Total Carbon Stock Research Articles

Assessment of Biomass, Carbon Stock and Sequestered CO2 in Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) Plantation at Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Campus, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Carbon sequestration through tree plantation has significant role to mitigate the increasing level of CO2. Accurate measurement of carbon in teak plantations is required for estimating their contribution to global carbon stocks. The purpose of present work was to assess total biomass, carbon stock and sequestered CO2 in an 18 years old teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) plantation using allometric equations. Estimated total biomass, carbon stock and sequestered CO2 were 79.31, 37.28 and 136.66 t ha-1, respectively. Teak plantations in Chhattisgarh serve an important role in carbon sequestration, which contributes to climate change mitigation. It is a fast-growing species with robust, high-carbon wood, accumulates a substantial quantity of carbon over time. Expanding and sustaining these plants reduces atmospheric CO2 levels while also benefiting the region’s economy through timber production and forest-based livelihoods.

Assessing Carbon Stocks and Ecosystem Functioning in Char (Buchanania lanzan) Forests of Central India

The present study assessment of plant community structure, carbon stock and CO2 sequestration of char (Buchanania lanzan) dominant forest sites in Central India during 2020-22. The forest vegetation was analysed using 20 quadrats (each 10 x 10 m in size for tree layers, 5 x 5 m in size for sapling layers and 1 x 1 m size for seedling layers) within the representative one-hectare plot on each site. The biomass, carbon stock, and carbon dioxide sequestration from three district (Mahasamund, Gariaband, and Kabirdham) char dominated forest sites of dry deciduous forests in Central India were estimated using the non-destructive allometric equation approach. The results revealed that the density of tree, sapling and seedling were ranged from 430-605 stems ha-1, 120-600 stems ha-1 and 28000-34500 stems ha-1, respectively. The basal area of tree and sapling layers were varied from 18.15-29.68 m2 ha-1 and 0.33-1.04 m2 ha-1, respectively. The diversity indices of tree layer viz; Shannon index, Simpson index, Evenness, species richness and beta diversity were ranged from 2.40-2.72, 0.17-0.22, 1.08-1.18, 2.26-3.11 and 5.0-6.0, respectively on different forest site in Central India. The total biomass, carbon stock and CO2 sequestration potential of tree layers were varied from 105.72-216.96 Mg ha-1, 50.22-103.06 Mg ha-1 and 184.29-378.22 Mg ha-1, respectively on char dominant various forest sites in Central India. The correlation coefficients were statistically significant performed between basal area and biomass, carbon stock and CO2 sequestration potential with R2 values of 0.988 at p<0.01 levels. After doing this study, it can be concluded that estimating the biomass and carbon stock in Central India will be useful for managing forests sustainably.

Multifaceted effects of microplastics on soil-plant systems: Exploring the role of particle type and plant species

Microplastics have emerged as a global environmental concern, yet their impact on terrestrial environments, particularly agricultural soils, remains underexplored. Agricultural soils, due to intensive farming, may serve as significant sinks for microplastics. This study investigated the effects of different types of microplastics—polyester microfibers, polyethylene terephthalate microfragments, and polystyrene microspheres—on soil properties and radish growth, while a complementary experiment examined the impact of polyester microfibers on the growth of lettuce and Chinese cabbage. Through both horizontal and vertical comparisons, this research comprehensively evaluated the interactions between microplastic particles and plant species in soil-plant systems. The results showed that polyester microfibers significantly affected soil bulk density, with effects varying based on planting conditions (p < 0.01). Polyethylene terephthalate microfragments and polystyrene microspheres reduced the proportion of small soil macroaggregates under radish cultivation (p < 0.01). Additionally, polystyrene microspheres significantly altered the total organic carbon stock in radish-growing soil, potentially affecting the microclimate (p < 0.01). Interestingly, polyester microfibers promoted lettuce seed germination and significantly enhanced the root biomass of Chinese cabbage (p < 0.05). Overall, the environmental effects of microplastic exposure varied depending on the type of particle and plant species, suggesting that microplastics are not always harmful to soil-plant systems and may even offer benefits in certain scenarios. Given the crucial role of soil-plant systems in terrestrial ecosystems, and their direct connection to food safety, human health, and global change, further research should explore both the positive and negative impacts of microplastics on agricultural practices.

Tree carbon stock and seasonal influence on soil properties in shivpuri-nagarjun national park, nepal

The carbon stock stored within the biomass of tree species is vital in the forest ecosystem as it contributes significantly to the carbon balance. In addition, the physicochemical properties of soil play a critical role, in influencing overall ecosystem health. This study has analyzed the carbon stock and influence of seasonal change on soil physicochemical properties along soil depths in the Shivpuri Nagarjun National Park (SNNP), Nepal. The above-ground biomass carbon stock was found to be 227.09 t/ha and below-ground stock was 45.42 t/ha. Tree species Castanopsis tribuloides exhibited the highest values of above and below-ground tree carbon stock. The soil of the study site was sandy loam and slightly acidic. High temperature and moisture in the monsoon season were followed by an increased bulk density during the pre-monsoon with deeper soil layers. The sand, silt, and clay contents did not differ significantly across the seasons and depths. The key soil nutrients, like carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were high during the monsoon season at the topsoil layer, which gradually declined with increasing depth in all seasons. The study highlights that the total tree carbon stock in the study site is 272.51 t/ha, with significant seasonal and depth-related variations in soil attributes. The monsoon season, characterized by maximum soil moisture and higher concentrations of essential soil components, is crucial in influencing soil physicochemical properties and offers important insights for forest conservation and management. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 567-576, 2024 (September)

Relationship between seagrass community structure and carbon stocks on the coasts of Karimunjawa Marine National Park, Indonesia

The seagrass ecosystem is considered one of the most effective coastal ecosystems in storing carbon. Carbon stock estimation for a certain ecosystem is highly affected by factors such as species diversity and habitat type. This study aims to investigate the relationship between plant community structure and carbon stocks in the seagrass ecosystem using a case study of six coastal sites in Karimunjawa Marine National Park, Indonesia. In this region, eight seagrass species were recorded, i.e., Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, Syringodium isoetifolium, and Oceana serrulata. From the six study sites, the highest estimated carbon stock was 426.2 Mg C ha−1 (Site 5; Telaga, dominated by E. acoroides). Meanwhile, the lowest estimated carbon stock was 127.4 Mg C ha−1 (Site 4; Koin, dominated by T. hemprichii). The density of E. acoroides was positively correlated with the total seagrass biomass carbon stocks (r = 0.97; p < 0.01), while its dominance was positively correlated with sediment carbon stocks (r = 0.92; p < 0.05) and total seagrass ecosystem carbon stocks (r = 0.92; p < 0.05). Seagrass ecosystems with different community structures showed different carbon storage capacities. Seagrass ecosystems dominated by large-sized species such as E. acoroides showed higher estimated carbon stocks thus suggesting the importance of considering the variability of community structure in managing seagrass ecosystems for carbon sequestration and storage.

Change in Land Use Affects Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics and Distribution in Tropical Systems

Anthropogenic land cover change is directly responsible for the deforestation and degradation of tropical forests. In this context, assessing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is key to understanding the impact of anthropogenic activities on SOC so that we can implement management practices that effectively reduce emissions or promote carbon sequestration. Our objective was to assess the effect of land-use change on the dynamics and distribution of SOC in three systems (agriculture, pasture and agroforestry) after 40 years of deforestation in a tropical dry forest in the central–eastern region of Honduras. For this purpose, the bulk density, percentage of coarse fragments (&gt;2 mm) and soil organic carbon content were determined at three depths (0.00–0.10 m, 0.10–0.20 m and 0.20–0.30 m). The results showed an increase in bulk density for all new uses, although soil compaction had not yet occurred. In terms of total soil organic carbon (TOC) stocks, deforestation caused a decrease from 17% to 48% in agricultural and agroforestry soils, respectively; on the other hand, grasslands did not show significant differences compared to tropical dry forest, suggesting that they have a high potential as carbon sinks in deforested tropical areas. However, this did not imply a better state of the system, as the greatest increases in bulk density were found in pastures.

Carbon accumulation in the soil and biomass of macauba palm commercial plantations

Commercial cultivation of the Macauba palm is growing due to its agro-energy potential. This study quantified carbon stock in two macauba plantations (4.8 and 9.0 years old), considering carbon stored in soil and biomass. We assessed total organic carbon (TOC) stocks in labile (EOC and LF-C) and non-labile (NL-C) soil fractions, comparing these with a forest regenerating for over 30 years. Soil samples were collected within the palm plantation (rows and inter-rows) and the forest area at five depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–100 cm). The impact of plantation age and sampling position on TOC stocks and organic matter fractions across different soil layers (0–100 cm) was assessed. The Carbon Management Index (CMI) was calculated to evaluate carbon recovery. Plantation age and sampling position influenced soil TOC stocks across all depths up to 1 m. Higher TOC and NL-C soil stocks were observed in the older plantation (9.0 years) and inter-row. EOC and LF-C fractions varied by soil layer. The inter-row region of the 9.0-year-old plantation exhibited higher carbon recovery based on the CMI. Over 4.2 years of palm cultivation (between 4.8 and 9.0 years), carbon accumulation in biomass and soil reached 75.36 Mg C ha−1. These findings underscore the potential of commercial macauba plantations to enhance soil carbon stocks rapidly, particularly in inter-row areas. Plantations younger than a decade surpassed the soil carbon stock of a forest regenerating for over 30 years, highlighting significant environmental benefits of macauba cultivation, including soil and biomass carbon sequestration.

Assessing the of carbon and nitrogen storage potential in Khaya spp. stands in Southeastern Brazil

The objective of this study was to assess the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in soil, forest floor, and aboveground biomass in 9.5 years-old planted stands of three Khaya spp. (K. grandifoliola, K. ivorensis, and K. senegalensis). The study was conducted at the Reserva Natural Vale (RNV), Brazil. The stands were planted at 5 × 5 m spacing, distributed over rectangular plots of 1250 m2. Soil bulk density at the evaluated depths, as well nitrogen contents, were similar among the species. However, K. ivorensis exhibited higher carbon concentration in the soil. In general, there were no differences in carbon and nitrogen content in soil between the three species; however, the values obtained are comparable to those of the reference area–Native Forest. The carbon stocks in the aboveground biomass for K. grandifoliola, K. ivorensis, and K. senegalensis averaged 37.97, 33.66 and 33.86 Mg ha−1, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). These values collectively represent about 28% of the total carbon stocks across the observed compartments. Notably, the nitrogen content within the aboveground biomass did not differ among these species. Therefore, African mahogany possesses a robust potential to store both carbon and nitrogen.

Exploring the role of canopy cover and environmental factors in shaping carbon storage in Desa’a forest, Ethiopia

BackgroundDry Afromontane forests play a vital role in mitigating climate change by sequestering and storing carbon, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Despite previous research highlighting the importance of carbon stocks in these ecosystems, the influence of canopy cover and environmental factors on carbon storage in dry Afromontane forests has been barely assessed. This study addresses this knowledge gap by investigating the effects of environmental factors and vegetation cover on carbon stocks in Desa’a forest, a unique and threatened Afromontane dry forest ecosystem in northern Ethiopia. Data on woody vegetation, dead litter, grass biomass, and soil samples were collected from 57 plots. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05) to examine the influence of canopy cover and environmental factors on the carbon stocks of various pools.ResultsAmong the 35 woody species identified, Juniperus procera was the most dominant, while Carissa edulis Vahl and Eucalyptus globulus were the least dominant. The average total carbon stock was 92.89 Mg ha−1, with contributions from aboveground carbon, below-ground carbon, litter carbon, grass carbon, and soil organic carbon. Among the carbon pools, soil organic carbon had the highest carbon stock, accounting for 76.8% of the total, followed by above-ground biomass carbon at 17.7%. Significant variations in carbon stocks were found across altitude class and canopy level but not slope and aspect factors.ConclusionsIn summary, altitude and canopy level were found to significantly influence carbon stocks in Desa’a forest, providing valuable insights for conservation and climate change mitigation efforts in dry Afromontane forests. Forest intervention planning and management strategies should consider the influence of different environmental variables and tree canopy levels.

Drivers of microbial carbon biomass variability in two oceanic regions of the Gulf of Mexico

The microbial plankton community is an integral part of the pelagic ecosystem. It hosts essential functional groups that play a vital role in organic carbon production, release, uptake, and degradation within open-ocean ecosystems. Given its significance, carbon biomass estimates are urgently needed, especially in oligotrophic regions, to provide and enhance our knowledge of biogenic carbon pools. They also aid in validating biogeochemical models that characterize the functioning of these extensive marine ecosystems within the global carbon cycle. This study addresses the temporal variability of microbial community biomass in two oceanic zones: the west-central (Perdido) and southern (Coatzacoalcos) areas of the Gulf of Mexico. During three seasonally contrasting periods (nortes, rainy, and dry seasons), seawater samples were collected from the euphotic zone in both regions to estimate the carbon biomass of different pico- (<2–3 µm), nano-, and microplankton groups (>3–200 µm). Carbon biomass assessments for the microbial groups were based on their abundance and carbon conversion factors. Overall, we found a significant contribution of pico-prokaryotic components (heterotrophic bacteria, Prochloroccocus, and Synechoccocus) to the total microbial carbon stock of the euphotic zone (84–89 % global estimates). The finding suggests these microorganisms are key functional groups that drive carbon production and fate in the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem. Pico-cyanobacteria, especially Prochloroccocus, were the dominant primary producers (68–82 % total autotrophic carbon), mainly in the upper layer of the oligotrophic euphotic zone. This vertical pattern implies that the deep chlorophyll-a maximum (DCM) depth level was unrelated to a net increase in phytoplankton biomass in the three study periods. The distribution of microbial carbon biomass exhibited striking differences associated with winter mixing (the nortes season), high river discharge accompanied by cross-shelf transport (the rainy season), and the dynamics of mesoscale structures. Ecological aspects, such as the habitat preference of the organisms and the seasonal complementary development of mixotrophic and heterotrophic grazers and their prey, were also essential drivers in regulating the microbial carbon pool of both oceanic regions. The microbial carbon assessments conducted in this study contribute to identifying and quantifying key planktonic functional groups involved in the biogeochemical carbon cycle in the Gulf of Mexico open-ocean ecosystem.

Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Land Use/Cover Change and Associated Carbon Stocks in Kanyabaha Wetland in Rukiga District, Uganda

Wetlands play an important ecological function of sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide and thereby moderating adverse impacts of climate change. It is therefore important to understand the dynamics of carbon stocks in wetland vegetation and soils. This study investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of aboveground, belowground, and total carbon stocks in Kanyabaha Wetland, located in Rukiga District, Uganda, spanning from 1990 to 2021. Through field sampling and laboratory analysis, aboveground carbon stocks were assessed by harvesting vegetation biomass and converting it to carbon stock using established conversion factors. Soil samples collected at different depths (0-20cm, 20-50cm, 50-100cm) were analyzed for soil organic carbon content to determine belowground carbon stocks. The study reveals variable spatio-temporal patterns of carbon stocks across land use types, with papyrus-dominated areas exhibiting the highest aboveground carbon stocks (49.66 tC/ha), followed by small-scale farmlands (33.73 tC/ha) and tree plantations (23.01 tC/ha). Conversely, built-up areas exhibit the lowest carbon stocks (1.29 tC/ha). Temporal analysis reveals fluctuating patterns in carbon stocks, with increases observed in built-up areas and small-scale farmlands, and decreases in grasslands and tree plantations that could be due to changes in hydrological cycle. Belowground carbon stocks follow similar trends, with papyrus areas maintaining the highest stocks (39.96 tC/ha), particularly at deeper soil depths that exhibit the highest carbon accumulation due to its extensive network of papyrus rhizome. Changes in land use, especially reclamation of the wetlands for farming and settlements affected carbon capture and storage in the wetland ecosystem. These findings highlight the importance of targeted conservation of natural wetlands and sustainable land management strategies in the Kanyabaha Wetland catchment for enhanced carbon sequestration. Further, in depth studies in the variability of carbon stocks due to various eco-climatic factors and anthropogenic activities are necessary to support sustainable wetland land management practices in Uganda.

Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Ecosystem Services and Driving Factors in the Yellow River Basin of Henan Province, China

The Henan Yellow River Basin is an ecological support belt for the entire basin. It holds a significant position in high-quality development and ecological conservation within the Yellow River Basin. However, due to improper development activities, such as urban expansion and deforestation of farmland, certain areas of the region have encountered a series of ecological issues, posing significant challenges to ecosystem services. The scientific foundation for the sustainable development of the ecological environment in the Henan Yellow River Basin is established by research on the evolution characteristics and driving factors of ecosystem service functions. This study focuses on the Henan Yellow River Basin, by introducing remote sensing data and biomass data, assessing the spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem service by the InVEST model—including carbon stock, water yield, and soil conservation—from 2000 to 2020. It analyzes the ecosystem service functions of different land use types. It employs the Geodetector to identify the dominant driving factors behind the changes in these functions based on the improved InVEST model evaluated results. The findings reveal that from 2000 to 2020, total carbon stock increased by 1.86%, carbon stock per unit area rose by 1.81%, and the spatial distribution remained largely stable. The high-value regions were clustered in the west and part of the north, primarily consisting of forest land. Carbon stock capacity in other regions, mainly farmland and construction land, was poor, with forest land having the strongest carbon sequestration capacity, followed by grassland. Total water yield decreased by 20.08%, and water yield per unit area decreased by 20.03%, with a spatial distribution closely following the trend of precipitation distribution. The high-value regions were clustered in the south, primarily in forest land and farmland. The total amount of soil conservation decreased by 19.96%, and soil conservation per unit area decreased by 19.93%, with spatial distribution patterns similar to those of carbon stock and water yield. The high-value regions were concentrated in the southwestern and northern forested regions, while soil conservation capacity in areas primarily consisting of farmland and construction land was weaker. The divergence of carbon stock was most influenced by population density, water yield by precipitation, and soil conservation by slope. In conclusion, during the study period, while carbon storage increased, the significant decline in water yield and soil conservation highlighted critical issues in the ecosystem service functions of the region. These findings indicate the need for targeted conservation measures and sustainable development strategies to address the decline in ecosystem services and mitigate adverse environmental impacts, ensuring the long-term health of the region’s ecosystems. This study offers an in-depth understanding of the differentiation of ecosystem service functions and their driving factors, enabling precise assessment of regional ecosystem services, and providing a theoretical foundation for formulating effective regional ecological conservation policies.

Effects of the comprehensive elimination of Spartina alterniflora along China's coast on blue carbon and scenario prediction after ecological restoration

Salt marshes cover the largest area among the three types of traditional blue carbon ecosystems in China's coastal zone, with the introduced smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) being dominant in these marshes. The effects of eradicating S. alterniflora nationwide and the subsequent ecological restoration on blue carbon are unclear. This paper evaluates the variation in blue carbon during the national S. alterniflora eradication campaign, which involves mechanical tillage from 2022 to 2025, and proposes three scenarios for blue carbon changes after native vegetation is reestablished by 2050. The results show that, in 2025, plant carbon stock and soil carbon stock will decrease by 1.38 Tg C and 1.21 Tg C, respectively, in the areas where S. alterniflora has been removed and managed. Although blue carbon is reduced in coastal wetlands in 2025, carbon stock is expected to increase in restored native vegetated wetlands by 2050. S. alterniflora is resilient and competitive, posing a high risk in secondary invasion. Scenario Ⅰ suggests that S. alterniflora marshes could almost recover to their original state from 2022, with 7.70 Tg C stored in plant and soil carbon stocks. Scenario Ⅱ involves native vegetated wetlands coexisting with invasive S. alterniflora marshlands, with a total carbon stock estimated at 7.15 Tg C, reflecting a decrease of 0.39 Tg C in soil carbon stock and by 0.16 Tg C in plant carbon stock. In Scenario Ⅲ, mudflats dominant and native vegetated habitats are reestablished only in suitable sites, with the total carbon stock estimated at 5.63 Tg C, a 26.9% decrease compared to 2022 levels. While eradicating invasive S. alterniflora and restoring native vegetation in China's coast enhance the ecosystem services, it reduces blue carbon stocks. Therefore, developing additional strategies to increase carbon storage in coastal wetlands is necessary.

The food-water-climate nexus of green infrastructure: Examining ecosystem services trade-offs of peri-urban agriculture

Emission reduction, heat mitigation, and improved access to water and food provision are increasingly critical challenges for urban areas in the context of global climate change adaptation and mitigation. The revival of local agricultural production is often lauded as a potential nature-based solution. However, an expansion of peri-urban agriculture (peri-UA) may entail significant ecosystem trade-offs. This study explores the impacts on the food-water-climate nexus of different scenarios of peri-urban agricultural expansion in a semi-arid, Mediterranean climate, addressing local food provision, freshwater use, local temperature regulation, global climate change mitigation, and the trade-offs thereof. We estimate food provision and irrigation water requirements based on a georeferenced urban metabolism approach along with atmospheric and biosphere models to examine four land-use scenarios in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona.Our study reveals that a 31 % (+17.27 km2) and 115 % (+64.25 km2) increase in the current peri-UA in the AMB, results in an increase in local food production of 24 % (+16,503 tons year−1) and 86 % (+58,940 tons year−1), and irrigation water requirements by 10.0 % (+3.2 hm3) and 43.5 % (+14.1 hm3), respectively. The expansion of irrigated peri-UA potentially reduces near-surface temperatures by 0.7 °C, albeit temperature reductions in the densest urban areas are minimal. Since the additional peri-UA is achieved by replacing natural non-forested and forest areas, the simulations predict reductions in the net ecosystem productivity of up to 18.5 % and total carbon stocks by 3.3 %. This integrated approach combining urban metabolism and atmospheric modelling to determine the trade-offs appears to be a promising tool for informing land-use decision-making in the context of urban climate adaptation and mitigation.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION FOR AGROSILVICULTURE AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THREE INVESTIGATED VILLAGES IN UTTARADIT PROVINCE, NORTHERN, THAILAND

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS- Agroforestry boosts carbon storage, reducing greenhouse gas emissions significantly.- Diverse tree-based farming enhances biodiversity, soil health, and climate resilience.- Carbon sequestration in agroforestry supports sustainable agriculture and environmental balance.- Agroforestry practices mitigate climate change by storing carbon in trees and soil.- Combining trees with crops provides multiple ecological and economic benefits.ABSTRACTOne of the processes for compensating greenhouse gas emissions is atmospheric carbon removal and storage in the terrestrial biosphere. Agricultural systems to which trees are returned for careful management alongside crops and animals are thought to be substantial CO2 sinks. People are increasingly realizing the importance of agroforestry because it is good for the environment and farming. In this study, total carbon pools from the aboveground biomass carbon (ABGC), forest floor carbon (FFC), and soil organic carbon (SOC) were investigated and carbon storage data for some agroforestry practices native to Uttaradit in northern Thailand were analyzed. The role of these carbon pools in reducing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere was also discussed. The results showed differences in the total carbon stock sourced from traditional agroforestry (TAF), applied agroforestry (AAF), and developed agroforestry (DAF). The total carbon store (ABGC + TFFC + SOC) of TAF, AAF, and DAF was 267.05 Mg C/ha, 226.48 Mg C/ha, and 324.70 Mg C/ha, respectively. SOC contributed 47.64%, 54.26%, and 44.81% and ABGC contributed 22.75%, 19.79%, and 23.90% to the total carbon stock in TAF, AAF, and DAF, respectively. The CO2 adsorption was 979.27 Mg CO2/ha, 830.50 Mg CO2/ha, and 1,190.6 Mg CO2/ha in TAF, AAF, and DAF, respectively. It is clear that agroforestry systems serve as carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems. Although the comparison of agroforestry practices and other land use types is important for carbon mitigation and the implementation of the “Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry” concept for CO2 sinks, it is also crucial to compare the potential of carbon sequestration in different CO2 pools.

ESTIMATING THE TOTAL CARBON STOCK IN THE MANGROVE FOREST OF KOTA MARUDU, SABAH, MALAYSIA

Mangrove forests are capable of storing vast amounts of carbon and are recognised as one of the highest carbon densities in the world. This research examines the mangrove forest in Kota Marudu, Sabah, Malaysia, specifically its soil’s physico-chemical properties and total carbon stock. Using two 100-metre-long transect lines with seven-metre diameter circle subplots established at every 25 metres, a forest inventory and an allometric equation were used to determine the aboveground and belowground biomass. The carbon content was estimated to be 50% of biomass. Simultaneously, soil samples were collected at depths of 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, 30-50 cm, and 50-100 cm for soil analysis and bulk density. A CHNS elemental analyser was used to determine the carbon content in the soil. The results showed that the Kota Marudu mangrove forest has a total carbon stock of 1,010.65 Mg C ha-1, where around 80% of it was contributed by the soil carbon pool at 876.16 Mg C ha-1. The results also revealed that the living tree and roots carbon pool were measured at 100.87 Mg C ha-1 and 33.62 Mg C ha-1, respectively. These findings highlight the crucial role of mangrove forests in carbon sequestering and mitigating climate change.

Analysis of total biomass, carbon stock and carbon dioxide uptake in kandelia candel stands on Payung Island, Banyuasin Ii Sub-District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra

Background: Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. This study aimed to quantify the biomass, carbon stock, and carbon dioxide uptake of Kandelia candel stands on Payung Island, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Methods: Non-destructive sampling was conducted at two stations using 10x10 m plots along 50 m transects. Tree diameter was measured and allometric equations were used to estimate biomass and carbon stocks. Environmental parameters were also recorded. Finding: The highest biomass (193.69 ton/ha), carbon stock (89.11 ton C/ha), and CO2 uptake (320.04 ton CO2/ha) were found at Station II, correlating with larger average tree diameters. Environmental conditions, including salinity (0‰), pH (7.0), temperature (24-28°C), and humidity (90-91%), were favorable for K. candel growth. The substantial carbon storage demonstrates the importance of these stands for climate change mitigation. Conclusion: This study provides valuable data on the carbon sequestration potential of K. candel in a unique estuarine setting, contributing to our understanding of mangrove ecosystems' role in global carbon cycles and informing conservation strategies. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study focuses on quantifying the biomass, carbon stocks, and CO₂ uptake of Kandelia candel stands within the unique estuarine ecosystem of Payung Island, South Sumatra. By providing species-specific data on K. candel—a mangrove species that has been relatively underexplored—this research addresses a significant knowledge gap and enhances our understanding of its role in carbon sequestration.

Allometric equation of Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) and Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. for estimating carbon stocks

Coal mining can increase land degradation and deforestation, so efforts are needed to ensure land use in post-mining areas. Therefore, mining companies must carry out land reclamation to restore the important function of forests by planting sengon laut (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.)) and burflower tree (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.). In contrast to mining, which produces emissions and carbon that contribute to global warming, land reclamation helps absorb carbon and produce oxygen for living things. Therefore, a study was carried out to estimate the carbon stocks from reclamation activities at PT. Indobara Borneo. A quantitative approach through Stratified Random Sampling was applied in this study. Carbon estimation is carried out using allometric equations. The allometric equation of Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) is Y = 0.028D2,695, while the allometric equation of Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. is Y = 0.035D2,600. The total carbon stocks for burflower tree plants are 84.51 tons/ha with a CO2 sink potential of 974.73 tons/Ha, while the total carbon stocks for sengon laut plants are 86.18 tons/ha with a CO2 sink potential of 1355.49 tons/ha. The value of CO₂ sink and carbon stock indicates that there are environmental services to restore and improve vegetation.

Agroforestry status, services, and its role in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration under semi-arid conditions

Agroforestry systems play a dynamic role in sequestering atmospheric carbon to keep the environment safe and provide various benefits such as food, fodder, fuel wood, increased farm income, biodiversity maintenance, and soil conservation. The present study assessed agroforestry's status, services, and role in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration in three districts of Punjab, Pakistan: Chiniot, Faisalabad, and Sargodha. In the current study, the administrative geographical division, which is the village, union council, Tehsil, and district, was considered for sampling. Field visits were carried out in 175 rural union councils of 14 Tehsils of selected districts to collect socio-economic data through validated questionnaires and tree inventory data to estimate carbon stocks. Research results revealed that most of the respondents in the study area were middle-aged, had about 8–10 years of education, and had less than 5 hectares of landholding. Nearly 34 % to 36 % of farmers earned 359.59 to 1438.37 USD annually, with farming as a major income source. Linear planting was the dominant form of agroforestry, with P. deltoides, D. sissoo, and E. camaldulensis being major tree species. The current number of trees ha-1 was 19–25, while the potential trees ha-1 could be 57–72 in the study area. Across 14 tehsils of selected districts, the maximum total tree carbon stock (8.97 Mg ha-1) and total tree CO2 sequestration (32.21 Mg ha-1) was estimated in Tehsil Lalian of district Chiniot while the lowest total tree carbon stock (1.82 Mg ha-1) and total tree CO2 sequestration (7.34 Mg ha-1) were estimated in Tehsil Faisalabad of district Faisalabad. The results of this study highlight that the eco-friendly advantages of agroforestry can be used to improve approvals and strategies on the selection and management of tree species, along with land use systems for designing effective carbon sequestration projects in Pakistan.

Impacts of deforestation and land use/land cover change on carbon stock dynamics in Jomoro District, Ghana

Tropical deforestation in the African continent plays a key role in the global carbon cycle and bears significant implications in terms of climate change and sustainable development. Especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where more than two-thirds of the population rely on forest and woodland resources for their livelihoods, deforestation and land use changes for crop production lead to a substantial loss of ecosystem-level carbon stock. Unfortunately, the impacts of deforestation and land use change can be more critical than in any other region, but these are poorly quantified. We analyse changes in the main carbon pools (above- and below-ground, soil and litter, respectively) after deforestation and land use/land cover change, for the Jomoro District (Ghana), by assessing the initial reference level of carbon stock for primary forest and the subsequent stock changes and dynamics as a consequence of conversion to the secondary forest and to five different tree plantations (rubber, coconut, cocoa, oil palm, and mixed plantations) on a total of 72 plots. Results indicate overall a statistically significant carbon loss across all the land uses/covers and for all the carbon pools compared to the primary forest with the total carbon stock loss ranging between 35% and 85% but with no statistically significant differences observed in the comparison between primary forest and mixed plantations and secondary forest. Results also suggest that above-ground carbon and soil organic carbon are the primary pools contributing to the total carbon stocks but with opposite trends of carbon loss and accumulation. Strategies for sustainable development, policies to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, carbon stock enhancement (REDD+), and planning for sustainable land use management should carefully consider the type of conversion and carbon stock dynamics behind land use change for a win-win strategy while preserving carbon stocks potential in tropical ecosystems.