimated from the deviation of the analytical results in samples spiked at a level of near 1 ng/g. In addition,13 groups of total diet samples, 27 items of retail food ready to eat and a few foods cooked in the laboratory were analyzed using this validated method. The results showed that the method is applicable to the foods tested in this study and provided information on the content of HCAs in some foods in Japan.

Copper, zinc, and iron concentrations in blood serum and diet of dairy cattle on semi-industrial farms in central Iran

The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood serum and diet concentrations of copper, zinc, and iron in Holstein dairy cattle kept under semi-industrial farming in Isfahan province, central Iran. Moreover, the effects of season, pregnancy, and daily milk yield on serum Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations were also evaluated. The study was carried out on 12 semi-industrial Holstein dairy cattle farms. A total of 120 blood serum samples (60 in each season) and 24 diet samples (12 in each season) were collected in the summer and winter. The Cu, Fe, and Zn contents were assessed in samples using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In the summer, the mean concentrations of Cu and Fe in serum samples were lower and higher than the critical level, respectively (P < 0.05). In total diet samples, the mean concentrations of Zn were significantly higher than critical level (P < 0.05). In summer, winter, and total diet samples, the mean concentrations of Fe were significantly higher than critical level (P < 0.05). The serum Cu and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in the winter than those determined in the summer (P < 0.05). The serum Cu concentrations were significantly higher in nonpregnant than those in pregnant dairy cattle (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in serum Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of dairy cattle in different daily milk yield groups. It can be concluded that Holstein dairy cattle reared under semi-industrial dairy farming were deficient in serum Cu concentrations, especially in summer. Further, high level of Fe in blood serum might be due to feeding of cattle with diet containing excess quantity of Fe.

Analysis of trans-Fat Levels in Total Diet and One-Serving Samples Using the Verified GC-Method and Estimation of the Intake in Japan

In Japan, discussions on the regulation and labeling of trans-fat (TF) have under way for several years in the Food Safety Commission and the Consumer Affairs Agency. However, administrative measures for TF have not yet been taken, partly because of the insufficiency of scientific data in Japan. To provide data about the TF intake by Japanese, we determined the levels of TF contained in total diet samples and in food samples that were served as individual meals (one-serving samples). We analyzed 5 groups of total diet samples prepared in 11 regions throughout Japan, and 5 categories of one-serving samples using the GC-method after verifying its performance. The estimated daily intake of TF based on the analytical results of the total diet samples was around 500 mg and no significant difference was observed in the intake of the TF among the 11 surveyed regions. On the other hand, many one-serving samples classified into "hamburger", "pizza" and "Western food" categories contained more than 500 mg of TF per serving, the standard value in the labeling regulation in the United States. If these one-serving meals are taken to represent one meal out of 3 in a day, the intake of TF can easily be expected to exceed the daily intake estimated through the analysis of the total diet samples.

Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in a Certified Reference Material of Total Diet Matrix

Inorganic arsenic [iAs : As(III) and As(V)] concentrations in a certified reference material of total diet matrix (NIES CRM No.27 Typical Japanese Diet, TJD) were determinate by liquid chromatography-ICP mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS) with three different LC conditions and with or without a hydride generation system. The iAs were extracted from TJD by a method given in the literature (0.07 mol L−1 HCl + pepsin, 37°C for 2hr). The detection limits for the iAs were better than 6.1 ng As g−1 in TJD (corresponds to 0.92 ng As g−1 on a wet diet sample), indicating sufficient sensitivity for iAs in total diet samples. The reproducibility was 1.8-12.1% and the linearity of the calibration lines was satisfactory. The recovery of added iAs was 101-106%. When the extraction was repeated 3 times, the sum of the concentrations of arsenic species detected by the LC-1 agreed with the certified values for total arsenic in TJD. The total content of As(V) and As(III) was estimated to be 65 ± 2 and 18 ± 2 ng As g−1, respectively, by LC-1 condition. The analytical results of iAs in TJD based on the three LC-ICP-MS conditions by this particular extraction method were consistent with each other and the reference value was estimated to be 43 and 17 ng As g−1 for As(V) and As(III), respectively. The present results will be valuable in the quality control of iAs analysis of total diet samples for iAs risk assessment in Japan.

Estimation of the dietary intake of biotin and its measurement uncertainty using total diet samples in Osaka, Japan

Estimation of the dietary intake of biotin and its measurement uncertainty using total diet samples in Osaka, Japan

Estimation of the Daily Intake of Nitrate Based on Analysis of Total Diet Samples

The concentrations of nitrates in total diet samples prepared at 11 places were determined according to the market basket method, and the daily intake of nitrates was estimated based on the analysis results. The mean estimated daily intake of nitrates was 200 mg/man/day (4.0 mg/kg/day) and exceeded the ADI (3.7 mg/kg/day) set by the JECFA by 8%. The principal sources of the nitrates were colored vegetables (7th food group) and other vegetables, seaweeds and mushrooms (8th food group), and the intake from these food groups accounted for more than 80% of the total intake. The reported concentrations of nitrates in individual foods and the estimated daily intake of these foods indicate that the intake of nitrates from spinach accounts for 38% of the ADI, that from Chinese cabbage for 10%, and that from Japanese radish for 20%.

Dietary exposure estimates of twenty-one trace elements from a Total Diet Study carried out in Pavia, Northern Italy

The significant role of trace elements in human health is well documented. Trace elements are those compounds that need to be present in the human diet to maintain normal physiological functions. However, some microelements may become harmful at high levels of exposure, or, on the other hand, may give rise to malnutrition, when their exposure is too low. The aim of the present study was to provide a reliable estimate of the dietary exposure of twenty-one trace elements in a Northern Italian area. For this purpose, trace element analyses were undertaken on total diet samples collected from a university cafeteria in Pavia, Northern Italy. The average daily exposure for the adult people was calculated on the basis of food consumption frequency, portion size and trace element levels in foodstuffs. The mean exposure values satisfy the Italian RDA for all the essential trace elements, except for Fe exposure in females, and are well below the Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake for all the toxic compounds, showing that the probability of dietary exposure to health risks is overall small. As far as Fe exposure is concerned, a potential risk of anaemia in the female adult population should be considered, then studies aimed at evaluating the Fe nutritional status of adult Italian women should be addressed. In conclusion, while not excluding the possibility that the daily exposure determined in the present study may not be representative of the population as a whole, this study provides a good estimate of the Italian adult consumer exposure to twenty-one trace elements.

Measurements of 210Po and 210Pb in total diet samples: Estimate of dietary intakes of 210Po and 210Pb for Japanese

To estimate the dietary intakes of 210Pb and 210Po for the Japanese adults and their annual effective doses, 210Pb and 210Po were measured for 240 daily diet samples collected at two locations of Ishikawa Prefecture in Japan over three years by duplicate portion studies. No appreciable differences in intake rates of 210Pb and 210Po and their 210Po/210Pb ratios were seen among the years in each district, and between the two districts. The intake rates evaluated using 240 diet samples were 0.20 Bq/d/p for 210Pb and 0.61 Bq/d/p for 210Po as a median, respectively. Annual effective doses of 210Pb and 210Po for Japanese adults were estimated to be 0.050 and 0.053 mSv/y, respectively.

Estimation of Dietary Intake of Biotin and Its Measurement Uncertainty Using Total Diet Samples in Osaka, Japan

Single-laboratory method performance parameters were evaluated for analysis of biotin in total diet samples by hydrolyzed extraction and microbiological assay with Lactobacillus plantarum. The method was shown to be accurate, repeatable, rugged, and applicable for the determination of biotin in a broad range of matrixes and concentrations of total diet samples. The measurement uncertainty was evaluated with all food sample groups by combining the relative uncertainty of precision, recovery from each food group, and interday variation factors calculated from the ruggedness test results. The estimated daily intake of biotin in Osaka city and its expanded measurement uncertainty were 70.1 +/- 11.2 microg/day. The value was 1.6 times higher than the current adequate intake of biotin in Japan.

Daily dietary intake of fluoride by Slovenian Military based on analysis of total fluorine in total diet samples using fluoride ion selective electrode

The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical procedure for determination of the amount of total fluoride in total diet samples, including drinking water and beverages. Samples were taken by the duplicate portion technique and decomposed by alkali carbonate fusion using KNaCO 3, and the amount of fluoride in solution was determined by fluoride ion selective electrode using the multiple known addition technique. The mean amount of total fluoride determined in 20 total diet samples obtained from the Slovenian Military was 1.84 ± 0.70 mg/kg on a dry matter basis. Accordingly the estimated daily intake was 1.50 ± 0.56 mg.

Assessment of dietary intake of polychlorinated biphenyls from a total diet study conducted in Pavia, Northern Italy

The diet is considered to be the main source of body burden of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in the general population. The most cost-effective and reliable way to estimate the dietary intake is based on total diet studies (TDSs). The aim of the present study was to provide a reliable estimate of recent average dietary intakes of PCBs in Northern Italy. Congener-specific analysis of PCBs was undertaken on total diet samples collected at the cafeteria of the University of Pavia. The average daily intake for total PCBs was calculated to be 0.26 µg/person day−1. The major contributor to PCB intake was accounted for by pooled samples of bread, cereals and potatoes, followed by the protein composite, and fruit and vegetables. Although diverse dietary habits and differences in sampling and analytical procedures make comparison between different studies difficult, the daily intake of PCBs in Northern Italy can be located in the lower part of the range for values reported in the literature.

NAA methods for determination of nanogram amounts of arsenic in biological samples

The determination of arsenic at natural levels in biological materials remains difficult. Many analytical techniques cannot detect the low levels present in typical biological tissues and other techniques suffer from interferences. This paper reviews uses of neutron activation analysis (NAA) at NIST to determine nanogram amounts of arsenic in biological reference materials with radiochemical (RNAA) or instrumental (INAA) procedures. INAA is compromised by high activities from 24Na, 82Br, and 32P that may be formed during irradiation of biological tissues, and result in detection limits as high as 0.1 mg. Lower detection limits have been achieved using state-of-the-art gamma-ray spectrometry systems in INAA and a variety of procedures in RNAA. These techniques and procedures were applied recently at NIST to the determination of arsenic in urine, nutritional supplements, and total diet samples.

Simultaneous determination of trace uranium and vanadium in biological samples by radiochemical neutron activation analysis

A radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) for simultaneous determination of uranium and vanadium in a single sample at trace levels is described. The method is based on post-irradiation wet-ashing and solvent extraction of vanadium with N-benzoyl-N-phenyl-hydroxylamine reagent. From the remaining aqueous phase, uranium is extracted into a toluene solution of tri-n-butyl phosphate. The chemical yields are determined spectrophotometrically for vanadium and by gamma-counting of the added natural uranium carrier for uranium. The method was evaluated by the analysis of reference materials and the results showed a good agreement with the certified values. The method was applied to the determination of vanadium and uranium in five military total diet samples in Slovenia.