Total Body Fat Distribution Research Articles

The effects of a respiratory rehabilitation programme on body composition

Abstract Objective Analysis of the respiratory rehabilitation effects on body composition, performed for 10 patients with respiratory pathology. Materials and method In our pilot study were included patients with respiratory disease, for which bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed before and after an outpatient respiratory rehabilitation (RR) programme. The RR programme consisted of 20 sessions of exercise for lower limb (cycling and walking on a treadmill) and upper limb (weights). Results Ten patients followed the rehabilitation programme (five patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, two with bronchiectasis, one with cystic fibrosis, one with lung cancer and one with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis). Following the rehabilitation, they presented an important decrease in total body fat distribution (average total body fat distribution before RR – 31.38% and after RR – 27.09%, p = 0.000) and also segmental body fat distribution; we found an increase of total muscle mass after RR programme (average total muscle mass distribution before RR – 53.03 kg and after the RR – 56.84 kg, p = 0.000) and segmental muscle mass. The average body weight of the patients measured before and after the rehabilitation programme remained relatively constant in absolute value (81.8 kg and 81.3 kg after RR), probably by decreasing fat mass and increasing muscle mass. The RR programme had also a positive effect on increasing exercise tolerance (with 88.5 m at 6-min walk test) and dyspnoea improvement (decrease of mMRC scale with 1.5 points). Conclusion The RR programme has modified the body composition by increasing muscle mass and decreasing fat mass in the respiratory patients, with positive effects on symptoms and exercise tolerance.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its associations among adolescents in an urban, Sri Lankan community

BackgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common problem across the world. We aimed to determine the prevalence of NAFLD and its associations in Sri Lankan adolescents living in an urban Sri Lankan community.MethodThe study population consisted of the birth cohort of the year 2000, residing in the Ragama Medical Officer of Health area. Socio-demographic and anthropometric data [anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and total body fat distribution] of these adolescents were collected by trained data collectors. Fasting blood sugar, serum insulin, fasting serum lipids and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured and an abdominal ultrasound was performed. NAFLD was diagnosed on established ultrasound criteria for fatty liver and absent alcohol consumption.ResultsThe study sample consisted of 499 adolescents [263 (51.8%) girls]. Forty two (8.4%) had NAFLD. NAFLD was significantly associated with being breast fed for less than 4 months (33.3% vs. 17.1 in controls, p = 0.02), higher waist circumference (prevalence risk ratio 83.3/20.3, 4.1, p < 0.0001), higher body mass index (prevalence risk ratio 40.5/4.8, 8.4, p < 0/0001),higher HOMA-IR (3.7 vs. 1.9, p < 0.0001) and high triglycerides (prevalence risk ratio 14.3/5.8, 2.5, p = 0.033). Adolescents with NAFLD also had a higher amount of total body fat (p < 0.001) and subcutaneous fat (p < 0.001) than those without NAFLD. The number of children with metabolic derangements was higher among adolescents with NAFLD than those without (85.8 vs 26.3 in controls, p < 0.0001), but a family history of hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction or dyslipidaemia were not.ConclusionPrevalence of NAFLD was high in Sri Lankan adolescents, and was associated with metabolic derangements, especially obesity, insulin resistance and early cessation of breast feeding.

Anthropometric and body composition analysis of infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

ObjectivesTo evaluate the body composition and anthropometric profile of infertile women who have been diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to investigate the incidence of PCOS and to examine body fat composition as a risk factor for this disease.MethodsThis hospital-based case controlled study was conducted on a cohort of 132 patients with and without PCOS. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to record body composition parameters, such as total body fat, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, skeletal muscle composition and their distribution in the trunk, legs and arms, as well as blood pressure. Anthropometric profile parameters, including body mass index (BMI), ideal body weight (IBW), waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, were also recorded.ResultsThe mean age of incidence of PCOS was 29.74 ± 3.32 years (OR 1.417), and most of the cohort exhibited high to very high visceral fat with significant correlation (p < 0.001). Total body fat distribution and whole, trunk, arm and leg subcutaneous fat were significantly higher in patients with PCOS (p < 0.001). The mean BMI, waist and hip circumference of the PCOS group were 28.2 ± 6.08, 97.44 ± 15.11 cm and 109.22 ± 17.39 cm, respectively. The results also indicated significant increases in DP and MAP (OR 1.528) in patients with PCOS compared to the control group (p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study exhibits higher levels of BMI, body fat distribution, waist and hip circumference, diastolic and mean blood pressure, visceral fat, and a disproportionate increase in the level of global fat and its distribution.

Dietary fat composition, total body fat and regional body fat distribution in two Caucasian populations of middle-aged and older adult women

We aimed to study whether dietary fat composition (n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (PUFAs) and PUFAs and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ratio) is associated with total body fat (TF) and body fat distribution and whether this association was modified by the presence of chronic disease in middle-aged and elderly women in two population-based cohorts in the Netherlands and Australia. The study was performed in the Rotterdam Study (RS), a prospective cohort study among subjects aged 55 years and older (N=1182 women) and the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study (CAIFOS), a 5-year randomized controlled trial among women age 70+ (N=891). At baseline, diet (i.e. PUFAs and SFAs) was measured by validated food frequency questionnaires. TF was assessed using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in both studies and android abdominal fat (AF), gynoid fat (GF) and the android/gynoid ratio (A/G ratio) in the RS but not the CAIFOS. Chronic disease was defined as the presence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and cancer. No association was found between dietary n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratio or SFA/PUFAs ratio with TF in both cohorts. In the RS, a high n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratio was associated with a higher AF (3rd vs. 2nd tertile (reference): β: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.24) but not with the A/G ratio. A low SFA/PUFA ratio was associated with a lower AF (1st vs. 2nd tertile (reference): β: -0.12; 95% CI: -0.22, -0.06) but not with the A/G ratio. Presence of chronic disease was found to be a significant effect modifier in both cohorts with regard to n-3/n-6 PUFAs and TF (P<0.05). In participants without chronic disease, a higher n-3/n-6 PUFAs ratio was associated with a higher TF in the RS cohort (3rd vs. 2nd tertile (reference): β: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.12, 1.76), but this was not replicated in CAIFOS. These findings do not support the hypothesis that dietary fat composition is consistently associated with TF and body fat distribution in women. Future studies should clarify to what extent these findings may be influenced by the presence of chronic disease.

Loss of PIKFyve In Murine Platelets Leads to Aberrant Platelet Granule Biogenesis and a Pleomorphic Phenotype with Multiorgan Failure

AbstractAbstract 159Platelets contain numerous biologically active substances that are packaged into three different types of lysosome-related secretory granules that are released upon activation. Once released from the platelets, the contents of these granules contribute not only to hemostasis and thrombosis, but also to a wide range of pathologic processes, such as tumor metastasis formation, osteoporosis, and hepatitis, among others. However, the signaling events involved in platelet granule formation and exocytosis are not well understood. The phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinostol 3,5 bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2) is critical for membrane trafficking at the vacuole (the lysosome equivalent) in yeast. However, very little is known about the function of PtdIns(3,5)P2 production in higher eukaryotes. In mammals, PtdIns(3,5)P2 is the product of PtdIns(3)P phosphorylation by the lipid kinase, PIKFyve. Platelets contain PIKFyve, and synthesize PtdIns(3,5)P2 following thrombin stimulation. Given the function of PtdIns(3,5)P2 in yeast membrane trafficking, we hypothesized that PtdIns(3,5)P2 production by PIKFyve regulates the biogenesis and/or secretion of platelet granules. To test this hypothesis, we genetically engineered mice to lack PIKFyve activity specifically in their megakaryocytes and platelets. Homologous recombination lox P sites were introduced to flank exons 42 and 43, which encode the activation loop of the PIKfyve kinase domain. Resultant PIKFyve fl/fl mice were crossed with PF4 Cre+ mice that express Cre from the Platelet factor 4 promoter. This breeding strategy results in PIKFyve fl/fl PF4 Cre+ offspring that are predicted to have lost PIKFyve expression in only their megakaryocytes and platelets. A total of 40 PIKFyve fl/fl PF4 Cre+ mice were examined and compared with their control littermates. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated a complete loss of normal PIKFyve mRNA in platelets from the PIKFyve fl/fl PF4 Cre+ mice. Surprisingly, by 3–4 weeks of age, all 40 PIKFyve fl/fl PF4 Cre+ mice, but not PIKFyve fl/fl PF4 Cre- or PIKFyve f/+ PF4 Cre+ mice, developed diffuse dorsal alopecia and progressive weight gain associated with general body swelling. This was more pronounced in the abdomen, perineum, and limbs, and became more prominent as the mice aged. By 5–6 months of age, PIKFyve fl/fl PF4 Cre+ mice displayed severe body swelling with abdominal distention, disabling them from normal ambulation and feeding. A DEXA scan for total body fat distribution and bone mineral density revealed that PIKFyvefl/fl PF4 Cre+ mice had approximately 50% lower body fat content and 20% lower bone mineral density as compared to their control littermates. Necropsy of 5-month-old PIKFyvefl/fl PF4 Cre+ mice demonstrated that large vacuolated cells extensively infiltrated multiple organs, including bone marrow, kidney, pancreas, liver, heart, thymus, lung, small and large intestines, genital organs, and skin. These cells resembled brown fat or foamy histiocytes in that the cytoplasm was entirely replaced by giant vacuoles, but their identity is currently unknown. We hypothesize that these invasive cells are of hematopoietic or vascular origin, since they initially infiltrate the organs in a perivascular distribution before they ultimately invade and replace the majority of the organs' cellular architecture. Despite this lethal abnormality, PIKFyvefl/fl PF4 Cre+ mice have normal platelet counts. Furthermore, in response to thrombin or collagen, platelets from these mice have essentially normal P-selectin exposure and ATP release, reflecting normal release of contents from alpha granules and dense granules, and their aggregation profile is similar to that of control platelets. Nevertheless, flow cytometric analysis indicates that mepacrine uptake and storage in dense granules and lysosomes is markedly impaired. This suggests that PIKFyve and its product, PtdIns(3,5)P2 play a role in the incorporation of specific components into either dense granules or lysosomes. In conclusion, we observed that loss of PIKFyve activity in murine platelets is associated with defective incorporation of selected contents within granules, and a pleomorphic phenotype that is due to multiple organ infiltration with largely vacuolated cells of undetermined origin. These findings provide further evidence that platelets contribute to a wide range of biologic processes that extend beyond hemostasis. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Total Body Fat Distribution as Part of Multiorgan MR Imaging: New Tool for Risk Assessment in the Metabolic Syndrome?

MR imaging of total body fat distribution may be used in the future for risk assessment and personalized medicine in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Regional Fat Distribution and Sleep Apnea: Sex Makes a Difference

Regional Fat Distribution and Sleep Apnea: Sex Makes a Difference

Body composition and serum lipids in female runners: influence of exercise level and menstrual bleeding pattern.

The impact of running and menstrual disturbances on regional and total body fat distribution and serum lipids was investigated in 205 women. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The total fat mass in the elite runners was approximately half of the normally active's (7.3 [0.48] kg vs. 14.3 [0.49] kg, P < 0.001) (mean [SEM]). The difference was most pronounced in the abdomen (fat percentage 9.7 [0.85]% vs. 22.0 [0.88]%, P < 0.001). The elite runners tended to have a more favourable lipid profile than the normally active (NS). A significant relation was found between lipoproteins and body fatness. In comparison with the regularly menstruating runners (n = 93), the 13 runners with amenorrhea tended to have less body fat and slightly less favourable lipid profiles (NS). In conclusion, regular exercise was associated with a low abdominal fat percentage, which may affect cardiovascular risk beneficially. Running-associated menstrual dysfunctions were not significantly related to a specific body composition or serum lipid profile.