Total Carcinogenic Risk Research Articles

Deciphering the driving factors and probabilistic health risks of potentially toxic elements in arid surface water: Insights from the Tarim River Basin

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in surface water in arid areas pose a serious threat to environmental safety and human health within a basin. It is important to determine the factors controlling PTEs and to assess the likelihood that they will pose a risk to human health in order to support the development of environmental protection and risk management strategies. In this study, a structural equation model and Bayesian method were combined to discuss the distribution and probabilistic health risks of PTEs in surface water in arid area, and the Tarim River Basin was taken as a case study. The results show that the average concentrations of As, Co, Cu, and Ni in the surface water in the Tarim River Basin ranged from 0.04 to 2.92 μg/L, which do not exceed the international standard values. However, the maximum value of As (19.20 μg/L) exceeded both the recommended drinking water standards and the Chinese irrigation water standards. Spatially, the high As concentrations were distributed in the upper reaches of the Kashgar River, and the high Co, Cu and Ni concentrations were distributed in reservoirs and lakes on the main stream of the Tarim River. The concentrations of the PTEs in the surface water in the basin were not only affected by random anthropogenic factors such as traffic discharge, agricultural activities and mining industry, but were also directly and indirectly influenced by climatic factors. The results of the probabilistic health risk assessment showed that the 95th percentile the total hazard index for infants exceeded the allowable value of 1, and the total carcinogenic risk of PTEs exposure in four age groups was at the notable level. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the controlling factors and health risks associated with PTEs in surface water in the Tarim River Basin, and the findings are expected to provide a scientific basis for regional water environment management and safety control.

Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia

Abstract Heavy metal levels, including arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, and nickel, were analyzed in 124 samples of tap and filtered water obtained from Bukayriyah city, Saudi Arabia, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Additionally, measurements of total dissolved solids, conductivity, and pH were also performed. The study also evaluated the potential non-cancer and cancer risks (CRs) associated with the ingestion of these heavy metals for both children and adults. The results indicated that the average concentrations of heavy metals in both tap and filtered water were found to be below the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization and the Gulf Standard Organization. To assess the non-carcinogenic risks, the chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index were calculated for analyzed metals present in both tap and filtered water. In both the children and adult populations, the CDI indices for heavy metals in tap and filtered water followed the order of Cr > Hg > Ni > Pb > As > Cd. However, it is worth noting that the CDI values for tap water were higher than those for filtered water for both children and adults. The descending order of HQ values is as follows: Hg > Cr > As > Cd > Pb > Ni. This indicates that the HQ values for all metals are below the acceptable limit of 1. These findings confirm that the exposure to the examined metals from both tap and filtered water in Bukayriyah City is within safe limits and poses no non-carcinogenic risks. To assess the carcinogenic risks, the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) were calculated. The order of ILCR values for both children and adults in tap and filtered water is as follows: Ni > Cr > Cd > As > Pb. All ILCR values were below the acceptable limit of 10−6 to 10−4. However, TCR values exceeded this threshold range only for children exposed to tap water, with a value of 1.43 × 10−4. Thus, children exposed to tap water have a potential risk of developing carcinogenic diseases.

Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic and essential elements in medicinal plants consumed in Zabol, Iran, using the Monte Carlo simulation method

Medicinal plants (MPs) have long been used for their therapeutic properties in traditional forms of medicine. However, the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in MPs raises concerns about their safety, efficacy, and potential adverse effects on human health. The current study aimed to determine the level of potentially toxic and essential elements (PTEEs) in commonly consumed MPs in Zabol, Iran, along with their health risk assessments. To conduct the present study, 10 types of MPs widely used in Zabol, Iran, were selected, and 15 samples of each type (150 samples in total) were taken. Each sample was analyzed for the presence of various PTEEs using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chrome (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn); and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) for arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg). Finally, to better comprehend the scope of exposure and its possible effects, the Monte Carlo simulation method is successfully applied to assess human health risks related to PTEs in MPs. Statistical analysis revealed statistically significant (P < 0.001) variations in PTE averages among MP types. Furthermore, all samples’ overall PTE mean concentration (range: 0.18 to 215.5 µg/kg) was below the World Health Organization’s (WHO) regulatory standards. Probabilistic health risks, including non-carcinogenic-target hazard quotient (THQ) for each element, total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) for all elements, and carcinogenic-incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for each element, and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for all elements, were significantly lower than the acceptable limit for children and adults. Accordingly, it can be said that consuming MPs sold in Zabol is safe for children and adults regarding carcinogenic (ILCR/TCR = 10− 4) and non-carcinogenic (THQ/TTHQ = 1) effects. In light of the findings presented here, and to our understanding, the primary factor contributing to lower levels of PTEs in MPs in Zabol City markets is the cultivation of plants in nonindustrialized areas, separate from urban and industrial zones. This practice keeps them from environmental contaminations, including soil quality and water sources. It is recommended that it is essential to regulate the sources that enhance the transfer of PTEs and other harmful pollutants from surroundings to the soil and, consequently, MPs. It is also suggested that, like chemical drugs, MPs should undergo rigorous testing by quality control agencies before being made available to the market.

Characteristics, Source Apportionment, and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in the Soils of Peri-urban Shanghai Chongming Island.

Heavy metals resulting from human activities pose significant threats to human health and the soil ecosystem. In the current study, 917 soil samples from Chongming Island in Shanghai, China, were examined for eight heavy metals. The sources of contamination were identified by using a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Meanwhile, spatial interpolation and Moran's I index were applied to validate the model in terms of spatial linkages. The results revealed that the average concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni in the soil were 8.87, 0.19, 0.06, 28.75, 76.01, 37.74, 88.93, and 30.33 mg kg-1, respectively. The PMF analysis proved that heavy metals in the soil of the study area are mainly influenced by traffic sources (Cr and Pb), industrial sources (Zn, Cd, and Cu), station sources (Hg), and natural sources (As and Ni), with contribution rates of 22.23, 26.25, 36.38, and 15.14%, respectively. The combination of Moran's index and the spatial analysis method not only verified the analytical results of the receptor model on the one hand but also served as a supplementary explanation for the sources of heavy metals in the soil. The health risk assessment indicated that noncarcinogenic values were below the threshold values. The total carcinogenic risk (R T) of different heavy metals has a descending order of Cr > As > Ni > Cd. The R T values of multiple heavy metals for children and adults were 5.28 × 10-04 and 4.10 × 10-05, respectively, which were close to the risk threshold. Therefore, attention should be paid to the health risks, especially for children's skin contact, which is the main exposure pathway.

Assessment of drinking water quality and identifying pollution sources in a chromite mining region

Water sources near mining regions are often susceptible to contamination from toxic elements. This study employs machine learning (ML) techniques to evaluate drinking water quality and identify pollution sources near a chromite mine in Iran. Human health risks were assessed using both deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Findings revealed that concentrations of calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) in the water samples exceeded international safety standards. The Unweighted Root Mean Square water quality index (RMS-WQI) and Weighted Quadratic Mean (WQM-WQI) categorized all water samples as 'Fair', with average scores of 67.95 and 67.19, respectively. Of the ML models tested, the Extra Trees (ET) algorithm emerged as the top predictor of WQI, with Mg and strontium (Sr) as key variables influencing the scores. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three distinct clusters of water quality parameters, highlighting influences from both local geology and anthropogenic activities. The highest average hazard quotient (HQ) for Cr was 1.71 for children, 1.27 for adolescents, and 1.05 for adults. Monte Carlo simulation for health risk assessment indicated median hazard index (HI) of 4.48 for children, 3.58 for teenagers, and 2.98 for adults, all exceeding the acceptable threshold of 1. Total carcinogenic risk (TCR) exceeded the EPA's acceptable level for 99.38 % of children, 98.24 % of teenagers, and 100 % of adults, with arsenic (As) and Cr identified as the main contributors. The study highlights the need for urgent mitigation measures, recommending a 99 % reduction in concentrations of key contaminants to lower both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to acceptable levels.

Heavy metal contamination assessment and source attribution in the Vicinity of an iron slag pile in Hechi, China: Integrating multi-medium analysis

Heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium, and nickel, may contaminate human inhabited environments, with critical consequences for human health. This study examines the health impacts of heavy metal pollution from an iron slag pile in Hechi, China, by analyzing heavy metal contamination in water, sediment, soil, and crops. Here, the Nemerow pollution index (NI) indicated severe pollution at most sampling sites, the mean NI of groundwater, and surface water had reached 594.13 and 26.79, respectively. Bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) was noted in crops, cucumbers showed comparatively lower risk levels. Logarithmic surface water-sediment partition coefficient calculations indicated that heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), ferrum (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), Ni, arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) tend to accumulate in sediments. There was a high risk in groundwater (67.48–6590.54) and surface water (13.73–2500.85). Variably influenced by rainfall, these metals can be diluted and mobilized from surface water and sediments, thereby changing the contamination levels and ecological risks. Probabilistic health risk assessments indicated that health risks were higher in children than in adults, the mean total carcinogenic risk values of soil, groundwater, and surface water, were 6.79E-04, 4.20E-06, and 1.15E-6 for children, respectively. Moderate soil pollution is the main health hazard. A Positive Matrix Factorization model attributed over 60% of the pollution to slag stacking. Biotechnologies, solidification/stabilization techniques, field management, and institutional controls, driven by principles of green, low-carbon, and economic efficiency may mitigate. These findings contribute to the management of heavy metal pollution in iron slag pile areas.

Determination of soil environmental criteria for high-risk trace metals in urban park soils using improved CLEA model

The trace metals (TMs) accumulated in urban park soils can pose potential threats to human health, making the management of soil quality based on health risks critically important. Based on the human health risk assessment (HHRA) model coupled with Monte Carlo Simulation, this study improved the contaminated land exposure assessment (CLEA) model. Combined with local parameters, the Soil Environmental Criteria (SEC) for high-risk trace metals (TMs) in urban park soils were calculated. Results indicated that all the mean TCR (Total carcinogenic risk) values of seven TMs exceeded the risk threshold of 1E-06, suggesting a higher likelihood of carcinogenic risks for all populations. As and Cr presented the highest potential carcinogenic risks, and were identified as high-risk TMs in the study area. The traditional CLEA model was enhanced by incorporating region-specific data, optimizing exposure parameter calculations, and addressing parameter sensitivity and uncertainty. Using the improved CLEA model, the SEC values for high-risk TMs were calculated, revealing that the SEC values gradually increased from ages 1 to 18, while significantly decreased for individuals over 80 years old. This study effectively addresses issues of parameter uncertainty and sensitivity in the CLEA model, offering new insights for the development of soil environmental quality standards.

Nutrient and Heavy Metal Content of Three Leafy Vegetables (Talinum fructicosum (L.) Juss., Vernonia amygdalina Delile, Solanum macrocarpon L.) from an Effluent-Receiving Wetland in the Douala Bassa Industrial Development Zone, Cameroon: Implications for

Objective: Contamination by heavy metals in soil, water, and agricultural products is a significant concern, particularly affecting wetland ecosystems. This investigation aimed to assess the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, As, Zn, and Ni) and nutritional values in three highly cultivated leafy vegetables (Talinum fructicosum (L.) Juss., Vernonia amygdalina Delile, Solanum macrocarpon L.) collected from a polluted coastal wetland. Additionally, we evaluated the potential health hazards for both adults and children.” Methods: The mature and young leaves with succulent stems were collected during the dry and rainy seasons, transported to the laboratory, processed and then analysed for nutritional contents according to standard methods, and heavy metals was measured with atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results: The three leafy vegetables were found to be low in fat (0.85±2.19%), protein (3.01±9.06%), ash (0.68±5.03%), and carbohydrates (1.34±4.54%). During both seasons, the Cd (0.45±2.49%), Cu (208.34-927.41%), and Zn (29.39±3554.5%) content in leafy vegetables was extremely high, surpassing the WHO/FAO safe limits. The Hazard Index (HI) values were all greater than (&gt;) one (1) for both adults (32.259±67.31) and children (67.310±489.89). Total carcinogenic health risk (TCR) values for Pb, Cd, and AS due to consumption of the three vegetables for adult (0.008±0.052) and children (0.018±0.109) also exceeded the maximum threshold value of 10−4. From our findings, inhabitants who consume these contaminated vegetables are exposed chronically to metal pollution with carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Conclusion: In the light of these finding, policies and regulations should be reinforced regarding the discharge of untreated effluents into the environment and the prohibition of the growing of leafy vegetables should be strengthened.

Health risk assessment taking into account N-nitrosamines’ concentrations in food products

N-nitrosamines formed in meat products, especially during heat treatment, are potentially hazardous to human health. Smoked sausages are a product with a high content of N-nitrosamines, including those not regulated in Russia, which can cause health risks for population. The aim of this study was to perform health risk assessment considering ratios of N-nitrosamine concentrations in food products. The data on N-nitrosamines’ concentrations were analyzed using MS Excel and Statistica 10.0 programs. The relationship between these concentrations was evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficient. Parameterization of dependencies was carried out by regression analysis with evaluation of model significance by Fisher's criterion. Differences at the level of p ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Risk assessment was performed in accordance with the Guideline R.2.1.10.3968-23. Correlation analysis between N-nitrosamines in smoked sausages revealed a significant correlation between concentrations of NDMA and NEMA (rs = 0.77) and NDMA and NPyRA (rs = 0.81) at p &lt; 0.05. The level of total carcinogenic risk (∑CR) derived from data based on calculated concentrations of NEMA and NPyRA was determined to be unacceptable for the adult population. It should be noted that the contribution to ∑CR value (11.0 %) is related to NEMA and NPyRA that are not regulated in Russia. Our study results support the findings of earlier EFSA publications indicating that not only NDMA and NDEA, but also other N-nitrosamines may form a health risk upon simultaneous exposure. Correlation and regression analyses allowed us to assess the concentrations of NEMA and NPyRA in sausages. Use of both these concentrations and actual NDMA and NDEA concentrations established unacceptable carcinogenic risk for certain consumer groups in case N-nitrosamines concentrations were above regulated level. The contribution of NEMA and NPyRA in ∑CR value was 11.0 %.

Оценка риска здоровью с учетом содержания N-нитрозоаминов в пищевых продуктах

N-nitrosamines formed in meat products, especially during heat treatment, are potentially hazardous to human health. Smoked sausages are a product with a high content of N-nitrosamines, including those not regulated in Russia, which can cause health risks for population. The aim of this study was to perform health risk assessment considering ratios of N-nitrosamine concentrations in food products. The data on N-nitrosamines’ concentrations were analyzed using MS Excel and Statistica 10.0 programs. The relationship between these concentrations was evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficient. Parameterization of dependencies was carried out by regression analysis with evaluation of model significance by Fisher's criterion. Differences at the level of p ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Risk assessment was performed in accordance with the Guideline R.2.1.10.3968-23. Correlation analysis between N-nitrosamines in smoked sausages revealed a significant correlation between concentrations of NDMA and NEMA (rs = 0.77) and NDMA and NPyRA (rs = 0.81) at p &lt; 0.05. The level of total carcinogenic risk (∑CR) derived from data based on calculated concentrations of NEMA and NPyRA was determined to be unacceptable for the adult population. It should be noted that the contribution to ∑CR value (11.0 %) is related to NEMA and NPyRA that are not regulated in Russia. Our study results support the findings of earlier EFSA publications indicating that not only NDMA and NDEA, but also other N-nitrosamines may form a health risk upon simultaneous exposure. Correlation and regression analyses allowed us to assess the concentrations of NEMA and NPyRA in sausages. Use of both these concentrations and actual NDMA and NDEA concentrations established unacceptable carcinogenic risk for certain consumer groups in case N-nitrosamines concentrations were above regulated level. The contribution of NEMA and NPyRA in ∑CR value was 11.0 %.

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils Based on Multi-Receptor Modeling Combined with Monte Carlo Simulation.

The spatial characteristics, pollution sources, and risks of soil heavy metals were analyzed on Hainan Island. The results showed that the heavily polluted points accounted for 0.56%, and the number of mildly and above polluted points accounted for 15.27%, respectively, which were mainly distributed in the northern part of the study area. The principal component analysis-absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed four sources of heavy metals: agricultural pollution sources for cadmium, (Cd), industrial and mining pollution sources for arsenic, (As), transportation pollution sources for zinc and lead (Zn and Pb), and natural pollution sources for chromium, nickel, and copper (Cr, Ni, and Cu). The human health risk assessment indicated that the average non-carcinogenic risk (HI) for both adults and children was within the safe threshold (<1), whereas Cr and Ni posed a carcinogenic risk (CR) to human health. In addition, the total non-carcinogenic risk (THI) indicated that heavy metals posed a potential non-carcinogenic risk to children, while the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) remained relatively high, mainly in the northern part of the study area. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation showed that the non-carcinogenic risk (HI) for all heavy metals was <1, but the total non-carcinogenic risk index (THI) for children was >1, indicating a potential health risk above the safe threshold. Meanwhile, nearly 100% and 99.94% of the TCR values exceeded 1 × 10-4 for children and adults, indicating that Cr and Ni are priority heavy metals for control. The research results provide the necessary scientific basis for the prevention and control of heavy metals in agricultural soils.

Assessment of Potential Human Health Risks Around Tukwikwi Artisanal Potash Extraction Site River Hadejia Flood Plains, Jigawa, Nigeria

ABSTRACTThis study quantified the concentrations of trace and heavy elements, including Al, K, Ca, Mg, Zr, Ti, La, Ce, Mn, Cr, Zn, and Nd, in soil samples from Tukwikwi. It also assesses the potential human health risks posed by exposure to these metals through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption for both children and adults. The study area lies in Hadejia flood plain between latitudes 12°10′ N to 13°0′ N and longitudes 10°15′ E to 11°30′ E. The result showed that the mean concentrations of Al (47,140 mg/kg), K (23,110 mg/kg), Fe (18,020 mg/kg), Mg (7810 mg/kg), Zr (404 mg/kg), and La (64 mg/kg) exceeded the crustal values of Al (25,000 mg/kg), K (10,700 mg/kg), Fe (9800 mg/kg), Mg (7000 mg/kg), Zr (220 mg/kg), and La (30 mg/kg). By contrast, the concentrations of Ca, Cr, Ce, Mn, Ti, Zn, and Nd were lower than the crustal values. These crustal values were used, as there were no regional values that could be used for comparison. The result of the noncarcinogenic health risk assessment showed that Al exhibited the highest value ranging from to for children and to for adults. The results also revealed that adults have a higher potential risk than children. The results for the carcinogenic risk (CR) showed that the total CR (TCR) values for Cr ranged from 0 to for children and 0 to for adults, which are higher than the acceptable limit of . These suggest that there are health concerns for adults and children in the research area. This necessitates the need for monitoring the soil in the study area to reduce potential environmental issues.

Assessment of Human Health Risk Caused by Heavy Metals in Kiln Dust from Coal-Fired Clay Brick Factories in Türkiye

AbstractHeavy metal (HM) pollution from natural processes and different anthropogenic activities pose significant human and environmental health risks because of their stability, non-degradable properties, and high toxicity. HM released into the air in the form of dust can enter the human body via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Keeping in mind the significance of estimating the risk from HM in different environments, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks to workers caused by HM in kiln dust (KD) samples collected from coal-fired clay brick factories in the Western Black Sea Region of Türkiye were assessed for the first time in this study. The concentrations of major and minor oxides and HMs in the collected KD samples were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The average concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, V, Zn, Cu, As, Co and Pb analyzed in thirty-three KD samples were determined as 65444, 768, 251, 249, 248, 122, 60, 52, 42 and 16 mg/kg dw, respectively. The average levels of Ni, As, Cr, Co and Cu exceed the maximum contaminant levels recommended in the Turkish Regulation on Control of Soil Pollution. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risk assessments for workers via three exposure pathways were carried out, estimating the hazard index (HI) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) index, respectively. The HI values (&lt; 1) revealed no possible non-carcinogenic health risk due to exposure to all HMs in the studied KD samples. The average TCR value revealed that the potential cancer risks for Ni, As, Cr, and Pb were slightly above the safe limit and required monitoring and further investigation for these HMs.

Microbial electrochemical enhanced composting of sludge and kitchen waste: Electricity generation, composting efficiency and health risk assessment for land use

To realize the energy and resource utilization from organic solid waste, a two-phase microbial desalination cell (TPMDC) was constructed using dewatered sludge and kitchen waste as the anode substrate. The performance of electricity generation and composting efficacy was investigated, along with a comprehensive assessment of the potential health risks associated with the land use of the resulting mixed compost products. Experimental outcomes revealed a maximum open-circuit voltage of 0.893 ± 0.005 V and a maximum volumetric power density of 0.797 ± 0.009 W/m³. After 90 days of composting enhanced by microbial electrochemistry, a significant organic matter removal rate of 31.13 ± 0.44 % was obtained, and the anode substrate electric conductivity was reduced by 30.02 ± 0.04 % based on the anode desalination. Simultaneously, there was an increase in the content of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as an improvement in the seed germination index. The forms of heavy metals shifted from bioavailable to stable residual states. The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) values for heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the land use of compost products were less than 1, and the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values for heavy metals and PAHs were below the acceptable threshold of 10−4. The occupational population risk of infection from five pathogens was higher than that of the general public, with all risk values ranging from 8.67 × 10−8 to 1, where the highest risk was attributed to occupational exposure to Legionella. These outcomes demonstrated that the mixture of dewatered sludge and kitchen waste was an appropriate anode substrate to enhance TPMDC stability for electricity generation, and its compost products have promising land use suitability and acceptable land use risk, which will provide important guidance for the safe treatment and disposal of organic solid waste.

Assessment of water supply to the east European arctic agglomeration from groundwater, taking into account their quality and health risks

The purpose of the study is to assess the possibilities of using groundwater for water supply in the East European Arctic agglomeration based on an assessment of their quality and health risks. For this purpose, high-precision determinations of the complete macro- and microcomponent composition were carried out in sixty-six water samples taken from wells up to 180 m deep. It was found that in some samples the concentrations of Na+, Fe, B, Ba, Mn and U exceeded WHO standards. The least mineralized young waters are characterized by the processes of dissolution of carbonates with the transition of Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr into water, and the processes of leaching of Fe and Mn by acidic swamp waters from near-surface sediments. Waters of high mineralization, enriched in Na+, Cl-, B, Mo, Cd, Pb, were formed as a result of the dissolution of aluminosilicate rocks over thousands of years and mixing with relics of ancient and modern marine transgressions. An assessment of the average Water Quality Index value of the studied aquifer showed that, in general, the water is of excellent quality. Non-carcinogenic risks were determined primarily by uranium concentrations. The average danger index values for this element for children were 1.22. In adults it was slightly lower and amounted to 0.83. Carcinogenic risks are associated primarily with arsenic concentrations. The average total carcinogenic risk associated with this element was 3.8.10−5, which is acceptable, but samples from two wells showed total carcinogenic risk values above 10−4, which is in the high-risk area. For drinking purposes, it is preferable to use low-mineralized water with a minimum content of toxic elements. If necessary, preliminary aeration of the water is possible, during which precipitation of iron, arsenic and uranium occurs. Due to the typical nature of the problem under consideration for the Arctic regions, the results obtained can be used at other sites in the Subpolar zone.

Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in the soils grown field crops in Antalya, Türkiye

ABSTRACT Soil pollution results from heavy metals has become a severe environmental concern. Heavy metals pose a risk to human health by entering the food chain. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations, sources and potential ecological and human health risks of heavy metals in soils which grown field crops in Antalya, Turkey. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–30 cm from 292 fields and concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were determined. The mean concentrations of total Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were 4.73, 68.67, 152.74, 98.52, 24.77, 28098, 823, 42.72 and 62.85 mg kg−1, respectively. These results showed that the average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu and Mn exceeded the Upper continental crust average. Enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (I geo) and contamination factor (CF) values of soils indicate serious enrichment for Cd. Principal component analyses (PCA) indicated that Co, Cr and Ni was lithogenic origins, but Fe and Pb concentrations were determined by lithological and anthropogenic sources. Hazard index (HI) values of heavy metals were < 1, suggesting that non-carcinogenic health risks to adult residents. In addition, the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values except for Cr, suggesting that carcinogenic risks for residents were not expected. The results showed that children were more sensitive to the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects of heavy metals.

Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in the riparian zone of the Sava River (southeastern Europe): effects of high and low water events

This study evaluated the source apportionment and level of contamination with potential toxic elements (PTEs)—As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn—in a riparian zone of the Sava River by calculating the Enrichment Factor (EF) and the Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo). The study analysed the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to both adults and children in the local population. Soil and sediment samples collected during high and low water events from 12 sites along 945 km of the river were screened. Elevated soil contents of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn were observed along the middle and lower stretches from Županja (ZUP) to Belgrade (BEO), and an elevated Cu content was detected in the upper stretch Čatež (CAT), highlighting these elements as a potential risk for the human population. Elevated As, Cd Cr, Ni, and Zn levels in the sediment were also detected, with the Ni content three times higher than the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) values, indicating high contamination. The study established that As, Cr, and Ni primarily originate from geological sources; Cu, Pb, and Zn are predominantly from anthropogenic sources; and Cd originates from both geological and anthropogenic sources. Although the EF and Igeo varied along the entire river stretch, they were significantly higher for most elements in the lower stretch, indicating intensive anthropogenic contamination and potential health risks. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with soils and sediments during high and low water events did not imply a potential risk for adults. However, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb potentially pose the greatest non-carcinogenic risk for children in both high and low water events, with ingestion as the main route of exposure. According to our findings, the elevated concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, and Pb in the Sava River basin (SRB) pose a significant potential health risk to the local population based on several factors: the high levels of these elements, their potential contamination risk as determined by the EF and Igeo, and their bioavailability and solubility. Although the cumulative Total Hazard Index (THI) and Total Carcinogenic Risk (TCR) values are low, particularly in the lower stretch of the Sava River, these elements still present a high potential health threat.

Hygienic assessment of the carcinogenic risk to the health of the population of the industrial district of Samara due to atmospheric air pollution

The article presents the results of a study assessing the possible risks of the population living in one of the districts of the city of Samara. The object of the study is the Kuibyshev district of Samara. The high anthropogenic load of the district is formed by enterprises of the oil refining and petrochemical industries, enterprises for the production of metal structures, sewage treatment plants, construction facilities, as well as intensive traffic flow. The initial information for assessing public health risks was the data obtained during the analysis of ambient air samples, as well as the results of calculations of the dispersion of pollutant emissions to nearby territories from the leading industrial enterprises of the district and mobile sources. The research was carried out in several stages. At the first stage, we identified the main sources of ambient air pollution, took into account the terrain, wind directions, and the nature of pulse operation of a number of leading sources. At the second stage, 6234 studies of ambient air samples taken in the Kuibyshev district of Samara, were conducted, priority substances were identified, and carcinogenic hazard indices (HRIc) were calculated. The data obtained indicate that the risks to public health are primarily formed as a result of atmospheric pollution with substances such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, a mixture of hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, benzene. The main pollutants forming the level of the total carcinogenic risk to the health of the Samara population are hexavalent chromium and benzene. The total carcinogenic risk to the health of the population of the Samara region with a high degree of anthropotechnogenic load during the study period belongs to the 2nd range of reference boundaries and is characterized as acceptable, however, with the simultaneous presence of various pollutants in the air, an unfavorable background of combined effects on the body is created, which can lead to the formation of a certain pathology in the population.

A comprehensive study of source apportionment, spatial distribution, and health risks assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in the surface soils of a semi-arid mining region in Matehuala, Mexico

BackgroundThis study investigates the contamination level, spatial distribution, pollution sources, potential ecological risks, and human health risks associated with heavy metal(loid)s (i.e., arsenic (As), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) in surface soils within the mining region of Matehuala, located in central Mexico. ObjectivesThe primary objectives are to estimate the contamination level of heavy metal(loid)s, identify pollution sources, assess potential ecological risks, and evaluate human health risks associated with heavy metal(loid) contamination. MethodsSoil samples from the study area were analysed using various indices including Igeo, Cf, PLI, mCd, EF, and PERI to evaluate contamination levels. Source apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s was conducted using the APCS-MLR and PMF receptor models. Spatial distribution patterns were determined using the most efficient interpolation technique among five different approaches. The total carcinogenic risk index (TCR) and total non-carcinogenic index (THI) were used in this study to assess the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards posed by heavy metal(loid)s in surface soil to human health. ResultsThe study reveals a high contamination level of heavy metal(loid)s in the surface soil, posing considerable ecological risks. As was identified as a priority metal for regulatory control measures. Mining and smelting activities were identified as the primary factors influencing heavy metal(loid) distributions. Based on spatial distribution mapping, concentrations were higher in the northern, western, and central regions of the study area. As and Fe were found to pose considerable and moderate ecological risks, respectively. Health risk evaluation indicated significant levels of carcinogenic risks for both adults and children, with higher risks for children. ConclusionThis study highlights the urgent need for monitoring heavy metal(loid) contamination in Matehuala's soils, particularly in regions experiencing strong economic growth, to mitigate potential human health and ecological risks associated with heavy metal(loid) pollution.

Ecological and human health risk associated with heavy metals (HMs) contaminant sourced from petroleum refinery oily sludge

The environmental and human health risk of heavy metals (HMs) in petroleum based oily sludge (OS) varies depending upon the source of origin of the crude oil and treatment processes practiced at the refineries. Consequently, the present study explores the potential risk associated with HMs of OS obtained from different refinery sites to the environment and human health. The results showed that HMs (Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn) present in OS surpasses the permissible limit of WHO guidelines except for Cr. Additionally, the Igeo value (grade 3–6), Ef (2.48–121.4), PLI (5.12–22.65), Cd (32.48–204.76) and PERI (grade 1–5) confirmed the high level of HMs contamination into the OS and its risk to the environment. Besides, the hazard index (HI) and the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for HMs show substantial risk to both adult and children health. Likewise, the G-mean enzyme index and potential soil enzyme risk index (PSERI) of the OS showed a high risk to soil biological properties. Furthermore, statistical analysis confirmed the heterogeneity in properties of the OS and its potential impact on the soil ecosystem arising from different sites. Finally, the study unveils a novel perspective on the environmental and human health consequences associated with the OS.