Total Body Fat Mass Percentage Research Articles

The association of body composition and fat distribution with hypertension in community-dwelling older adults: the Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program

BackgroundA significant proportion of the global burden of disability and premature mortality has caused by hypertension. It seems that the relationship between obesity and hypertension is not only associated with excessive body fat mass (FM) but also with body adipose distribution patterns. The present study investigated the association between regional fat distribution using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and hypertension in older adults.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed using the data from Bushehr Elderly Health Program (BEH) on a total of 2419 participants aged 60 and over. Hypertension was defined as SBP of at least 140 mmHg and/or DBP of at least 90 mmHg. SBP between 120 and 139 mmHg and/or a DBP between 80 and 89 mmHg were considered prehypertension. Participants underwent body composition measurement by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to analyze FM, fat-free mass (FFM) in trunk and extremities composition.ResultsThe results showed that 460 (19.02%) of participants had prehypertension, and 1,818 (75.15% ) had hypertension. The odds of having prehypertension (OR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01–1.12) and hypertension (OR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.03–1.13) increased with a rise in total body FM percentage. Moreover, people with a higher FM to FFM ratio had increased odds of being prehypertensive (OR: 9.93, 95%CI: 1.28–76.99) and hypertensive (OR: 16.15, 95%CI: 2.47-105.52). Having a higher android to gynoid FM ratio was related to increased odds of being prehypertensive and hypertensive.ConclusionsThis study showed that a higher body FM, particularly in the android region, is associated with higher odds of having hypertension in older adults.

WHOLE BODY COMPOSITION AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY MEASURED BY DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY IN YOUNG SWIMMERS

Height-adjusted indexes that reflect muscularity and fatness have recently gained great momentum in exercise and sports sciences as these indexes are considered to more accurately predict general body composition (BC) status, compared to body mass index. The aim of the study was to compare BC components and height-adjusted indexes between young swimmers and non-athlete controls. Thirty-four young volunteers, consisting of eighteen swimmers (male n=8; female n=10) and sixteen college students serving as a control group (male n=8; female n=8), participated in this study. BC and whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using DXA and height-normalized indexes of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) were calculated. Two-way (group*sex) ANOVA was used to compare the BC components within and between the groups. No differences in body mass index (BMI), age, and body weight were observed between the groups (p>0.05). Swimmers had greater LM and lean mass index (LMI), and lower total body fat mass percentage (FM%), fat mass index (FMI), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (p<0.01) compared to controls. BMD was similar in both groups regardless of sex (p>0.05). Male swimmers had lower FM% and FMI, and higher LM than female swimmers (p<0.001). BMD was correlated with BMI, LM, LMI, appendicular LMI (r=0.47, 0.55, 0.62, 0.60, respectively; p<0.001) and FM% (r=-0.35; p=0.04). Swimmers had higher lean and lower fat mass and VAT compared to inactive college students with similar age. Accordingly, swimming improves BC components; however, it does not seem to increase bone mineral density due to the reduced weight-bearing effect.

Impact of adiposity on clinical outcomes in people living with a Fontan circulation

BackgroundTo assess the association between body composition and the risk of adverse outcomes in Fontan patients. MethodsParticipants from the Australian and New Zealand Fontan Registry with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans were included. Appendicular lean mass (ALM), appendicular lean mass index (ALM divided by height squared; ALMI) and total body fat mass percentage (%BF) were calculated. ALMI and %BF z-scores were derived using age- and sex-matched reference ranges. The primary outcome was Fontan failure (death, transplantation, New York Heart Association functional class III/IV, protein-losing enteropathy, and plastic bronchitis) or moderate-or-severe ventricular dysfunction. Results144 patients were included. Mean %BF was 29% (SD 10) with 50% having increased adiposity. Mean ALMI z-score was −1.4 (SD 1.1); one third of patients had skeletal muscle deficiency (ALMI z-score < −1 and −2) and another third had Fontan-associated myopaenia (ALMI z-score < −2). Age and %BF were associated with the risk of the endpoint in univariable regression (age: HR 1.09 per year, 95% CI 1.02–1.17, p = 0.01; %BF: HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.17, p = 0.03). On multivariable regression, every 1% increase in %BF was associated with a 10% increased risk of reaching the clinical endpoint (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01–1.19; p = 0.03). ALM was not associated with the endpoint (HR 1.02 per kg, 95% CI 0.88–1.20, p = 0.77). ConclusionsIncreased adiposity is associated with higher risk for adverse outcomes. Prospective studies to assess lifestyle interventions to optimise body composition should be prioritised.

Relationship between Knee Muscle Strength and Fat/Muscle Mass in Elderly Women with Knee Osteoarthritis Based on Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the characteristics and correlation of knee muscle strength and body composition (fat and muscle mass) among elderly women aged 60–70 years with knee osteoarthritis. The present study hypothesized that the muscle mass and the peak torques of the knee joints were considerably low in the knee osteoarthritis (KOA) group. Methods: A total of 47 elderly women aged 60–70 years were recruited from Yangpu District in Shanghai and assigned to the knee osteoarthritis (n = 25, KOA) or healthy control group (n = 22, CON). The knee extension/flexion isokinetic strength measurements were conducted on an isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 90°/s. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the body composition (fat and muscle mass in the whole body and lower limbs). The independent sample t-test was employed to determine the effects of knee osteoarthritis on each variable, and the Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between the body composition and knee muscle strength. Results: Compared with the CON, the KOA exhibited the following: (1) Lower absolute peak knee extension torque (66.02 ± 10.57 vs. 56.61 ± 14.69 Nm), relative peak knee extension (1.11 ± 0.19 vs. 0.89 ± 0.26 Nm/kg), and flexion torque (0.62 ± 0.15 vs. 0.54 ± 0.16 Nm/kg, p < 0.05); (2) greater relative peak torque ratio of the knee extension and flexion (0.55 ± 0.08 vs. 0.62 ± 0.15, p < 0.05); and (3) lower total body muscle mass percentage (63.24% ± 4.50% vs. 59.36% ± 3.94%), particularly in the lower limbs (19.96% ± 1.51% vs. 18.47% ± 1.49%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the total body fat mass percentage was negatively associated with the relative peak knee extension and flexion torque regardless of the group (p < 0.05). The total body muscle mass percentage was positively associated with the relative peak knee extension torque in the two groups and the relative peak knee flexion torque in the CON (p < 0.05). Conclusion: For elderly women with knee osteoarthritis, knee muscle strength decreases significantly, especially for the extensor strength. Moreover, compared with fat mass, the index of muscle mass is more sensitive in detecting the decrease in knee joint torque. Therefore, rather than weight loss alone, the quadriceps muscle and the rear-thigh muscles, which maintain the stability of knee joints during rehabilitation training, should be strengthened emphatically to improve muscle mass.

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Predicts Negative Alterations in Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity in Chronic HIV Infection.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), a key negative regulator of fibrinolysis, has been investigated to be one of the potential mechanisms of the development of impaired insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Because chronically stable HIV-infected individuals frequently develop abnormal glucose metabolism, including insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, we postulated that PAI-1 could be one of the multifactorial pathogenic roles in the development of impaired insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance among chronic HIV-infected individuals. From our longitudinal cohort study, we selectively recruited chronically stable HIV-infected individuals without diagnosis of diabetes mellitus at baseline (N = 62) to analyze the correlation of baseline inflammatory cytokines, including PAI-1 and whole-body insulin sensitivity, with 2-year follow-up, as measured by Matsuda Index. We found a negative correlation between baseline PAI-1 and Matsuda Index (r = -0.435, p = .001) and a negative correlation between baseline PAI-1 and Matsuda Index at 2 years (r = -0.377, p = .005). In a linear regression model that included age, total body fat mass percentage, serum amyloid A, and family history of diabetes mellitus, PAI-1 still remained significantly associated with Matsuda Index at 2-year follow-up (β = -.397, p = .002). Our longitudinal study suggests that PAI-1 is an independent predictor of impaired insulin sensitivity among chronic HIV-infected individuals.

Gender Difference in Body Fat for Healthy Chinese Children and Adolescents.

This study aimed to establish gender-related differences and the percentile curves for total body fat mass percentage (Total FM%), trunk/appendicular fat mass ratio (TrAppFMR), and fat mass ratio as % fat trunk/% fat lower limb (TrLLFMR) in Chinese children and adolescents using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Children (n = 1541; 764 girls) and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years were recruited from southern China. Total FM% and regional FM were measured by DXA. TrAppFMR values were calculated as trunk FM divided by appendicular FM, and TrLLFMR values were calculated as the ratio between the percentage of trunk FM and the percentage of lower limb FM. Total FM% peaks for boys were at approximately age 11 years and continued to increase for girls throughout adolescence. Median Total FM% at the age of 19 years was 15.53% and 28.06% for boys and girls, respectively. Median TrAppFMR and TrLLFMR increases were 61% and 81% from 5 to 19 years of age in boys compared with those in girls, 31% and 54%. The curves for median TrAppFMR and TrLLFMR in girls were relatively flat, with TrAppFMR and TrLLFMR remaining near 1.0 after 16 years of age, whereas in boys, median TrAppFMR and TrLLFMR increased with age until approximately 19 years. Gender differences in the patterns of proportion and distribution of body fat were found. We present sex-specific percentile curves for Total FM%-age, TrAppFMR-age, and TrLLFMR-age relationships in this population.

Effect of increased adiposity on insulin sensitivity and adipokine concentrations in horses and ponies fed a high fat diet, with or without a once daily high glycaemic meal.

The relative influences of obesity and adaptation to high glycaemic diets on the development of insulin dysregulation in equids are unclear. To determine whether increased adiposity per se is responsible for the decreased insulin sensitivity often observed in obese horses or whether a dietary glycaemic response is critically important. Randomised controlled trial. Eighteen horses and ponies were studied over a 20-week period. They received ad libitum hay plus either a high fat (low glycaemic) diet (FAT; n = 6) or a similar (isocaloric) diet containing 1.5 g/kg bwt once daily glucose (GLU; n = 6) to induce obesity. A third group received a control ration (CON; n = 6). Adiposity was monitored using body condition score (BCS) and total body fat mass percentage (TBFM) determined using a deuterium oxide dilution technique. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using a frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured. The FAT and GLU groups became obese (BCS ≥7) whereas the CON group maintained moderate condition (BCS ≤6). Total body fat mass and leptin concentrations were increased in the FAT and GLU groups than in the CON group (P<0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Values for both insulin-dependent (SI) and insulin-independent (Sg) glucose disposal were higher in the GLU group compared with the FAT and CON groups (P = 0.006 and P = 0.03, respectively). There were no differences in adiponectin, TNF-α or SAA between groups (all P≥0.4). Increased adiposity did not reduce insulin sensitivity in either the FAT or the GLU diet groups, suggesting that obesity per se might not be responsible for the lower SI values reported in previous studies. Contrary to expectations, once daily glucose appeared to increase insulin sensitivity. Further work is required into the dietary causes of insulin resistance in equids.

Body Composition Assessment in Taiwanese Individuals With Poliomyelitis

Chang K-H, Lai C-H, Chen S-C, Hsiao W-T, Liou T-H, Lee C-M. Body composition assessment in Taiwanese individuals with poliomyelitis. Objectives To measure the changes in the total and regional body fat mass, and assess the clinical usefulness of the body mass index (BMI) in detecting overweight subjects with sequelae of poliomyelitis. Design Prospective, cross-sectional study. Setting General community. Participants Subjects with poliomyelitis (n=17; age range, 42–57y; mean, 47y; 12 men, 5 women) and able-bodied people (n=17) matched by sex, age, body weight, and body height participated in the study. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Total and regional body composition was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Clinical characteristics such as blood pressure, serum biochemical studies, and habitual behaviors (daily cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise regimen) of all participants were evaluated. Results Compared with able-bodied controls, subjects with poliomyelitis had a 50% greater total body fat mass, significant increases in the regional fat mass in every part of the body, and had the greatest increase of fat mass in the thorax. Nearly all the subjects (94%) with poliomyelitis were obese according to standards of body composition. However, one third of them had a BMI value of less than 25.0kg/m 2. Conclusions People with poliomyelitis have a higher prevalence of obesity and a significant increase in total and regional fat mass. Current BMI underestimates the total body fat mass percentage compared with the control; therefore, a population-specific BMI should be used to address the prevalence of obesity in postpolio survivors.

Validation of a new computer program for Minnesota coding

Chang K-H, Lai C-H, Chen S-C, Hsiao W-T, Liou T-H, Lee C-M. Body composition assessment in Taiwanese individuals with poliomyelitis.To measure the changes in the total and regional body fat mass, and assess the clinical usefulness of the body mass index (BMI) in detecting overweight subjects with sequelae of poliomyelitis.Prospective, cross-sectional study.General community.Subjects with poliomyelitis (n=17; age range, 42–57y; mean, 47y; 12 men, 5 women) and able-bodied people (n=17) matched by sex, age, body weight, and body height participated in the study.Not applicable.Total and regional body composition was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Clinical characteristics such as blood pressure, serum biochemical studies, and habitual behaviors (daily cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise regimen) of all participants were evaluated.Compared with able-bodied controls, subjects with poliomyelitis had a 50% greater total body fat mass, significant increases in the regional fat mass in every part of the body, and had the greatest increase of fat mass in the thorax. Nearly all the subjects (94%) with poliomyelitis were obese according to standards of body composition. However, one third of them had a BMI value of less than 25.0kg/m2.People with poliomyelitis have a higher prevalence of obesity and a significant increase in total and regional fat mass. Current BMI underestimates the total body fat mass percentage compared with the control; therefore, a population-specific BMI should be used to address the prevalence of obesity in postpolio survivors.