Total Cholesterol High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Research Articles

Role of Lipoprotein Ratios and Remnant Cholesterol in Patients with Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA).

Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a clinical situation characterized by evidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)-according to the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction-with normal or near-normal coronary arteries on angiographic study (stenosis < 50%). This condition is extremely variable in etiology, pathogenic mechanisms, clinical manifestations, prognosis and consequently therapeutic approach. The objective of the study was the evaluation of remnant cholesterol (RC), monocyte/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and various lipoprotein ratios in patients with MINOCA in order to establish their validity as predictors of this event. We included 114 patients hospitalized in the Intensive Coronary Care Unit (ICCU) and Hospital Wards of our Hospital Center from 2015 to 2019 who received a diagnosis of MINOCA compared to a control group of 110 patients without previous cardiovascular events. RC was calculated with the following formula: RC = total cholesterol (TC) - HDL-C - LDL-C. MHR was calculated by dividing the monocyte count in peripheral blood by high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels; PLR was obtained by dividing platelet count by lymphocyte count. We also calculated various lipoprotein ratios, like total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C), triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C/HDL-C) ratios. The MINOCA group had higher mean levels of RC (21.3 ± 10.6 vs. 13.2 ± 7.7 mg/dL), MHR (23 ± 0.009 vs. 18.5± 8.3) and PLR (179.8 ± 246.1 vs. 135 ± 64.7) than the control group. Only the mean values of all calculated lipoprotein ratios were lower in MINOCA patients. Statistical significance was achieved only in the RC evaluation. Higher levels of RC and MHR were found in patients with MINOCA. We also observed higher levels of PLR than in the control group. Only various lipoprotein ratios were lower, but this could reflect the extreme heterogeneity underlying the pathogenic mechanisms of MINOCA. In patients who receive a diagnosis of MINOCA with a baseline alteration of the lipid profile and higher levels of cholesterol at admission as well, the evaluation of these parameters could play an important role, providing more detailed information about their cardiometabolic risk.

A non-linear connection between the total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and stroke risk: a retrospective cohort study from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

ObjectiveThe connection between total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio and stroke risk is controversial. This study aims to examine the connection between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke in middle-aged and older individuals who are part of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).MethodsThis study conducted a retrospective cohort analysis, enrolling a total of 10,184 participants who met the designated criteria from CHARLS between 2011 and 2012. We then used the Cox proportional-hazards regression model to analyze the relationship between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk. Using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with cubic spline functions and smooth curve fitting, we were able to identify the non-linear relationship between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke occurrence. The sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also performed to investigate the connection between TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke.ResultsThis study revealed a statistically significant association between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk in subjects aged 45 years or older after adjusting for risk factors (HR: 1.05, 95%CI 1.00–1.10, P = 0.0410). Furthermore, a non-linear connection between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk was detected, with a TC/HDL-C ratio inflection point of 3.71. We identified a significant positive connection between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk, when the TC/HDL-C ratio was less than 3.71 (HR: 1.25, 95%CI 1.07–1.45, P = 0.0039). However, their connection was not significant when the TC/HDL-C ratio exceeded 3.71 (HR: 1.00, 95%CI 0.94–1.06, P = 0.9232). The sensitivity analysis and subgroup analyses revealed that our findings were well-robust.ConclusionOur study demonstrated a positive, non-linear connection between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk in middle-aged and older individuals. There was a significant positive connection between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk, when the TC/HDL-C ratio was less than 3.71. The current research can be used as a guideline to support clinician consultation and optimize stroke prevention measures for middle-aged and older adults.

Effect of pregnancy and lactation on the serum lipid profiles: cholesterol and triacylglycerol ratios of apparently healthy large white sows

This study evaluated the effects of pregnancy and lactation on the serum lipid profiles of large white (LW) sows. Twenty (20) sexually matured LW sows and three (3) LW boars, of mean weight 45.38±1.29 kg, aged between 8 and 10 months were used for this study. The sows were randomly assigned to five groups (A to E) of four sows per group in a completely randomized design (CRD). Group A: Non pregnant (control), Group B: Early gestation (38 days), Group C: Mid gestation (78 days), Group D: Late gestation (112 days) and Group E: Post gestation (14 days postpartum). Blood samples were collected during five stages of gestation. The mean total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations of group A (non-mated or control group) were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher than groups B and C. The mean total cholesterol:high density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol:high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratios of the postpartum sows were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower than group C. There were however no significant (p &gt; 0.05) variations in the mean triacylglycerol (TAG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triacylglycerol:high density lipoprotein cholesterol (TAG/HDL-C) ratio and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) concentrations among all the groups. This present study has presented preliminary information on the changes of serum lipid profiles, cholesterol and triacylglycerol ratios during gestation in LW sows that can be sought by the scientific community

The atherosclerosis index during body weight reduction is improved with exercise

IntroductionBody weight reduction is often used for addressing lifestyle-related diseases, and for slimming down or improving the competitiveness of athletes. It is known that high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels can be increased by habitual exercise, while low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels may not always be decreased by dietary restriction or exercise. We hypothesized that the levels of not only HDL-C, but also LDL-C improve more with body weight reduction by a combined diet-and-exercise regimen than that by a diet-only regimen. Summary of facts and resultsSix healthy young adult male volunteers participated in two 10-day crossover experiments (20 days total). The first 5 days comprised an adjustment period (energy intake, 2521±304kcal/day (mean±standard deviation)). During the second 5-day period, participants either reduced their energy intake to 1261±152kcal/day, or reduced their energy intake to 1891±228kcal/day and exercised on a bicycle ergometer to consume 630±76kcal/day. Decreases in the serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, and apolipoprotein (apo) B levels were significantly larger, and decreases in the HDL-C and apo A1 levels were significantly smaller with the diet-and-exercise regimen than with the diet-only regimen. Consequently, the atherosclerosis index (AI: (TC–HDL-C)/HDL-C ratio) was significantly lower, and the degree of its reduction was significantly larger, after the diet-and-exercise regimen than after the diet-only regimen. ConclusionThese results suggest that reducing the body weight by a combination of diet and exercise has more beneficial effects on cholesterol metabolism, including changes in apo levels, than diet alone in healthy young adults.

Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir amibufenamide and its comparison with tenofovir alafenamide in patients with chronic hepatitis B: results from a retrospective real-world study.

Background/aim: Tenofovir amibufenamide (TMF) has shown potent antiviral efficacy in randomized clinical studies. This study aimed to reveal the effectiveness and safety of tenofovir amibufenamide in the real world and compared tenofovir amibufenamide to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Methods: In this retrospective study, tenofovir amibufenamide-treated chronic hepatitis B patients were divided into treatment-naive (TN) and treatment-experienced (TE) groups. Furthermore, tenofovir alafenamide-treated patients were enrolled using the propensity score matching method (PSM). We assessed the virological response (VR, HBV DNA < 100IU/mL) rate, renal function, and blood lipid changes during 24weeks of treatment. Results: Virologic response rates at week 24 were 93% (50/54) in the treatment-naive group and 95% (61/64) in the treatment-experienced group. The ratios of alanine transaminase (ALT) normalization were 89% (25/28) in the treatment-naive group and 71% (10/14) in the treatment-experienced group (p = 0.306). Additionally, serum creatinine decreased in both the treatment-naive and treatment-experienced groups, (-4.44 ± 13.55μmol/L vs. -4.14 ± 9.33μmol/L, p = 0.886), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) increased (7.01 ± 12.49ml/min/1.73m2 vs. 5.50 ± 8.16ml/min/1.73m2, p = 0.430), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels increased (0.09 ± 0.71mmol/L vs. 0.27 ± 0.68mmol/L, p = 0.152), whereas total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) levels decreased continuously from 3.26 ± 1.05 to 2.49 ± 0.72 in the treatment-naive group and from 3.31 ± 0.99 to 2.88 ± 0.77 in the treatment-experienced group. Using propensity score matching, we further compared virologic response rates between the tenofovir amibufenamide and tenofovir alafenamide cohorts. Virologic response rates in treatment-naive patients were higher in the tenofovir amibufenamide cohort [92% (35/38) vs. 74% (28/38), p = 0.033]. Virologic response rates in treatment-experienced patients showed no statistical difference between the tenofovir amibufenamide and tenofovir alafenamide cohorts. Conclusion: Tenofovir amibufenamide had profound antiviral effectiveness and no adverse effects on renal function or blood lipids. Additionally, tenofovir amibufenamide was more efficient than tenofovir alafenamide in inhibiting viral replication, which needs to be demonstrated in future studies.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Is Associated with Elevated Plasma Cholesterol in Female TT Homozygotes of LDLR rs5925.

To explore the mechanism of inconsistent relationships between plasma lipid profiles and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reported before, we hypothesized that interplays might exist between PTSD and a variation of rs5925 at low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene on plasma lipid profiles. To test our hypothesis, we analyzed the plasma lipid profiles of 709 high school pupils with various genotypes of LDLR rs5925 and with or without PTSD. The results demonstrated that PTSD prevalence in the C allele carriers was higher than that in the TT homozygotes regardless of gender. The C allele carriers had higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ratios of TC to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) and LDL-C/HDL-C than the TT homozygotes in the male controls, and only higher TC in the female controls, but no differences in the male or female PTSD subjects. PTSD increased TC in the female TT homozygotes but not in the female C allele carriers. PTSD increased TC/HDL-C in the male TT homozygotes but not in the C allele carriers. These results suggest interactions between PTSD and LDLR rs5925 on plasma lipid profiles, which may be among the explanations for previously reported inconsistent relationships between LDLR rs5925 or PTSD and plasma lipid profiles, and facilitate the development of precision medicine interferences in hypercholesterolemia in individuals with different genetic backgrounds and psychiatric status. Psychiatric care or drug supplement may particularly be needed by female hypercholesterolemic subjects with the TT genotype of LDLR rs5925 in Chinese adolescents.

Comparative analysis between fasting and postprandial apolipoprotein B and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio for atherosclerosis risk prediction in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects of central India

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM), characterized by a relative insulin deficiency or insulin resistance, is associated with a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, which includes glucose intolerance, hypertension, a unique dyslipidemia, a procoagulant state, and an increase in macrovascular diseases. Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to correlate between fasting and postprandial apolipoprotein B and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio for predicting the risk of atherosclerosis in T2DM subjects. Materials and Methods: Sixty clinically diagnosed cases of T2DM (age group of 35–65 years and duration of diabetes of more than 5 years) were included in the study and sixty age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were taken as the controls. In both the study groups, we measured postprandial as well as fasting lipid profile, which comprised serum TC, triglycerides (TGs), HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein B. Ratio is calculated as TC/HDL-C in both fasting and postprandial state. The statistical analysis was done using the students unpaired’-test. Results: The results of the present study showed significantly increased levels of postprandial serum TC, TGs, LDL-C, and apo B as compared to those in the fasting state (P&lt;0.05). The serum HDL-C level was significantly lower in the postprandial state as compared to that in the fasting state (P&lt;0.05). Postprandial TC/HDL-C and apo B are increased significantly as compared to fasting condition in type 2 diabetes subjects. Conclusion: The findings suggest that postprandial lipid profile, apolipoprotein B, and TC/HDL-C ratio as a cardiovascular risk factor can be utilized as simple marker utilizing simple parameters in lipid profile that significantly increased in the postprandial state.Thus, Apolipoprotein B, the marker of the number of LDL particles (for atherosclerosis) in the circulation and TC/HDL-C ratio can be routinely estimated for the atherosclerosis risk assessment in type 2 diabetes subjects in the postprandial state.

Non-traditional lipid profiles and the risk of stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AimsAn increasing number of studies on non-traditional lipid profiles have been investigated in recent years. However, the associations between non-traditional lipid profiles and the risk of stroke remained inconsistent. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the associations between non-traditional lipid profiles and the risk of stroke and clarify the dose–response relations. Data synthesisWe performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases until 1 November 2022 for relevant studies. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were pooled by random-effects or fixed-effects models. A total of 26 full-text studies with 676678 participants and 18057 stroke cases were eligible for the final study. We found a positive association between the risk of stroke and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio (RR = 1.19,95%CI = 1.00–1.40, I2 = 74.6%), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio (RR = 1.24,95%CI = 1.10–1.41, I2 = 62.8%) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) ratio (RR = 1.24, 95%CI = 1.11–1.39, I2 = 49.4%). When focusing on the stroke subtype, a more significant association was observed between the risk of ischemic stroke and four non-traditional lipid profiles. In dose–response analysis, we found a linear association between TC/HDL-C ratio and the risk of stroke (RR = 1.16,95%CI = 1.07–1.26). ConclusionsElevated non-traditional lipid profiles were associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. The linear association showed the risk of stroke increased by 16% when the pooled RR of TC/HDL-C ratio per 1-unit increased. Registration number in prosperoCRD42022321251.

The effect of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general population.

The relationship between the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality has not been elucidated. Herein, we intend to probe the effect of the TC/HDL-C ratio on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population. From the 1999-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), a total of 32,405 health participants aged ≥18 years were included. The TC/HDL-C levels were divided into five groups: Q1: <2.86, Q2: 2.86-3.46, Q3: 3.46-4.12, Q4: 4.12-5.07, Q5: >5.07. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to explore the relationship between the TC/HDL-C ratio and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Two-piecewise linear regression models and restricted cubic spline regression were used to explore nonlinear and irregularly shaped relationships. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and subgroup analyses were conducted. The population comprised 15,675 men and 16,730 women with a mean age of 43 years. During a median follow-up of 98 months (8.1 years), 2,859 mortality cases were recorded. The TC/HDL-C ratio and all-cause mortality showed a nonlinear association after adjusting for confounding variables in the restricted cubic spline analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause mortality were particularly positively related to the level of TC/HDL-C ratio in the higher range >5.07 and in the lower range <2.86 (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.10, 1.45; HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.00, 1.38, respectively), although the HRs of cardiovascular disease mortality showed no difference among the five groups. In the two-piecewise linear regression model, a TC/HDL-C ratio range of ≥4.22 was positively correlated with cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02, 1.25). In the subgroup analysis, a nonlinear association between TC/HDL-C and all-cause mortality was found in those aged <65 years, men, and the no lipid drug treatment population. A nonlinear association between the TC/HDL-C ratio and all-cause mortality was found, indicating that a too-low or too-high TC/HDL-C ratio might increase all-cause mortality. However, for cardiovascular mortality, it does not seem so. The cutoff value was 4.22. The individuals had higher cardiovascular mortality with a TC/HDL-C ratio >4.22.

Assessment of Statin Treatment for Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis without Hypercholesterolemia: A 12-Month Prospective, Longitudinal, and Observational Study

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder which is characterized by the accumulation of excessive surfactant lipids and proteins in alveolar macrophages and alveoli. Oral statin therapy has been reported to be a novel therapy for PAP with hypercholesterolemia. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral statin therapy for PAP without hypercholesterolemia. In a prospective real-world observational study, 47 PAP patients without hypercholesterolemia were screened. Oral statin was initiated as therapy for these PAP patients with 12 months of follow-up. Forty PAP patients completed the study. 26 (65%) of 40 PAP patients responded to statin therapy according to the study criteria. Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and percentage of diffusion capacity predicted (DLCO%) significantly increased while disease severity score (DSS) and radiographic abnormalities decreased after 12 months of statin therapy (all p < 0.05). The factors associated with response were higher levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibody and baseline total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL) (p = 0.015 and p = 0.035, respectively). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of dose of atorvastatin for predicting the response to statin therapy for PAP was 0.859 (95% CI: 0.738-0.979, p < 0.001). The cutoff dose of atorvastatin was 67.5 mg daily with their corresponding specificity (64.3%) and sensitivity (96.2%). No severe side effects were observed during the study. In PAP patients without hypercholesterolemia, statin therapy resulted in improvements in arterial blood gas (ABG) measurement, pulmonary function, and radiographic assessment.

Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Chinese male subjects.

BackgroundLipid metabolism disorders contribute to the risk factor of prostatic hyperplasia. Lipid ratios have also attracted a lot of attention. Yet, research about the correlation of lipid ratios with prostatic hyperplasia is limited. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of lipid ratios with the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Chinese male subjects.MethodsHealthy men who underwent routine health check-ups from January 2017 to December 2019 were recruited. Twenty-four thousand nine hundred sixty-two individuals were finally enrolled in this research. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between lipid ratios and BPH in Chinese adults.ResultsAfter health examinations for more than 2 years, 18.46% of subjects were ascertained as incident BPH cases. Higher age, body mass index (BMI), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly associated with BPH risk, while total cholesterol (TC) was not significant. When quartiles of TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C were analyzed in multivariable model, higher TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C were associated with a risk of BPH (odds ratio [OR] = 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.89, 2.36; P-trend < 0.001; and OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.50, 1.85; P-trend < 0.001, respectively). In addition, stratified analyses based on the general population exhibited that with increasing age (≥35 years) the relationship of TG/HDL-C ratio with BPH risk was dominantly positive (all P-trend < 0.001, P-interaction = 0.001), and significant associations were also found in blood pressure strata and FBG strata (all P-trend < 0.001), except men with BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 were slightly weakened (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.41, 2.85; P-trend = 0.04). Moreover, there were significant associations between quartiles of TC/HDL-C and the risk of BPH was observed mainly in age 55–64 years, BMI 18.5–23.9 Kg/m2, blood pressure strata, and FBG strata. However, the P-value for a linear trend among those with BMI ≥ 28 Kg/m2 in which participants at the highest quartile of TC/HDL-C had an OR of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.93) was 0.594. Additionally, higher TG/HDL-C ratio (≥0.65) may be a risk factor for BPH in China adults of different age decades (≥35 years) with normal TG and HDL-C.ConclusionsTG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C were associated with BPH risk, TG/HDL-C was a powerful independent risk factor for BPH in Chinese adults, and higher TG/HDL-C ratio should be valued in male subjects with normal TG and HDL-C levels.

Novel application of the traditional lipid ratios as strong risk predictors of nonsmall-cell lung cancer risk in a Chinese population.

Dyslipidemia has been associated with cancer risk, yet the relationship between lipid ratios and nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the value of lipid ratios, including total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) and triglyceride/HDL-C (TG/HDL-C) as predictors of NSCLC in a Chinese population. Adult patients with histologically confirmed NSCLC, without a previous history of cancer, concomitant disease associated with lipid metabolism disorders, or usage of lipid-lowering drugs, were enrolled from a single center. Controls without NSCLC, matched for age and sex, were enrolled from the same Center. Lipid profile including TC, TG, HDL-C were measured in all participants. TC/HDL-C and TG/HDL-C were calculated based on the levels of TC, TG, HDL-C. Seven hundred eighty-two NSCLC cases and 599 controls were enrolled. NSCLC patients had significantly higher TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C levels than those in the control. After controlling for confounding factors, TG/HDL-C (OR = 4.489, 95% CI: 2.463–6.035, P < .001) and TC/HDL-C (OR = 2.396, 95% CI: 2.086–2.752, P = .001) were independently associated with NSCLC risk. The incidence of NSCLC was increased with rising tertiles of TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C. Moreover, patients with TNM II-IV stage NSCLC had higher TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C than those in TNM I and Tis stage. TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C are positively correlated with NSCLC risk and TG/HDL-C is more predictive than TC/HDL-C in predicting the risk of NSCLC. The highest AUC was that of TG/HDL (0.898), at a cutoff point of 0.62, with 83.6% sensitivity and 83.5% specificity.

Self-reported child maltreatment and cardiometabolic risk in 30-year-old adults.

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is associated with both dietary fat intake and obesity in later life. There is less information on associations with metabolic risk factors and specific types of CM such as physical, sexual and emotional abuse, as well as neglect. To assess the association between five types of self-reported CM and a range of obesity and metabolic indicators in a subsample of a birth cohort. This was a study of 1689 adults born in a major metropolitan maternity hospital in Australia and followed up 30 years later. Body mass index, bioimpedance and fasting lipid levels/insulin resistance were measured. Details on self-reported CM were collected using the Child Trauma Questionnaire. We adjusted for birth weight, parental income and relationship at participants' birth, as well as maternal age and alcohol or tobacco use. We also adjusted for participants' smoking, depression, educational level, marital and employment status at follow up. One-fifth reported maltreatment (n=362), most commonly emotional neglect (n=175), followed by emotional abuse (n=128), physical neglect (n=123), sexual (n=121) and physical abuse (n=116). On adjusted analyses, there were significant associations for CM, particularly neglect or emotional abuse, and one or more of the following outcomes: obesity, the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio and HDL levels. Results for other outcomes were more equivocal. Of child maltreatment types, emotional abuse and neglect show the strongest associations with obesity and several cardiometabolic risk factors, therefore highlighting the public health importance of early intervention to reduce childhood adversity.

Lipotropic activities of aqueous extract of Vernonia guineensis Benth. in Wistar rats fed high fat diet

BackgroundLipotropic molecules are effective therapeutic targets to counteract non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Lipotropic compounds are capable of removing fat from the liver and/or manage the reduction of the synthesis or deposition of lipids in the liver. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lipotropic effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of Vernonia guineensis (AEVG) on rats fed high fat diet.MethodsTwenty male rats with an average mass of 235 g were allow acclimatize for seven days, following which they were divided into four groups of five animals each. The test group was treated with high fat diet (HFD) and AEVG at 400 mg/kgBW, while positive control group received HFD and Fenofibrate at 100 mg/kgBW. The normal control group received a normal diet; and the negative control group received HFD. After 14 days of treatment, animals were sacrificed, blood and organs (liver, heart and kidneys), as well as the faeces were collected for the preparation of plasma and homogenates respectively. Some markers of lipid profil (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c, LDL-c,) and markers of toxicity (AST, ALT, γ-GT, creatinine) were evaluated.ResultsThe results obtained showed that a HFD at the hepatic level led to the accumulation of lipids (triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC)) and had adverse effects on hepatic function by promoting cytolysis. At the plasma level, HFD induced hyperlipidemia. Administration of AEVG at 400 mg/kgBW improved the blood lipid profile and reduced the storage of TG and cholesterol in the liver. AEVG also promoted fecal cholesterol excretion and reduced atherogenic indices which include Total Cholesterol/High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-c) and Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol/High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c/HDL-c). The extract exhibited hepato-protective activity (anticholestasis) and improved glomerular filtration.ConclusionThese findings suggest that AEVG possesses lipotropic effects confirming its probable use in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its cardiometabolic complications. This virtue could be exploited for local pharmaceutical development.

Impact of Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor on Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children and Adolescents with Obesity in Sichuan, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the close relationship between vitamin D, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and obesity. Nevertheless, few studies have reported wherther the relationship among these is associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Chinese children and adolescents. Objective: The present study aimed to reveal the effects of obesity, serum vitamin D levels, and VDR FokI genotype on the risk of CVDs in children and adolescents in Sichuan, China. Methods: Children and adolescents were recruited into a cross-sectional study. Serum vitamin D levels, serum lipid levels, and VDR FokI gene polymorphisms were measured in the laboratory. The selected lipid factors were used as biomarkers of CVD risk. The impact of obesity, vitamin D levels and VDR FokI genotype on CVD risk factors were investigated. Results: Higher lipid levels were observed in children and adolescents in the obese group, when compared to the nonobese group. In the obese group, the C allele carriers had significantly lower concentrations of lipids, when compared to the TT genotype. C allele carriers who were vitamin D deficient had lower levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein B (Apo-B), total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C), and triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C), when compared to those with the TT genotype in obese children and adolescents. For vitamin D-insufficient obese children and adolescents, the TC, Apo-B, and TC/HDL-C in the C allele carriers were significantly lower, when compared to those in the TT genotype in obese children and adolescents. Conclusion: Obese children with low vitamin D levels, who are carriers of the C allele of the FokI gene, have lower levels of several biochemical markers of CVD risk, when compared to those who were TT homozygous. Obese children and adolescents may benefit from vitamin D supplementation, terms of lowering their CVD risk, particularly when they are carriers of the C allele of the FokI gene.

Comparison of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for the prediction of thin-cap fibroatheroma determined by intravascular optical coherence tomography.

BackgroundThe correlation among the ratios of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/ HDL-C), total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) and thin-cap fibroatheroma has not yet been established.MethodsIt was a single center, retrospective observational study. In total, we recruited 421 patients (82.4% men; mean age 65.73 ± 10.44 years) with one culprit vessel which determined by intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT). The thinnest-capped fibroatheroma (TCFA) group was defined as lipid contents in > 2 quadrants, with the thinnest fibrous cap measuring less than 65 μm. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were carried out to explore the relationship between lipoprotein ratios, TCFA and other characteristics of plaque. To compare different ratios, the area under curve (AUC) of receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was assessed.ResultsOCT was performed in 421 patients (TCFA group (n = 109), non-TCFA group (n = 312)). LDL-C/HDL-C in the TCFA group was significantly higher than in the non-TCFA group (2.95 ± 1.20 vs. 2.43 ± 0.92, P < 0.05), as was TC/LDL in TCFA and non-TCFA group (4.57 ± 1.58 vs. 4.04 ± 1.13, P < 0.05). Both LDL-C/HDL-C (OR: 1.002 (1.002-1.003), P < 0.05) and TC/HDL-C (OR: 1.001 (1.001-1.004), P < 0.05) were considered independent factors for the prediction of TCFA according to the logistic regression. Based on the AUC comparison, LDL-C/ HDL-C and TC/HDL-C had no significant difference statistically (LDL-C/HDL-C AUC: 0.63; TC/HDL-C AUC: 0.61; P = 0.10) for the prediction of TCFA.ConclusionsLDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C could be the independent factors for predicting the presence of TCFA, indicating coronary plaque vulnerability in CAD patients. Moreover, TC/HDL-C also showed a comparative performance for the prediction of TCFA as LDL-C/HDL-C.

Evaluation of lipid ratios and triglyceride-glucose index as risk markers of insulin resistance in Iranian polycystic ovary syndrome women

BackgroundInsulin resistance has a vital role in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Previous investigations have shown that some lipid ratios could be a simple clinical indicator of insulin resistance (IR) in some disorders and ethnicities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-C), total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), as well as fasting triglyceride-glucose (TyG) indices with IR (as measured by homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and fasting glucose to insulin ratio (FGIR)) among the Iranian women diagnosed with PCOS.MethodsIn the current study, a total of 305 women with PCOS were evaluated. TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and TyG indices were calculated. Fasting insulin level was measured using ELISA technique. IR was defined as a HOMA-IR value of ≥2.63, FG-IR value of < 8.25, and QUICKI value of < 0.33.ResultsThe insulin-resistant (IR) and insulin-sensitive (IS) groups, established by the HOMA-IR, FG-IR, and QUICKI values were different in terms of TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and TyG indices. These indices were associated with IR even after adjusting for age and BMI. ROC curve analyses showed that TyG, TG/HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C strongly predicted HOMA-IR with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.639, 0.619, and 0.623, respectively (P < 0.05). Further, TC/HDL-C was a good predictor of FG-IR with AUC of 0.614 (P = 0.04).ConclusionTyG, TG/HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C indices might be good indicators of IR among Iranian women diagnosed with PCOS.

Estimation of 10-Year Risk of Death from Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Disease in a Pooled Analysis of Japanese Cohorts: EPOCH-JAPAN.

Aims: We aimed to develop and validate risk prediction models to estimate the absolute 10-year risk of death from coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: We evaluated a total of 44,869 individuals aged 40–79 years from eight Japanese prospective cohorts to derive coefficients of risk equations using cohort-stratified Cox proportional hazard regression models. Discrimination (C-index) of the equation was examined in each cohort and summarised using random-effect meta-analyses. Calibration of the equation was assessed using Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-squared statistic. Results: Within a median follow-up of 12.7 years, we observed 765 deaths due to CVD (276 CHDs and 489 strokes). After backward selection, age, sex, current smoking, systolic blood pressure (SBP), proteinuria, prevalent diabetes mellitus, the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDLC), interaction terms of age by SBP, and age by current smoking were retained as predictors for CHD. Sex was excluded in the stroke equation. We did not consider TC/HDLC as a risk factor for the stroke and CVD equations. The pooled C-indices for CHD, stroke, and CVD were 0.83, 0.80, and 0.81, respectively, and the corresponding p -values of the Hosmer-Lemeshow tests were 0.18, 0.003, and 0.25, respectively. Conclusions: Risk equations in the present study can adequately estimate the absolute 10-year risk of death from CHD, stroke, and CVD. Future work will evaluate the system as an education and risk communication tool for primary prevention of CHD and stroke.

Poverty over the early life course and young adult cardio-metabolic risk

There is little known about whether exposure to family poverty at specific periods of the early life course independently contributes to coronary heart disease risk beyond the contribution of concurrent poverty. Children were recruited in early pregnancy and additional survey data obtained during the pregnancy and at the 5-, 14- and 30-year follow-ups. Fasting blood samples were also obtained at the 30-year follow-up. Analyses are multinominal logistic regressions stratified by gender and with adjustments for confounding. For male offspring, family poverty at different stages of the early life course was not associated with measures of cardio-metabolic risk. For females early life course, poverty predicted obesity, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), as well as concurrent family poverty associated with obesity, HOMA-IR, TC/HDL-C, HDL-C and increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Family poverty in the early life course independently predicts increased levels of cardio-metabolic risk of females. The primary finding, however, is that concurrent poverty is independently and strongly associated with increased cardio-metabolic risk levels in young adulthood.

Association Between Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Selenium Intakes and TC/HDL-C Ratio in US Adults.

The trace minerals zinc, copper, iron, and selenium are essential micronutrients, and because of their antioxidant activity, they are hypothesized to improve cardiovascular health. However, their associations with different risk levels for cardiovascular diseases are less clear. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2014 were used. In this study, the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) was used as a risk marker for cardiovascular disease, and a ratio ≥ 5 was considered to indicate high risk. A total of 7597 adults (3673 men and 3924 women) were included, and 15.9% of the participants had a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Using quantile regression analysis, we found the negative correlation between zinc, copper, iron, and selenium intakes and TC/HDL-C. The effects of copper and zinc were enhanced with increasing quantiles of risk levels. In addition, the difference in the associations of the trace minerals was sex-dependent. The correlation between iron and cardiovascular risk in males was stronger than those in females, while that of copper was weaker than that in females. Moreover, a significant nonlinear relationship between selenium and the TC/HDL-C ratio was only found in females, and this relationship was U-shaped. Our findings suggest that among healthy adults in the US, zinc, copper, iron, and selenium intakes are inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk, and the effect is enhanced with increasing quantiles of risk levels, with magnitudes differing by sex. Therefore, trace minerals may have the ability to prevent cardiovascular disease.