Total Cholesterol Levels In Group Research Articles

Impacts of dietary Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) on growth, antioxidative capacity, immune responses, and intestinal histology of grey mullet (Liza ramada)

This study investigated the impacts of dietary supplements with ajwain seed extract (ASE) on the growth, biochemical parameters, digestive enzymes, antioxidant activity, immunity, and intestine histology of Liza ramada. Juveniles (N = 450) with an initial weight of 40.12 ± 0.14 g were fed six experimental diets enriched with ASE at 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g/kg diet for 60 days. Results revealed that fish-fed diets containing ASE at levels of 0.6 g/kg or higher exhibited significantly improved growth parameters including final weight, weight gain percentage, and specific growth rate, along with enhanced feed conversion efficiency compared to lower ASE levels and the control diet. Survival rates remained similar across all experimental groups. Digestive enzyme activity, particularly lipase, was highest in groups fed higher ASE levels (≥ 0.4 g/kg diet). Histomorphological analysis of the intestine showed improved villi structures with increasing ASE supplementation, reaching an optimal appearance at 0.8 g/kg. Blood biochemical analysis indicated higher total protein and globulin concentrations, and lower total cholesterol levels in groups with higher ASE intake (≥ 0.4 g/kg diet). Immune parameters increased with increasing ASE concentrations, including lysozyme activity, bactericidal percentage, and nitroblue tetrazolium levels. Antioxidant status, measured through superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, showed significant improvements with ASE supplementation, with optimal dietary ASE levels for maximizing SOD (0.73 g/kg), CAT (0.74 g/kg), GPx (0.83 g/kg), and minimizing MDA (0.73 g/kg) identified through polynomial regression analysis. These findings suggest that ASE supplementation (0.6–0.8 g/kg) positively influences the growth performance, digestive function, gut health, immunity, and antioxidant status of L. ramada, highlighting its potential as a beneficial dietary additive in aquaculture.

Pattern of Lipid Profile Levels in HIV Serodiscordant Couples in Jos Plataeu State, Nigeria

This was a cross sectional study designed to determine the pattern of lipid profile levels in HIV serodiscordant couples in Jos, Nigeria. A total of 20 discordant HIV couples (40 patients) and 20 controls (40 non HIV couples) aged between 18 and 49 years were included in the study. 5ml of fasting venous blood sample was collected from each participant into plain containers for the evaluation of lipid profile. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were assayed using standard methods. The results showed that HIV discordant test group had significantly higher mean serum TG, VLDL-C, and LDL-C levels whereas HDL-C values were significantly lower than in the control (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in TC levels in groups when compared to the control (p>0.05). The male HIV discordant test group had higher TG and VLDL-C values (p=0.001; 0.002) and lower HDL-C (p=0.000) than in the male control group (p=0.001) while the female HIV discordant test group had significantly higher LDL-C and lower HDL-C levels (p=0.001; 0.000) than in female control group. Male HIV-exposed seronegative partners had significantly higher TG and VLDL-C with lower HDL-C levels (p<0.05) compared to male control while female exposed seronegatives had significantly lower HDL-C level (p=0.000) than in the female control. Furthermore, female HIV positives had significantly higher LDL-C and lower HDL-C levels than in the female control (p<0.05). This study revealed significant alterations in lipid profile levels in the HIV serodiscordant couples which warrant further studies.

Chronic non-viral liver pathology in military personnel exposed to military-professional factors

Abstract. The prevalence and structure of chronic non-viral liver disease of military personnel whose service is associated with the influence of various military-professional factors are estimated. It is established that the frequency of chronic diffuse liver diseases of viral etiology in a group of servicemen radio-technical troops was 77,3%, from persons engaged in diving and altitude descents 65,9%, pilots of the aerospace defence forces of Russia 62,8%, in persons without exposure to military occupational factors is 69,5%. The largest number of persons suffering from chronic non-viral liver disease in the group of military radio-technical troops, probably related to low levels of physical activity and higher values of body mass index and waist circumference, but also the influence of microwave radiation, can enhance the damaging effects of lipid peroxidation. The lowest prevalence of non-viral chronic diffuse liver diseases among pilots and aquanauts is probably related to the maximum health requirements imposed on military personnel of these categories. It was found that the level of alcohol consumption and the nature of nutrition in the study groups did not significantly differ. The highest values of body mass index and waist circumference in combination with the lowest level of physical activity were observed in the group of military personnel of the radio engineering troops, which is probably due to the nature of daily military service, which is mainly sedentary. Among the metabolic changes of blood serum, increased total cholesterol levels in groups of divers, pilots and military Radio-technical troops compared with a control. In addition, the level of glucose in Aquanauts, as well as triglycerides in soldiers of the radio engineering troops was higher than in the control group. Ultrasound examination in all groups related to the impact of military occupational factors, recorded an increase in the thickness of the left lobe of the liver, and oblique vertical size and thickness of the right lobe in the group of soldiers of the radio-technical troops compared with a control. In addition, the values of the thickness of the intima-media complex as a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis associated with non-alcoholic and alcoholic-metabolic fatty liver diseases in this category of individuals significantly exceed them in the other groups. The maximum level of liver damage in the group of military personnel of radio engineering troops is confirmed by the highest values of the controlled parameter of attenuation of ultrasound, reflecting the degree of liver steatosis.

The effect of steamed tempeh on total and LDL cholesterol in Wistar-male rats

Introduction: The increase in total and LDL cholesterol is one of the major risk factors of atherosclerosis, which may cause coronary heart disease. Consumption of soy protein in place of animal protein may reduce levels of total and LDL cholesterol. Tempeh is made from fermented soybeans by Rhizopus oryzae sp., which is often consumed by Indonesian. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 2.4 and 4.5 g steamed tempeh on level of total and LDL cholesterol. Method: The laboratory experimental study with completely randomised design was applied in this research. The 24 Wistar-male rats were divided into four groups (n = 6) during 4 weeks. Group I were fed standard diet (pellets), group II were fed high fat diet and Propyl thio uracil (PTU) 0.01%, group III were fed 2.4 g/day steamed tempeh, high fat diet, and PTU 0.01%, and group IV were fed 4.5 g/day steamed tempeh, high fat diet, and PTU 0.01%. The total and LDL cholesterol levels were measured on first day and 29th. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, and followed by Post-Hoc using Duncan’s test with 95% confidence interval ( = 0.05%). Result: The study showed that steamed tempeh had significant value (p < 0.05) in reducing total and LDL cholesterol levels. There was no significant difference between 2.4 group and 4.5 group in percentage of reducing total and LDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.001%). The mean reduction of total cholesterol levels in group of 2, 4 g steamed-tempeh was 15.50 (5.08)mg/dL or 23.75%, and in the group of 4.5 steamed-tempeh was 19.5 (11.67)mg/dL or 27.71%, compared to 3.0 (1.09)mg/dl or 4.54% in the standard diet group, while the high fat diet group had increased by 13.83 (6.61)mg/dl or 20.38%. The mean reduction of LDL cholesterol in 2.4 g steamed-tempeh group was 9.33 (1.03)mg/dl or 56.15%, and the 4.5 g steamed-tempeh group was 11.00 (1.78)mg/dl or 64.06%, while the standard diet group and high fat diet group had increased by 0.16 (4.18)mg/dl or 1.52% and 13.5 (1.32)mg/dl or 14.4%, respectively. Conclusion: 2.4 and 4.5 g steamed tempeh per day reduced total and LDL cholesterol level, but there was no difference between the two groups in the percentage reduction in total and LDL cholesterol.

Lipid abnormalities, lipoprotein (a) and apoprotein pattern in non-dialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease

The present study was carried out to explore the altered lipid, lipoprotein and apoprotein abnormalities along with lipoprotein (a) in chronic kidney disease patients with stage I to V which were further divided into group 1 (stage I and II), group 2 (stage III and IV) and group 3 (stage V). 50 chronic kidney disease patients with stage I to V and 20 healthy normal subjects as controls were recruited for this study. Among the various parameters tested triglyceride levels were high in group 1 and 2, whereas VLDL cholesterol, Lp (a) and apo B levels were significantly high in all the groups when compared to controls (P<0.05). However, LDL cholesterol level was significantly low in group 3 only as compared to control group (P<0.05). Apoprotein AI values also showed significant decrease in all groups as compared to controls (P<0.05). Though total cholesterol levels in group 1 and LDL levels in group 1 and 2 were higher than controls, but the values attained not statistically significant (P>0.05). In conclusion high levels of VLDL cholesterol, Lp (a), apo B and low levels of apoprotein AI as reported in this study are the major lipid disorders in the development of cardiovascular complications at all the stages in these patients.

Levels of Serum HDL-cholesterol and Total Cholestetol in Kawasaki Disease and Their Significance

Background:The value of serum lipid in children after recovery of Kawasaki disease may be important because of the predilection of this disease for the coronary artery. Methods:To determine the alterations in serum total cholesterol(TC) and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels in Kawasaki disease(KD), we measured serum HDL-cholesterol and TC in 35 patients(mean age 36.8±22.0 months, range 6 to 93 months) with Kawasaki disease(KD) during 10 days or less after the onset(group A) and 2 months later after recovery. TC and HDL-cholesterol were also measured in an acute febrile respiratory illness group(group B) and a nonfebrile respiratory illness group(group C) to compare with those of KD. Results:HDL-cholesterol levels in group A were depressed(29.6±11.0mg/dl) compared with groups B and C(47.3±13.3mg/dl and 45.1±12.4mg/dl, respectively, p<0.01). TC levels in group A (145.1±33.1mg/dl) were not significantly different from those of group B(146.8±33.4mg/dl) and C (157.1±29.6mg/dl). Also the level of serum HDL-cholesterol in the acute phase of KD was significantly lower when compared with that after recovery(30.2±13.2mg/dl vs 50.0±10.2mg/dl, p<0.05). In KD patients, TC levels were not significantly different between the acute & recovery phases(145.0±26.6mg/dl, 153.4±32.6mg/dl). Echo-cardiography confirmed coronary artery aneurysms in 11 patients(31.4%) and otherwise, normal findings(n=24) in the KD group. There were no significant difference in TC level(140.7±27.6mg/dl vs. 146.9±35.4mg/dl, p=NS) and HDL cholesterol level(30.1±12.5mg/dl vs. 29.2±10.7mg/dl, p=NS) between patients with and without coronary aneurysms. Conclusions:HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly depressed only in the acute phase of KD but TC levels did not change significantly. Both levels were not related to coronary artery aneurysm.

Combined effects of pravastatin and probucol on high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-I kinetics in cholesterol-fed rabbits.

The combined effects of pravastatin and probucol on high- density lipoprotein (HDL) apolipoprotein (apo) A-I kinetics in cholesterol (Ch)-fed rabbits were investigated. Japanese White rabbits were treated with 0.15% pravastatin and 0.5% Ch (group 1) or 0.15% pravastatin plus 1% probucol and 0.5% Ch (group 2) for 2 months. After treatment, the serum total cholesterol levels in groups 1 and 2 had significantly (p < 0.01) increased (37.4 +/- 6.7 mg/dl vs 117.1 +/- 46.4 mg/dl, and 31.4 +/- 4.9 mg/dl vs 143.0 +/- 84.5 mg /dl, respectively). The serum HDL-cholesterol levels in both groups decreased (18.2 +/- 2.8 mg/dl, vs 16.2 +/- 3.7 mg/dl p < 0.01 for group 1; 18.2 +/- 1.9 mg/dl vs 15.5 +/- 4.5 mg/dl, ns for group 2). Apo A-I kinetics were assessed by injecting (125)I-labeled HDL intravenously into both groups of rabbits, and taking blood samples periodically for 6 days. Kinetic parameters calculated from apo A-I specific radioactivity decay curves showed that the apo A-I fractional catabolic rates in rabbits fed pravastatin and Ch (group 1) were significantly less than those in rabbits fed pravastatin plus probucol and Ch (group 2) (0.546 +/- 0.017 /day vs 0.730 +/- 0.126 /day, p < 0.05), while the synthetic rate of apo A-I was lower in group 2 than in group 1 (14.76 +/- 1.71 mg/kg per day vs 11.21 +/- 2.38 mg/kg per day, respectively, p < 0.01). These data indicate that pravastatin and probucol have different effects on HDL-apo A-I kinetics in a diet which includes cholesterol.

Inhibition of intimal thickening of the carotid artery of rabbits and of outgrowth of explants of aorta by probucol.

The effect of administration of probucol in preventing intimal thickening of rabbit carotid artery after balloon catheter injury and the mechanism of action of the drug were studied. Groups of 6 male New Zealand-White rabbits were given normal diet (Group I), high cholesterol diet (Group II) or high cholesterol diet plus probucol (Group III) for 4 weeks. Balloon catheter injury was made in week 2 and animals were killed in week 4. No significant differences in the total cholesterol levels in Groups II and III were found in week 4. The medians of areas of the intimal layer in cross-sections of the carotid arteries of Groups I, II and III were 0.237, 0.475 and 0.309 mm2, respectively. Thus high-cholesterol diet increased the thickness of the intimal layer and probucol reduced its effect. There were no significant differences in the areas of the medial layers in these 3 groups. For the examination of the mechanism of the effect of probucol, rabbits were given chow containing 0.5% cholesterol with and without 0.5% probucol (7 rabbits each) and then the numbers of explants from their aortas showing outgrowth were compared. The plasma total cholesterol levels of these two groups were the same. The probucol concentrations in the plasma and aorta of the former group were 18.6 +/- 13.2 micrograms/ml and 7.3 +/- 5.4 micrograms/g wet tissue, respectively. The number of explants showing outgrowth on day 14 was suppressed by 34% in the probucol-treated group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)