Total Damage Area Research Articles

Pest Control and Safety Management Monitoring in Outdoor Plantation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Captured Images

The National Institute of Ecology in Seocheon, Chungcheongnam-do, exhibits and studies Korea’s diverse ecosystems to communicate the importance of biodiversity conservation to the general public. The site faces the challenge of preserving the natural environment while ensuring visitor convenience. This requires systematic data collection to quickly detect and respond to threats from pests and natural disasters. In this study, high-resolution orthoimages were acquired to monitor ecological changes using unmanned aerial vehicles. Images were captured through flights monthly from March to July 2024. Digital elevation models and orthoimages were generated to identify dead trees and assess areas of damage caused by heavy rainfall. The study covered an area of 998,655 m2, and the image resolution was 3.6 cm/pixel. The orthophotos were useful in identifying plant pest damage. They also helped evaluate damage caused by rain, showing that the total area of damage was 29,384 m2, mainly due to soil erosion. Furthermore, it is expected that the accumulation of such unmanned remote sensing image data can also be applied to the safety management of various natural conservation areas and public facilities.

Effects of Rodent Isolation on Plant Community Structure and Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Alpine Grassland of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

As one of the dominant species of the alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the activities (e.g., gnawing, burrowing, and grass storage) of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) directly alter the plant community structure of the grassland ecosystem and affect livestock production and greenhouse gas emission. In order to investigate the effects of rodent isolation (RI) on plant community structure and greenhouse gas emission in the alpine grassland of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, we established plots of rodent isolation and rodent activity (i.e., the control sample (CK)) in the 14th village, Seni District, Nagqu City in May 2018. From July 2019 to September, the numbers, sizes, and total damaged area of effective holes; the height, coverage, and aboveground plant biomass; and the methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions of the alpine grassland were monitored by the quadrat survey method and static closed-chamber method. The results show that the invasion and tunneling of Ochotona curzoniae resulted in the destruction of alpine grassland measuring 0.064 m2 per square meter, while the rodent isolation plots showed that 97.9% of the alpine grassland remained unaltered; such unaffected land implies that the economic income of herdsmen could increase by 140 CNY hm−2. The rodent isolation plots also show that the height and proportion of grasses and sedges in the alpine grassland increased, while the proportion of poisonous weeds decreased. Moreover, the rodent isolation plots also showed a significantly increased coverage of aboveground biomass (p < 0.05), although species richness showed no significant effect based on the Shannon–Weiner, Simpson, and Pielou indices (p > 0.05). The soil uptake of CH4 and N2O was 204.99 ± 50.23 μg m−2 h−1 and 4.48 ± 1.02 μg m−2 h−1 in the rodent isolation plots, significantly higher by 465.75% and 3001.4% relative to the rodent activity plots, respectively (p < 0.05). Therefore, the establishment of rodent isolation areas can effectively alleviate the degree of damage to alpine grasslands in the short run and slow down the greenhouse gas emission rate to some extent. However, excessive rodent control may also have negative effects on grassland ecosystems, so more attention should be paid in future studies to determining the disturbance threshold of plateau pika in this area. These results provide theoretical guidance for rodent control, grassland protection, and ecological environment management on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

Cortical bone microdamage affects primary stability of orthodontic miniscrew.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of orthodontic miniscrew pitch and thread shape on microdamage in cortical bone. The relationship between the microdamage and primary stability was also examined. Ti6Al4V orthodontic miniscrews and 1.0-mm-thick cortical bone pieces from fresh porcine tibia were prepared. The orthodontic miniscrews had custom-made thread height (H) and pitch (P) size geometries, and were classified into three groups: control geometry; HCPC (HC; thread height=0.12 mm, PC; pitch size=0.60 mm), geometry with a narrower pitch; HCPN (HC; thread height=0.12 mm, PN; pitch size=0.30 mm), and geometry with a taller thread height; HTPC (HT; thread height=0.36 mm, PC; pitch size=0.60 mm). The orthodontic miniscrews were inserted into a pilot hole in the cortical bone, and maximum insertion torque and Periotest value were measured. After insertion, the samples were stained with basic fuchsin. Histological thin sections were obtained and the bone microdamage parameters, i.e., total crack length and total damage area, and insertion state parameters, i.e., orthodontic miniscrew surface length and bone compression area were calculated. The orthodontic miniscrews with the taller thread height resulted in lower primary stability with minimal bone compression and microdamage; however, the narrower thread pitch led to maximum bone compression and extensive bone microdamage. A wider thread pitch reduced microdamage, and decreased thread height resulted in increased bone compression, ultimately resulting in increased primary stability.

On understanding the mechanical properties and damage behavior of Cf/SiC composites by indentation method

Carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide ceramic matrix (Cf/SiC) composites have the advantages of high temperature resistance, wear resistance, low density, high hardness as well as specific strength. They have been applied extensively in hot-end components of aerospace and braking systems of trains. Nevertheless, grappling with the anisotropy, non-homogeneity, and weak interlayer bonding of Cf/SiC composites presents a major challenge for achieving efficient and low-damage processing. This paper is primarily intended to investigate comprehensively the mechanical properties and damage behavior of Cf/SiC composites by nanoindentation and Vickers indentation tests. The behaviors of indentation damage on the longitudinal section of fiber (LSF), the cross-section of fiber (CSF) and matrix under different loads and the deflection mechanism of matrix crack were analyzed. The findings reveal a pronounced anisotropy between the radial and axial orientations of the fiber, and plastic deformation exists in the matrix. Furthermore, the matrix has the largest hardness and elastic modulus, while the LSF displays the lowest values among the composites. The main forms of indentation damage on the LSF are fiber crack, fiber peel off, fiber cocked up and squamous crack. The main manifestations of indentation damage on CSF are fiber crushing and fiber debonding, with the total surface damage area being comparatively limited. The fiber orientation and interface are influential factors in the crack propagation path of matrix. Notably, the fibers effectively inhibit the crack propagation of the matrix. This investigation provides valuable theoretical guidance for the formation mechanism and suppression strategy of machining damage in Cf/SiC composites.

Detection of the Post-Earthquake Damage in Mamuju Regency in January 2021 Using Sentinel-1 Satellite Imagery

Friday, January 15 2021 at 02:28:21 Local Time, a tectonic earthquake with a magnitude of 6.2 occurred in Mamuju Regency. The epicenter of the earthquake was on land and at 38 km in depth, 6 km to the northeast of Majene, West Sulawesi Province. This earthquake has damaged buildings such as the West Sulawesi Governor’s Office, the Mitra Manakara Hospital, and landslides at several points on Mamuju – Majene highway. The purpose of this research is to determine the post-earthquake damage that occurred in Mamuju Regency and to find out the area that was detected because of the earthquake. By using Sentinel-1 satellite image data and the change detection method from two Sentinel-1 SAR images, ESA SNAP software is used for data processing by using a threshold classification on the images before and after the earthquake, then converting Raster to Vector, Clip according to the boundaries of Mamuju Regency and Layouts using ArcGIS software. The results of this study are the detection of the post-earthquake damage that occurred in Mamuju Regency of 100.64 km2 (14.78%) total area of damage detected. This research also obtained post-earthquake damage detection maps.

Studi Analisa Kerusakan Jalan Menggunakan Metode Bina Marga dan Pavement Conditian Index (Studi Kasus : Ruas Jalan Napal Peranap)

Assessment of road surface conditions is a form of road maintenance and repair efforts. The two methods used in assessing road conditions are the Bina Marga method and the PCI (Pavement Condition Index) method. This study aims to compare the condition values ​​of the Peranap Napal road sections based on the two methods. The types of damage that can be found on the Napal Peranap road section are 7 types of damage consisting of: crocodile skin cracks (1.66%), elongated cracks (0.16%), edge cracks (0.08%), road joint cracks (0.01%), fillings (0.74%), holes (0.02%) and grain discharge (3.62%) with a total damage area of ​​2644.02 m2 or (6.30%) of 42000 m2 the area of ​​the Peranap Napal road studied. The Bina Marga method obtained a Priority Order (UP) value of 4 (included in the periodic maintenance program), while the PCI method obtained a damage level value of 66.16 (in fair condition with yellow color). The results of these two methods turned out to produce relatively the same assessment, namely the condition of the road section still required maintenance and repair, including: providing additional layers, making and repairing drainage, widening and compacting the shoulders, filling gaps with a mixture of asphalt and sand, and dismantling the pavement layer. and then re-coated with the same material.
 

Semantic modeling of cell damage prediction: a machine learning approach at human-level performance in dermatology

Machine learning is transforming the field of histopathology. Especially in classification related tasks, there have been many successful applications of deep learning already. Yet, in tasks that rely on regression and many niche applications, the domain lacks cohesive procedures that are adapted to the learning processes of neural networks. In this work, we investigate cell damage in whole slide images of the epidermis. A common way for pathologists to annotate a score, characterizing the degree of damage for these samples, is the ratio between healthy and unhealthy nuclei. The annotation procedure of these scores, however, is expensive and prone to be noisy among pathologists. We propose a new measure of damage, that is the total area of damage, relative to the total area of the epidermis. In this work, we present results of regression and segmentation models, predicting both scores on a curated and public dataset. We have acquired the dataset in collaborative efforts with medical professionals. Our study resulted in a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed damage metrics in the epidermis, with recommendations, emphasizing practical relevance for real world applications.

Automated Quantification of Wind Turbine Blade Leading Edge Erosion from Field Images

Wind turbine blade leading edge erosion is a major source of power production loss and early detection benefits optimization of repair strategies. Two machine learning (ML) models are developed and evaluated for automated quantification of the areal extent, morphology and nature (deep, shallow) of damage from field images. The supervised ML model employs convolutional neural networks (CNN) and learns features (specific types of damage) present in an annotated set of training images. The unsupervised approach aggregates pixel intensity thresholding with calculation of pixel-by-pixel shadow ratio (PTS) to independently identify features within images. The models are developed and tested using a dataset of 140 field images. The images sample across a range of blade orientation, aspect ratio, lighting and resolution. Each model (CNN v PTS) is applied to quantify the percent area of the visible blade that is damaged and classifies the damage into deep or shallow using only the images as input. Both models successfully identify approximately 65% of total damage area in the independent images, and both perform better at quantifying deep damage. The CNN is more successful at identifying shallow damage and exhibits better performance when applied to the images after they are preprocessed to a common blade orientation.

Effects of water cooling on laser-induced thermal damage in rat hepatectomy.

PurposeHigh‐powered lasers are commonly used for tissue resection in surgeries, including liver resection, medically known as hepatectomy; however, such lasers inevitably induce thermal damage that causes postoperative complications. This study aims to explore the effects of water cooling and different laser output modes on laser‐induced thermal damage during hepatectomy.MethodsTo avoid the influence of superposition, a 980‐nm diode laser was used for a single‐point hepatectomy. Eighteen Sprague–Dawley rats were used to explore the effects of water cooling and different laser output modes. A constant energy 10‐J laser was used to cut the liver tissue with a power of 10 W and time of 1 second. The rats were randomly divided into six groups. The first three groups were assigned as test subjects for different laser output modes. Group 1 was operated with a continuous laser output for a duration of 1 second. Groups 2 and 3 were operated with a pulsed laser output for a duration of 1 second and a pulse width of 0.5 and 0.25 seconds, respectively. Groups 4, 5, and 6 were assigned for the water cooling test. Water cooling was performed based on the parameters of the first three groups. Medical saline (0.9% NaCl) was used for water cooling. The main observation indicators were resection efficiency and thermal damage, including the area of the thermal damage zone. Resection efficiency is calculated by dividing the resection area by the total thermal damage area.ResultsIn the three water cooling groups, the area of the resection, carbonized, sub‐boiling coagulated, and total thermal damage zones were 0.0677, 0.00, 1.7293, and 2.2982 mm2 in Group 4; 0.0465, 0.00, 1.3205, and 1.8414 mm2 in Group 5; and 0.0565, 0.00, 1.4301, and 1.9650 mm2 in Group 6, respectively. Compared with the first three groups, the water cooling groups exhibited significantly reduced thermal damage areas of in the carbonized, sub‐boiling coagulated, and total thermal damage zones (p < 0.001 for all). In addition, there was no statistical difference in the resection area, vacuolated area, and resection efficiency. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in the area of each thermal damage zone between the continuous and pulsed output groups. The resection efficiencies were 4.82%, 3.34%, 3.73%, 3.93%, 3.36%, and 3.01% in Groups 1 to 6, respectively. Moreover, there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in the resection efficiencies.ConclusionWater cooling can reduce the total laser‐induced thermal damage area and prevent tissue carbonization. Therefore, this cooling method can be used as a simple and safe strategy for controlling thermal damage during hepatectomy.

Cortical bone microdamage produced by micro-osteoperforation screws versus orthodontic miniscrews: an in vitro study

Abstract Background/objective The alternative use of Orthodontic Miniscrew Implants (OMIs), traditionally used for skeletal anchorage, to facilitate micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement has been reported in previous studies. The objective of the present in vitro study was to compare the microdamage generated by OMIs and MOP-purposed screws of similar dimensions in porcine cortical bone. Materials and methods Forty rectangular porcine cortical bone specimens of 1.5 mm thickness were produced and divided into two equal groups. According to group allocation, either a single MOP screw or OMI was inserted and later removed. A sequential staining protocol was carried out to distinguish true microdamage created upon screw insertion and removal from iatrogenic damage. The bone specimens were imaged by a confocal laser scanning microscope, and five histomorphometric measurements described and quantified the generated microdamage. Results On the entry (outer) bone surface, the OMI screws produced greater microdamage which reached statistical significance across all of the histomorphometric parameters. In contrast, a statistically significant increase in microdamage was created following MOP screw insertion on the exit (inner) bone surface, but only in three assessment parameters, recorded as total damage area, as well as diffuse damage area and radius. Conclusions Overall, the present study showed that 1.5 mm OMIs produced slightly greater microcrack-type and diffuse damage-type microdamage than the 1.6 mm diameter MOP screws. However, these differences were small and considered clinically insignificant.

ASSESSMENT OF DIRECT PYROGENIC CARBON EMISSIONS IN RUSSIAN FORESTS FOR 2020 USING REMOTE MONITORING DATA

The paper presents the results of assessing pyrogenic emissions of carbon compounds in Russian forests for 2020 using remote monitoring methods. The area of forests damaged by fires was 6.5 mln ha, whereas the amount of carbon emissions was 36.5 MtC. Although the total area of damage is higher than the average annual values, the amount of pyrogenic carbon emissions is lower than the average annual ones. In absolute terms, the year corresponds to 2016. We registered an increase in annual carbon emissions from fires since the abnormal 2012. A preliminary analysis of the entire observation period for fires suggests that 2021 may be the next abnormal year after the years of 2003 and 2012 in terms of forest fires and direct pyrogenic carbon emissions into the atmosphere.

Pattern of thermal damage and tissue carbonisation from endovenous radiofrequency ablation catheter - Using an in vitro porcine liver model.

Successful endovenous thermoablation relies on transmural vein wall ablation. We investigated the pattern of thermal spread and tissue carbonisation from RadioFrequency-induced ThermoTherapy (RFiTT) at different powers and pull back methods, using a porcine liver model. We used a previously validated in-vitro porcine liver model. Different powers from 5-25 W were used to administer 150 J. We compared continuous and pulsed energy delivery. Length, lateral spread, and total area of thermal damage, together with any tissue carbonisation, was measured using digital analysis software. All experiments used 150 J total energy. Total thermal damage area was smaller with lower power and pulsed energy. Continuous energy caused more tissue carbonisation than pulsed except at 25 W. Reduced thermal damage with lower power or pulsed energy results from cooling due to increased time of treatment. Increasing the power increases tissue carbonisation. Optimal treatment is determined by the highest power used continuously that does not cause tissue carbonisation.

Epifluorescent microscopy of edge-trimmed carbon fibre-reinforced polymers: An alternative to computed tomography scanning

X-Ray computed tomography (XCT) can be used to detect edge-milled carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) defects. Significantly this method is able to show subsurface defects that cannot be captured by traditional methods such as stylus-based or more novel areal methods of surface quality measurement. While useful, this method can be prohibitive due to high equipment cost, scanning time and image resolution. XCT can often produce artefacts which falsely predict damage or obscure damage and depending on machine X-ray power often cannot resolve damage to fibre diameter which is critical when observing milled quality of the surface/subsurface. This study utilises epifluorescent (EF) optical microscopy to provide high-quality optical images as an alternative to XCT to observe through-depth damage of CFRP materials. The method of computing the novel damage criteria is presented, as well as the validation of the method which compares EF to XCT. Subsurface damage of fabric and unidirectional (UD) materials in 0°, 45°, 90° and −45° orientations to the cutting edge is observed to demonstrate typical defects. A novel metric resulting from the EF method provides a total area of damage when compared to a theoretically straight cut across the face of the edge-milled CFRP. The method shows that different subsurface damage exists for different fibre orientations to the cutting edge, highlighting the clear need for through-depth analysis of machined edges. In addition, the method is shown to be a suitable alternative to XCT with scope for further development of industrial aerospace and automotive quality control of machined CFRP parts.

Assessment of microdamage caused by orthodontic miniscrew pilot holes

Abstract Introduction The clinical success of orthodontic miniscrew implants may be improved after pre-drilling a pilot hole. However, the amount of microdamage to the bone surface produced by the pilot hole is largely unknown. The present study aimed to quantify the damage to cortical bone after the creation of a pilot hole. Materials and methods Porcine tibia bone was prepared into 30 rectangular bone block specimens with widths of 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 mm. A pilot hole (0.9 mm diameter) was drilled into each bone specimen. Sequential staining allowed the microdamage on the entry and exit surfaces to be imaged by a confocal laser scanning microscope. Image analysis software was used to measure histomorphometric parameters. Results The specimens had a mean total damage area of 0.95 mm2, a maximum damage radius of 0.66 mm and a maximum crack length of 0.18 mm. There were no significant differences between the three bone thicknesses for any of the histomorphometric parameters on the entry and exit surfaces (p &gt; 0.05). The total damage area was significantly greater on the exit surface compared to the entry surface (p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions Microdamage caused by the creation of a pilot hole in the cortical bone was minimal and did not appear to be influenced by bone thickness. Therefore, pilot hole pre-drill protocols may be implemented without introducing significant cortical bone microdamage.

Research on Identification of Land Damage Types and Analysis of Damage Process in Opencast Coal Mine of Steppe

Aiming at the situation of land damage caused by large Opencast Coal Mine in steppe, this paper took Borshil Opencast Coal Mine in Hulunbuir as the research object, identified the types of land damage caused by Opencast Coal Mine in the last 20 years, analysed the space-time sequence and quantity of land damage process, and calculated the coefficient of land damage based on the types of damage. We found that, since 1998 to 2018, the area of land improper excavation and land cover occupation increased year by year in Borshil Opencast Coal Mine, the area of land improper excavation changed inconspicuously between years, and the area of land cover occupation decreased between years; the area of land occupation increased first and then remained unchanged basically, and the proportion decreased from 36.5% to 16.2%. By 2018, the total area of land damage in Borshil Opencast Coal Mine was 5150.52 hm2, and the ratio of land improper excavation to land cover occupation to land piled up was about 3:5:2. In addition, the land damage coefficient of Borshil Opencast Coal Mine increased first and then decreased, reaching the maximum of 0.6425 hm2/104t in 2011, and it was 0.196hm2/104t in 1998-2018. The data combined with coal mine output can predict the future land damage area of mining area, and provide data support for land reclamation potential survey. It can also provide reference for the implementation of relevant national policies and plans.

АКТИВИЗАЦИЯ ОБВАЛОВ НА ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМ КАВКАЗЕ И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ДИНАМИКУ ЛЕДНИКОВ И СЕЛЕВЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ

We analyzed multi-time satellite images of the Central Caucasus glacial zone and interpreted more than thirty rock avalanche events in the 21st century with a total damage area of more than 25 km 2 (including the collapse zone of the Kolka Glacier disaster). The highest rock and rock-ice avalanche activity is detected in the section of The Greater Caucasus range (northern and southern slopes) with a length of about 20 km between the Bashkara and Kulaktau peaks (16 rock avalanches) and in the section of the Kazbek-Dzhimaray Massif (series of rock avalanches to the surface of Kolka, Suatisi and Devdoraki glaciers). The feature of the rock and ice-rock avalanches is the large runout distance. For 12 events (about 40%) the distance was more than 2000 m. One ice-rock avalanche from the Mount Kazbek (excluding the Kolka Glacier disaster in 2002) reached the runout distance more than 10 km. In some areas, the rock avalanches occurred several times. In particular, a large number of avalanches were in the cirque of the Kolka Glacier; the last of them at the end of 2019. Thrice шт each case, rock avalanches originated from Mount Bashkara, in the cirques of the Murkvam Glacier, the East Shtulu Glacier, and the Devdoraki Glacier. Ice and rock avalanches were the initial stage of the complex process of the Kolka Glacier disaster and following catastrophic glacial debris flow in the Genaldon/Gizeldon River valley in 2002. Also, they were causes of glacier surges, formation of dammed lakes, and debris flows. As a result of the collapse of the hanging glacier and bedrock, the former right tributary of the Kolka Glacier surged to 200 m in 2006. Ice-rock avalanche from Mount Kazbek in 2014 load up the former right tributary of the Devdoraki Glacier and caused its advancing in 2015–2019, at a distance of more than 400 m. The avalanches caused catastrophic debris flows in the Amilishka/Kabakhi River valley in 2014, the Mestiachala River valley in 2019. Rock avalanches can cause outbursts of lakes and debris flows. Two dammed lakes formed as a result of the rock avalanche from the cirque above the Seri Glacier in the Tviberi River valley of the in May 2016. The lakes (total area was more than 0.05 km 2 ) have outburst at the end of August 2017 after heavy rains. Rock avalanches of the 20th century led to an abrupt deceleration in the retreat of the Yusengi, Bartuytsete, East Shtulu and Mosota glaciers. The formation of rock avalanches in the 21st century took place at high altitudes (an average of about 3900 m). Possibly, the reason was associated with an increase of the «0» isotherm and of the high border of the zone of intense frost weathering due to climate warming. Some rock avalanches in the section of the Kazbek-Dzhimarai Massif have been caused by endogenous factors (seismicity and volcanism).

Assessment of mangrove forest damage and its recovery in Banda Aceh city post-tsunami disaster

The Indian Ocean Tsunami on 26th December 2004, had caused devastation on land and coastal ecosystems. One of the worst affected ecosystems is the mangrove forest. Many areas of mangrove forest have been destroyed, and it may pose a long-term impact for the region, both in terms of forest and biodiversity conservation and in terms of the ability of the ecosystem to support the livelihoods of the coastal communities. The tragedy of tsunami has requested the rationale for conserving and sustainably managing natural ecosystems among the researchers and scientific community. The research was carried out to make a post-tsunami damage assessment and recovery of mangrove forest in Banda Aceh city area. Several high-resolution satellite imageries data have been effectively used to detect, assess and monitor the changes of mangrove forests in the pre and post-tsunami period using multi-temporal optical satellite data. An on-screen visual interpretation was made to identify the heterogeneous patches for the preliminary classification of fieldwork. A supervised classification was performed to obtain the pre and post Tsunami assessment maps. Accuracy assessment of the classified maps was performed on pixel-level using ground truth. The result highlighted the changes in the spatial extent of the mangrove forests in the study area as a result of Tsunami disaster. The latest condition of the mangrove forest recovery is about 90.3% of the total damage area.

Estimating Tsunami Economic Losses of Okinawa Island with Multi-Regional-Input-Output Modeling

Understanding the impacts of tsunamis, especially in terms of damage and losses, is important for disaster mitigation and management. The aim of this study is to present our estimations of the potential losses from tsunami damage on Okinawa Island. We combine the use of a tsunami hazard map and our proposed economic loss model to estimate the potential losses that would be sustained by Okinawa Island in the event of a tsunami. First, to produce the tsunami hazard map, we calculated tsunami flow characteristics using the mathematical model TUNAMI-N2 and incorporating 6 earthquake fault scenarios around the study area. The earthquake scenarios are based on historical records along the Ryukyu Trench and the Okinawa. The resulting inundation map is overlaid with economic land use type and topography maps to identify vulnerable regions, which are then employed to compute potential economic losses. Second, we used our proposed economic model for this study area to calculate the potential losses that would be sustained in these vulnerable regions. Our economic model extends the multi-regional-input-output (MRIO) model, where the economic values of industrial sectors are scaled to correlate with land use and topography types (coastal and inland areas) to calculate losses through the Chenery–Moses estimation method. Direct losses can be estimated from the total input of the MRIO table, while indirect losses are computed from the direct losses and interaction parameter of the MRIO table. The interaction parameter is formed by linear programming and calculated using the Leontief methodology. Our results show that the maximum total damaged area under the 6 earthquake scenarios is approximately 30 km2. Inundation ranging from 2.0 to 5.0 m in depth covers the largest area of approximately 10 km2 and is followed by areas with inundation depths of 1.0–2.0 m and &gt;5.0 m. Our findings show that direct losses will occur, while indirect losses are only approximately 56% that of direct losses. This approach could be applied to other areas and tsunami scenarios, which will aid disaster management and adaptation policies.

Stereotaxic laser brain surgery with 1940-nm Tm:fiber laser: An in vivo study.

With exciting developments in fiber laser technology, studies investigating the use of lasers in neurosurgery have been increasing in the recent years. Fiber lasers are advantageous in many ways; first of all they are compact and they provide a more comfortable environment in the operating room due to feasibility of coupling laser light to different cross-sectioned fibers. Thulium fiber (Tm:fiber) lasers have been under investigation for medical applications since 2005 due to their spectral proximity to the water absorption peak. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the thermal effects of the 1940-nm Tm:fiber laser on subcortical tissue and to examine the effects of laser parameters on laser-induced lesions. Secondarily, it is also aimed to reveal the importance of temperature monitoring during laser surgeries by investigating the effects of temperature change on the characteristics of laser-induced lesions. Stereotaxic laser brain surgery was performed on 20 male Wistar rats, in order to investigate the thermal effects of Tm:fiber laser. During surgeries temperature changes in the subcortical tissue were observed with a t-type thermocouple for which a holder was designed to accomplish a 1 mm distance between the fiber tip and thermocouple tip. Histological examinations were performed on cresyl fast violet (CFV) stained slices under light microscopy. Photothermal effects of Tm:fiber laser on subcortical tissue were investigated in terms of ablated (removal of tissue), coagulated and edematous areas with a blinded micrograph evaluation. Relations between laser parameters, ablation efficiencies and rates of temperature changes were determined. Pearson's correlation coefficients between rates of temperature changes and ablation efficiencies, total laser damage and edematous area were calculated. No significant adverse effects were observed during surgeries. Histological examinations revealed localized ablation surrounded by coagulation areas as well as edema. Ablation efficiencies ranged from 20% to 50% with changing laser parameters. The correlation coefficient between rates of temperature change and ablation efficiencies, total laser damage and edematous area were rather high. In this study we show that Tm:fiber lasers seem to be useful tools in brain surgeries especially to vaporize and coagulate the tissue. It is also shown that temperature monitoring during laser surgery is very crucial and gives information about laser-induced lesion. Another take home message from this study is rather than the temperature increase, the rate of temperature change is more important. We found that if the temperature is changing in a short time interval, the extent of thermal damage can be minimized. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Can sonic tomography predict loss in load-bearing capacity for trees with internal defects? A comparison of sonic tomograms with destructive measurements

Sonic tomography can be used to examine reductions in the load-bearing capacity of tree parts with internal defects, but the limitations of sonic tomography and mathematical methods must be considered. The measurement and assessment of internal defects is an important aspect of tree risk assessment. Although there are several methods for estimating the reduced load-bearing capacity of trees with internal defects, the advancement of these methods has not kept pace with improvements to methods used to measure the internal condition of trees, such as sonic tomography. In this study, the percent reduction to the section modulus, ZLOSS (%), caused by internal defects was estimated using 51 sonic tomograms collected from three tree species, and the accuracy of measurements was assessed using the destructively measured internal condition of the corresponding cross sections. In tomograms, there was a repeated underestimation of the percent total damaged area, AD (%), and a repeated overestimation of the offset distance between the centroid of the trunk and the centroid of the largest damaged part, LO (m). As a result, ZLOSS determined using tomograms was mostly less, in absolute terms, than that determined from destructive measurements. However, the accuracy of these estimates improved when using colors associated with intermediate sonic velocities to select damaged parts in tomograms, in addition to the colors explicitly associated with the slowest sonic velocities. Among seven mathematical methods used to estimate ZLOSS, those accounting for LO were more accurate than others neglecting it. In particular, a numerical method incorporating greater geometric detail, called zloss, gave estimates that were consistently better than six other analytical methods.