Total Interaction Cross Sections Research Articles

Double polarized deuteron–deuteron scattering and test of T-invariance

A component of the total cross section of the deuteron-deuteron interaction connected with the vector polarized ([Formula: see text]) one initial deuteron and tensor polarized ([Formula: see text]) another one constitutes a null-test signal of the T-invariance violation but P-parity conservation. The energy dependence of this signal is calculated here at beam kinetic energies per nucleon of 0.1–1[Formula: see text]GeV within the Glauber spin-dependent theory of multiple scattering in the S-wave approximation for the deuteron wave function.

Measurement of nuclear interaction cross sections towards neutron-skin thickness determination

The accuracy of reaction theories used to extract properties of exotic nuclei from scattering experiments is often unknown or not quantified, but of utmost importance when, e.g., constraining the equation of state of asymmetric nuclear matter from observables as the neutron-skin thickness. In order to test the Glauber multiple-scattering model, the total interaction cross section of ▪ on carbon targets was measured at initial beam energies of 400, 550, 650, 800, and 1000 MeV/nucleon. The measurements were performed during the first experiment of the newly constructed R3B (Reaction with Relativistic Radioactive Beams) experiment after the start of FAIR Phase-0 at the GSI/FAIR facility with beam energies of 400, 550, 650, 800, and 1000 MeV/nucleon. The combination of the large-acceptance dipole magnet GLAD and a newly designed and highly efficient Time-of-Flight detector enabled a precise transmission measurement with several target thicknesses for each initial beam energy with an experimental uncertainty of ±0.4%. A comparison with the Glauber model revealed a discrepancy of around 3.1% at higher beam energies, which will serve as a crucial baseline for the model-dependent uncertainty in future fragmentation experiments.

Determination of Some Atomic Parameters for Aktaş, Çıldır Lake, and Kura River Water with the Help of WinXCom

In this study, elemental analyses of water samples taken from Aktaş, Çıldır Lake, and Kura River basins in Ardahan province were carried out using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The mass attenuation coefficients, total photon interaction cross sections, effective atomic numbers, and electron densities were determined with the help of WinXCom for the main gamma-ray energies released when Ra-226, which is an important source of natural radiation, decays into Rn-222, Bi-214, and Po-214.

Verification of T Invariance in the Total Interaction Cross Section of Neutrons with Unpolarized Nuclei Using the Polarization–Asymmetry Theorem

To date, the violation of T invariance (TI) has been experimentally established for the decays [J.H.Christenson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.13, 138 (1964)] and oscillations [A. Angelopoulos et al., Phys. Lett. B444, 43 (1998)] of neutral kaons. Phenomenologically, TI violation in the system of neutral kaons is associated with the difference of the Kobayashi–Maskawa phase from zero (or from π) in the standard model of the electroweak interaction. For nucleon–nucleus interactions, this phase turns out to be very small [P.Herszeg, inSymmetries and Fundamental Interactions in Nuclei, World Scientific, Singapore (1995), p.89)]. Estimates of the nucleon–nucleon matrix element corresponding to TI violation in various models are given in [V. Gudkov, inFundamental Physics with Pulsed Neutron Beams, World Scientific, Singapore (2001), p. 117]. All these estimates are small and have a large spread. Therefore, the verification of TI in nuclear processes actually means a search for other mechanisms for its violation. Below is a description of the experimental methods for TI verification in the total interaction cross sections of low-energy resonance neutrons with unpolarized nuclei with the use of the polarization–asymmetry (PA) theorem.

Synthesis, physical, optical, and radiation attenuation efficiency of Bi2O3+SrF2+Li2O glass system

This research paper reports on the optical characteristics and ionizing radiation attenuation properties of newly fabricated 55B2O3+ 10Bi2O3+ 20SrF2+ (15-x)Li2O + xCuO where x = 0 (Cu0) - 8 (Cu8) in steps of 2 mol%. Density of the fabricated glasses was increased from 3.2836 g cm−3 to 3.5424 g cm−3 as CuO concentration enriched from 0 to 8 mol%. The estimated indirect Eg values were 3.04, 2.93, 2.86, 2.61 and 2.52 eV for the Cu0, Cu2, Cu4, Cu6 and Cu8 glass samples, respectively. Metallization criterion (M) has the following values 0.39, 0.38, 0.37, 0.36 and 0.35 for the Cu0, Cu2, Cu4, Cu6, and Cu8 glass samples, respectively. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) values were improved with further CuO content. Comparatively, μm follows the order: Cu0 < Cu2 < Cu4 < Cu6 < Cu8. The range of μ for Cu0 – Cu8 was 0.1076–7.5351, 0.1089–7.5721, 0.1108–7.6563, 0.1133–7.7761, 0.1163–7.9218 cm−1, correspondingly. The range of the HVL is 0.0920–6.3676, 0.0915–6.3676, 0.09053–6.254, 0.0891–6.1156, and 0.0875–5.9624 cm for Cu0 – Cu8, respectively. The partial density of B enhanced from 0.34106 to 0.3556 cm−1 as CuO mol% raised from 2 to 8 mol%. The total cross section for coherent (σcoh), incoherent (σinc), absorption (σabs), and total interaction (σtot) of thermal neutrons in the glasses grow with CuO content.

Verification of T Invariance in the Total Interaction Cross Section of Neutrons with Unpolarized Nuclei Using the Polarization–Asymmetry Theorem

Verification of T Invariance in the Total Interaction Cross Section of Neutrons with Unpolarized Nuclei Using the Polarization–Asymmetry Theorem

Assessment of X-ray shielding properties of polystyrene incorporated with different nano-sizes of PbO.

PbO (lead oxide) particles with different sizes were incorporated into polystyrene (PS) with various weight fractions (0, 10, 15, 25, 35%). These novel PS/PbO nano-composites were produced by roll mill mixing and compressing molding techniques and then investigated for radiation attenuation of X-rays (N-series/ISO 4037) typically used in radiology. Properties of the PbO particles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Filler dispersion and elemental composition of the prepared nano-composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), revealing better filler distribution and fewer agglomerations with smaller PbO particle size. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients (μ and μm), total molecular and atomic cross-sections (σmol and σatm), as well as effective atomic number and electron density (Zeff and Neff), were calculated for the energy range N40 to N200. The influence of PbO weight percentage on the enhancement of the shielding parameters of the nano-composites was expected; however, the effect of PbO particle size was surprising. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients for PS/PbO composites increased gradually with increasing PbO concentrations, and composites with a small size of nanoparticles showed best performance. In addition, increasing PbO concentration raised the effective atomic number Zeff of the composite. Hence, the electron density Neff increased, which provided a higher total interaction cross-section of X-rays with the composites. Maximum radiation shielding was observed for PS/PbO(B). It is concluded that this material might be used in developping low-cost and lightweight X-ray shielding to be used in radiology.

Investigations on Lanthanide polymers for radiation shielding purpose

The current study involves the X-ray/gamma and neutron/EMI shielding and change in mechanical properties of selected lanthanide polymers such as Lanthanum polymer, Cerium polymer, Praseodymium polymer, Gadolinium texaphyrin polymer, Terbium co-ordination polymer and Erbium phosphate hydrate polymer. The X-ray/gamma, neutron and EMI shielding parameters are studied in detail for all the selected polymers. Among all the selected polymers, Erbium phosphate hydrate polymer shows larger values of mass attenuation coefficient, absorption buildup factor, Zeff, Ne, specific absorbed fractions of energy, radiation protection efficiency, kinetic energy released in matter, relative dose, neutron total interaction cross section and absorption cross section values. Furthermore, the EMI shielding parameter (total shielding effectiveness) was also found to be larger for Erbium phosphate hydrate polymer in near infrared, mid infrared, far infrared, ultra high frequency (UHF), very high frequency, high frequency radio waves, middle frequency radio waves, low frequency radio waves and very low frequency radio waves. This clearly indicates that Erbium phosphate hydrate polymer might be used as a good shielding material for X-ray/gamma, neutrons and EMI radiations. We have also reported the change in mechanical properties of the studied lanthanide polymers due to the interaction with X-rays/gamma rays. The mechanical properties remains unchanged in the region where pair production and photoelectric effect dominates. Change in the mechanical properties is observed in the region where Compton scattering dominates, indicating that the change in mechanical properties due to interaction of radiation is also an important parameter while selecting the shielding materials. Present study may be useful in the selection of new shielding material.

Application of the neutron radiography method to study the migration of lithium ions in electric batteries during discharge

Li-ion batteries are widely used in modern technology as a reliable and stable power source. They are a pair of electrodes separated by a special material impregnated with electrolyte. The charge carriers in such devices are lithium ions. One of the factors affecting the performance of such batteries is the migration of lithium ions. Studies have shown that anisotropic migration of lithium ions on the electrode leads to local lattice dislocations. As a result, the structure of the anode ceases to be heterogeneous, which leads to inefficient movement of charges in it and, accordingly, to a decrease in battery efficiency [1]. Therefore, new types of lithium-ion batteries with increased efficiency are being developed and existing ones are being improved. To this end, research is being carried out, in particular to investigate the migration processes and behavior of lithium in batteries. One of the effective non-destructive methods for such studies is neutron radiography, as the total microscopic cross section of 6Li interaction with neutrons is about 940 barns [2]. In addition, modern neutron radiography facilities allow us to in situ study the internal processes in lithium-ion batteries. This article presents the results of a real-time study of the distribution of lithium in two commercial types of lithium-ion batteries during their discharge. The research was carried out by a non-destructive method at the TITAN neutron radiography facility. As a result of the research, experimental data were obtained on the migration and distribution of lithium in batteries in different states. It is shown that when the battery is discharged, lithium ions migrate to the cathode at a rate of 0.83 ×10-5 and 0.36×10-4 cm/s.

Total Mass Attenuation Coefficients, Total Photon Interaction Cross Sections, Effective Atomic Numbers and Effective Electron Densities for Some Construction Materials Available in Turkey

Total Mass Attenuation Coefficients, Total Photon Interaction Cross Sections, Effective Atomic Numbers and Effective Electron Densities for Some Construction Materials Available in Turkey

Investigation on shielding properties of lead based alloys

The current study involves the X-ray/gamma and neutron shielding properties of selected lead based binary/tertiary/quaternary alloys such as Foundary type, Lino type, Molybdochalkos, Mono type, Stereo type, Turne type, Type metal and Woods metal. The X-ray/gamma and neutron shielding parameters are studied in detail for all the selected alloys. Among all the selected alloys, Molybdochalkos shows larger values of mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), absorption buildup factor (ABF), Zeff, Ne, specific absorbed fractions of energy (SAFE), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), kinetic energy released in matter (KERMA) and relative dose. Furthermore, neutron total interaction cross section (σtot) and absorption cross section (σab) values are also larger. This clearly indicates that Molybdochalkos binary alloy is the good absorber of both X-ray/gamma and neutrons.

Pair productions from gauge bosons collisions

Pair production is a process of creating a particle and its antiparticle from two gauge bosons collision. In this work, we suppose the pair production can occur from the collision between a spin-two graviton and a spin-one gauge boson. We focus on the electron-positron pair production between gravitons which is determined from the vielbein field and coupling to a photon in minimal coupling scheme. The collision cross section is evaluated and compared to those of the same creation types at the energy 0.71 MeV. We found that the total cross section of the graviton-photon interaction is less than that of photon-photon about 1041 times but that is greater than that of graviton-graviton about 1042 times.

Total Cross Section Phenomenological Formulas for X-Ray and Gamma Radiation Interaction With Matter for Different Energies and Absorber Types

Abstract The in-function log-polynomial regression method for empirical approximations of physical relationships was presented and applied in practice. Thanks to that the single phenomenological equation for the total cross section for X-ray and gamma radiation interaction with matter was presented. The proposed equation depends on the photon energy (from 1 keV to 100 GeV) and absorber type (atomic number from Z = 1 to 100) and takes into considerations all important physical effects of photon interaction, namely, coherent (Rayleigh) and incoherent (Compton) scattering, photo-electric effect and pair/triplet production. Finally, the single formula for the total cross section of photon interaction with matter was presented in the simple form easy to apply in practice, e.g., in radiation protection or in radiation shields designing.

Ionizing radiation interaction with charged graphene: An experimental evaluation attempt

The experimental evaluation of photon radiation interaction with charged material was undertaken. Gamma and X-ray radiation was directed at graphene deposited on copper foil with a constant electrostatic charge. The radiation counter measured changes in the radiation intensity after passing the graphenous slab. It was confirmed that additional charge can increase the total cross section of photon interaction with matter, and the relative reduction of radiation intensity by (0.42 ± 0.15)% per 10-5 C/cm2 on the single slab proved that it is possible to construct thin and lightweight radiation shields. This result is important for radiation protection during deep space travel, for example.

Neutron skins as laboratory constraints on properties of neutron stars and on what we can learn from heavy ion fragmentation reactions

The equation of state (EOS) of infinite nuclear matter with a small proton/neutron fraction is a crucial input to determine the properties of neutron stars and compare model predictions to astronomical observations. The so-called `symmetry energy' is the part of the EOS accounting for the difference in the number of neutrons and protons. Numerous experiments have been devised to assess the symmetry energy and constrain its functional dependence with the nucleon density. Further constraints follow from a stellar modeling using the EOS to reproduce astronomical observations such as neutron star masses and radii. The recent detection of gravitational waves emitted from neutron star mergers and the nucleosynthesis ensuing from these events caused a surge of interest for such studies. Several types of nuclear reactions have been proposed to study the symmetry energy part of the EOS. Some of them consist in determining the neutron skin in nuclei and exploit its correlation with the slope parameter of the symmetry energy. In this article we explore a particular set of reactions using high energy ($E_{lab} \sim 1$ GeV/nucleon) neutron-rich projectiles. We explore measurements of all reaction fragments (a) in the same isotopic chain, i.e., only by removal of neutrons, (b) in all charge-changing channels, and (c) total interaction cross sections. Using Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HBF) predictions for neutron and proton densities with Skyrme interactions, we explore the sensitivity of these cross sections with the neutron skin in nuclei.

Complete Glauber calculations for proton–nucleus inelastic cross sections

We perform a parameter-free calculation for the high-energy proton–nucleus scattering based on the Glauber theory. A complete evaluation of the so-called Glauber amplitude is made by using the factorization of the single-particle wave functions. The multiple-scattering or multistep processes are fully taken into account within the Glauber theory. We demonstrate that proton-12C, 20Ne, and 28Si elastic and inelastic scattering (Jπ=0+→2+ and 0+→4+) processes are very well described in a wide range of the incident energies from ∼50 MeV to ∼1 GeV. We evaluate the validity of a simple one-step approximation and find that the approximation works fairly well for the inelastic 0+→2+ processes but not for 0+→4+ where the multistep processes become more important. As an application, we quantify the difference between the total reaction and interaction cross sections of proton-12C, 20Ne, and 28Si collisions.

Strong absorption model with antisymmetric S-matrix

We present a strong absorption model with an [Formula: see text]-matrix in a new form of an antisymmetrized Fermi distribution for describing diffraction patterns of neutron–nucleus scattering at intermediate energies. The proposed antisymmetric [Formula: see text]-matrix has a form close to the conventional one and allows to obtain exact analytical expressions for the damping factor that determines the elastic scattering amplitude and the total cross-sections for interaction, reactions and elastic scattering. The use of an antisymmetrized Fermi function instead of the usual Fermi function in successful strong absorption models basically does not notably affect the calculated nucleon–nucleus elastic scattering differential cross-sections in the intermediate energy region.

The LArIAT Experiment

A short overview of the Liquid Argon In A Testbeam (LArIAT) experiment hosted at Fermilab is reported. This program supports the Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) Neutrino Experiments at Fermilab. The LArIAT program consists of a calibration of a LArTPC in a dedicated charged particle beamline. The first total pion interaction cross section measurement ever made on argon is presented here (preliminary result).

The single-particle characteristics of Pb isotopes near the drip lines calculated within the dispersive optical model

The neutron and proton dispersive optical potential for the 208Pb nucleus has been determined for the energy region from–70 to +60 MeV and used to calculate the differential elastic scattering, the total interaction and reaction cross sections, as well as the single-particle characteristics, the neutron and charge densities, rms radii, and the thickness of the nucleus skin. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The proton dispersive optical model potential for the spherical and close to spherical Pb isotopes within the neutron and proton drip lines has been obtained by a similar method. The calculation predicts a trend towards the growth of the proton particle-hole gap, which corresponds to Z = 82 shell closure as Z approaches the proton drip line.

The impact of vector mesons polarization on meson-nucleon interaction

Production of unstable particles off nuclei allows to determine the total cross section of the unstable particle interaction with nucleons. The interaction of vector mesons V(ρ, ω, ϕ) with nucleons are defined by a set of amplitudes corresponding to the transverse polarization of the vector meson (helicity λ = ±1) meson or longitudinal one (λ = 0). Whereas the total cross section for the interaction of the transversely polarized vector meson with nucleon σ T = σ(VTN) can be extract from the coherent photoproduction, measurements of vector meson interaction with nucleon σL= σ(VLN).As a good tool for such investigation we proposed the photoproduction of ω mesons on the set of nuclei in the incoherent region. Such experiment can be done using the feasibility of the new experiment GlueX at Jefferson Lab, designed to study the photoproduction of mesons in a large beam energy range up to 12 GeV.