Total Consumptive Use Research Articles

Inland recreational fisheries contribute nutritional benefits and economic value but are vulnerable to climate change.

Inland recreational fishing is primarily considered a leisure-driven activity in freshwaters, yet its harvest can contribute to food systems. Here we estimate that the harvest from inland recreational fishing equates to just over one-tenth of all reported inland fisheries catch globally. The estimated total consumptive use value of inland recreational fish destined for human consumption may reach US$9.95 billion annually. We identify Austria, Canada, Germany and Slovakia as countries above the third quantile for nutrition, economic value and climate vulnerability. These results have important implications for populations dependent on inland recreational fishing for food. Our findings can inform climate adaptation planning for inland recreational fisheries, particularly those not currently managed as food fisheries.

Effect of Soil Moisture Level and Nutrient Management on Yield, Bio-Chemical Properties and Water Productivity of Black Cumin

A field experiment was conducted at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur farm during rabi season of 2017-2018 to evaluate the effects of soil moisture levels and nutrient management on yield, bio-chemical properties and water productivity of black cumin (cv. BARI Kalozira-1) in the Shallow Red-Brown Terrace Soil of Salna series under AEZ-28 (Madhupur Tract). The experiment was set up in a Randomized Complete Block Design (factorial) with three replications comprising 9 treatment combinations having 3 soil moisture levels (Irrigation at 10%, 20% and 30% depletion of soil available water at field capacity) and 3 nutrient management packages: 100% RDF (80-45-50-20-5-2 kg ha-1 of N-P-K-S-Zn-B), 75% RDF + 25% N from cowdung and 50% RDF + 50% N from cowdung. The highest seed yield (1027 kg ha-1), biomass yield (2303 kg ha-1), thymoquinone (3286 mg kg-1 seed), thymol (149 mg kg-1 seed), fixed oil (28.7%), essential oil (0.85%), total consumptive use of water (112 mm) and water productivity (20.5 & 9.14 kg ha-1 mm-1, on the basis of biomass & seed yield, respectively) were obtained from irrigation at 10% depletion of available water along with 75% RDF + 1.98 t ha-1 cowdung. The application of irrigation water at 10% depletion of available water (112.22 mm) with N, P, K, S, Zn and B @ 60, 45, 50, 20, 5 and 2 kg ha-1, respectively + 1.98 t ha-1 cowdung (for supplementing 25% N requirement) appeared to be the best suited treatment package for black cumin cultivation in the study area.
 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 47(3): 309-321, September 2022

Response of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Uptake of Primary Nutrients by Maize

A field experiment was accomplished from November 2018 to April 2019 at the site for agricultural research of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on uptaking of primary nutrients by maize plant. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications was used to execute the experiment. Four irrigation treatments (I1, I2, I3 and I4: irrigation concerning 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of soil available water, respectively) as factor A and three nitrogen doses [N1, N2 and N3: Nitrogen application at 75%, 100% and 125% of prescribed dose (PD) as per fertilizer recommendation guide (FRG)] as factor B was implemented. The crop responded significantly in uptaking N, P, K to different levels of irrigation and nitrogen. The uptake of N at its highest level (141.66 Kg ha-1) was observed in treatment I3N3 but the maximum uptake of P (49.17 Kg ha-1) and K (159.39 Kg ha-1) were found under the treatment I4N2. The addition of irrigation and nitrogenous fertilizer also enhanced the N (0.08%), P (8.75 ppm) and K (0.18 meq/ 100g) content of post-harvest soils. The maximum total consumptive use of water of the crop was found to be 446 mm in I4 treatment regardless N levels. Irrigation at 80% of soil available water using 100% N on prescribed dose (I4N2), appeared to be the most acceptable combination for optimal nutrient absorption by maize in the specified region.

The environmental effects of sugarcane expansion: A case study of changes in land and water use in southern Africa

Sugarcane is often portrayed as one of the most environmentally sustainable food and energy crops, yet evidence of the crop's social and environmental impacts in Africa's growing sugarcane industry remains scarce. The land cover replaced by cane and subsequent land use practices play important roles in shaping the environmental impacts of expansion. Land cover change can be both direct and indirect and land ownership is key in shaping socioeconomic impacts, yet these have not been systematically documented in an area experiencing cane expansion in Africa. This paper addresses these gaps through an analysis of land use changes and hydrological impacts associated with the 2006 to 2012 expansion of Zambia Sugar in Mazabuka, Zambia. Methods included semi-structured interviews with Zambia Sugar and outgrowers, remote sensing of land cover to quantify the types of land conversion, and hydrological analysis of impacts on regional crop water use and the Kafue River. The bulk of the expansion area as reported by Zambia Sugar (62%) converted low-water using shrublands to sugarcane, increasing total consumptive use of irrigation water by cane in Mazabuka to 13-16% of the 25% probability monthly mean low flow in the Kafue River. Commercial-scale growers represented 94% of the expansion area, calling into question claims about smallholder inclusion.

Contribution of Rainwater to the Irrigation Requirement for Paddy Cultivation at Tanore Upazila in Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Groundwater extraction for irrigation in Bangladesh has caused groundwater depletion, especially in the Northern region. As such, shifting reliance from groundwater to surface water is one of the solutions to mitigate this problem. This study aims at investigating the contribution of effective rainfall to the total consumptive use requirement of rice cultivated in Tanore, Rajshahi, in Bangladesh. The prospect of rainwater harvesting using ponds and its contribution to the consumptive use requirement of rice was also determined. Effective rainfall, temperature, monthly percentage of bright sunshine hours, and consumptive use factor for rice data were collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) and Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA). Blaney-Criddle method was used to calculate total consumptive use requirement of rice. Analysis results showed that from June to September, there is no requirement of irrigation due to high rainfall in this period. It was revealed that total consumptive use requirement of rice in Tanore averaged at 436 million m3 of water between the period of 2005 and 2012. Effective rainfall contributed to about 38% of the total consumptive use in this period. It was also found that another 5% of the total consumptive use requirement could be supplied by rainwater harvesting using the ponds of Tanore.

Effect of Irrigation Schedules on Plant - Water Relations, Root, Grain Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Flori & Paol] under Various Crop Establishment Techniques

Field experiment was conducted during the rabi (winter) seasons of 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, to evaluate the outcome of irrigation schedules and crop establishment techniques on physiological parameters, root parameters and water productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Flori & Paol) on sandy loam soils at CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar under four crop establishment techniques with three irrigation schedules allotted in strip plot design and replicated thrice. Zero tillage (ZT) and irrigation applied at CRI + IW:CPE = 0.90 registered significantly highest relative water content (RWC) of wheat leaves during 2012–2013 (83.6%) and during 2013–2014 (80.9%) as compared to conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT). Wheat planted on bed (FIRBS) and irrigation applied at CRI + IW:CPE = 0.90 evidenced significantly higher grain yield by 12–19% and took more days from spike initiation to anthesis, anthesis to milk stage and milk to maturity during 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 crop seasons. WUE (144.6 and 155.4 kg ha-cm−1) and IWP (4.3 and 4.5 kg m−3) perceived highest under bed planting by using lower total consumptive use of water (35.71 and 35.45 cm) during the respective crop seasons. Thus the CU was around 6–12%, lower under FIRBS as compared to other crop establishment techniques. Application of irrigation at CRI + IW:CPE = 0.75 resulted in highest WUE (129.0 and 140.0 kg ha-cm–1) and IWP (4.2 and 4.4 kg m–3) with minimum water used (37.41 and 36.22 cm) during 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, respectively in contrast to other two moisture regimes.

Analysis of Effective Efficiency in decision making for irrigation interventions

Multiple stresses are putting great pressure on water resources systems. Population growth, climate change, prosperity, energy production, food crisis, and water governance are among the factors straining water resources. Decision makers from rich to poor countries and from commercial to non-governmental organisations are struggling to devise schemes to adapt to these stressed water conditions. Better efficiency for water resources systems, and particularly irrigation systems, is recommended as one of the most important responses to climate change, unsustainable development, and water shortage. However, using certain efficiencies such as Classical Efficiency caused systems not to perform according to decision makers’ objectives. Effective Efficiency is a robust composite indicator that includes in its formulation both a flow weight, taking into account the leaching fraction, and reuse of return flows. Classical Efficiency is defined as the percentage of the diversion consumed beneficially, such as by crop evapotranspiration. Effective Efficiency, on the other hand, is defined as the ratio of beneficial consumptive use to total consumption, expressed as a percentage. In this paper, a normalised and non-dimensional form of Effective Efficiency is developed and necessary constraints for its successful application are explained. These constraints express water balance, flow weights and their thresholds, water reuse, and total consumptive use. Basic guidelines are proposed for better decision making in determining possible interventions for improving Effective Efficiency. This is done by analysing its domain through analytical and graphical methods. Three real cases are considered, namely, Imperial Irrigation District and Grand Valley irrigation systems in the United States and Nile Valley in upper Egypt. Three-dimensional sensitivity analysis is performed on Effective Efficiency and its variables using the three cases. This leads to an examination of the validity of the analysis and to suggestions for better intervention options. Meanwhile, it is also shown why Classical Efficiency should be used with care.

Productivity and economics of soybean (Glycine m a ~ ) - based cropping sequences under irrigated conditions

A field experiment was conducted during 1995-97 at Rahuri, to study the productivity and economics of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.1-based cropping sequences under irrigated conditions. The total grain equivalent of soybean- chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (65.92 qlha) was significantly higher than the rest of sequences. Next in order was soybean-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) (50.60 qlha) and lowest was in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)- wheat (41.61 qlha). Optimum level of irrigation (at all critical growth stages) recorded the maximum grain-equivalent yield than suboptimum (elimination of 1 irrigation from recommended CGS). The total consumptive use (CU) was maximum in soybean-wheat (55 cm), while water-use efficiency (WUE) was higher in soybean-chickpea (153 kglha-cm). The total CU and WUE were 24% higher and 20% lower respectively in optimum as compared to suboptimum irrigation. The soybean-chickpea sequence gave significantly higher gross (Rs 59,274lha) and net retums (Rs 46,530lha) than rest of sequences, followed by soybean-wheat sequence. The per day productivity (Rs 270ldaylha) and retums per unit of water used (Rs 1,398lha-cm) were maximum in soybean-chickpea (4.65) than other sequences studied. The optimum irrigation recorded significantly higher gross and net retums than suboptimum irrigation. The returns per unit of water used were 15% lower ip optimum irrigation than suboptimum irrigation (Rs 1,049lha-cm).

Postharvest water requirements of peppermint

Peppermint (Mentha piperita var.) is a perennial field crop that is commonly irrigated following harvest to promote fall regrowth. A field study was conducted to measure the consumptive use of peppermint in the postharvest period and to develop crop coefficients used to predict evapotranspiration rates. The soil water balance was measured on two fields with a neutron probe during an 80 day period from July 29, 1997 to October 17, 1997. Over the 49 days following harvest, a total consumptive use of 96 mm was measured. Average basal crop coefficients increased from approximately zero to 0.36 within 35 days following harvest.

Consumo de agua del arroz en las regiones semiáridas y húmedas de Puerto Rico

Se estimó el uso consuntivo (UC) del arroz, utilizando el modelo modificado de Blaney-Criddle, el programa computarizado de Hackbart y los datos climatológicos disponibles. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la costa semiárida del sur (Lajas) y en la húmeda del norte (Arecibo), Puerto Rico. Se utilizaron 12 fechas de siembra y tres períodos en el campo: 90, 105 y 120 días. Para el período de 120 días y 12 fechas de siembra, el UC total fluctuó de 442 a 589 mm. en Arecibo y de 428 a 579 mm. en Lajas. El UC (mm./día) fluctuó de 4.3 a 4.4 en Arecibo y de 4.2 a 4.3 en Lajas. Para el período de 120 días el promedio de UC fue 514 mm. en Arecibo y 502 mm. en Lajas.

Economic Factors Shaping Western Water Allocation

Although most of the continental United States west of the 100th meridian is classified as arid or semiarid, water resources in the region have historically been treated as if they were relatively abundant. The perception of abundant water has been fostered largely by policies and institutions developed in an earlier era to facilitate the settlement of the West. These policies and institutions have persisted to current times in part because of their ability to insulate water users from a portion of the real cost of water. However, the perception of abundance masks the fact that western water resources are subject to increasing physical scarcity. Although somewhat outdated, the Second National Assessment of the U.S. Water Resources Council provides evidence of the depth and extent of this scarcity. Two crude measures of physical scarcity for the nine major hydrologic basins of the West are presented in table 1. In the first column, the sum of consumptive and in-stream uses is reported as a percentage of average annual runoff from precipitation. In the second column, total use is reported as a percentage of dry year runoff, where dry years are defined by a hydrologic frequency of I in 5. The figures show that in an average year, use levels in five of the nine basins exceed renewable supplies. In dry years, use levels in all basins exceed renewable supplies. The differences between annual use and annual runoff are accounted for by pumping groundwater at rates which exceed the rate of recharge. While the mining of groundwater may be economically justifiable, it cannot be sustained over the long run. Thus, in many areas of the West, existing levels of water use cannot continue indefinitely without supplemental sources of supply. The patterns of western water use are heavily dominated by irrigation, which accounts for a little over 90% of total consumptive use and 84% of total withdrawals. Municipal and industrial uses account for 6.6% of consumptive use (9% of withdrawals), while mineral and energy production make up the remaining 3.4% of consumptive use (7% of withdrawals) (U.S. Water Resources Council). Irrigation's share of withdrawals has remained relatively constant over the last three decades despite an increase of almost 9 million acres of irrigated land. This is explained primarily by the fact that during this period water use in the nonagricultural sectors grew for the first time at rates comparable to the growth rate of irrigation uses (Frederick). The current picture of western water resou c s, then, is one characterized by increasing physical scarcity and use patterns that are overwhelmingly dominated by the agricultural sector. In the remainder of this paper, some of he economic forces acting on western water resources are identified and analyzed, and a case study is presented to illustrate that the intensifying water scarcity may be largely attributable to institutions which promote both allocative inflexibility and the perception of abundance.