Total Bioactive Compounds Research Articles

Impact of Drying Methods on The Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel

Pomegranate peel, a fruit by-product, is a rich source bioactive compound. This study evaluated the effects of shade (SD) and oven drying (OD) on the bioactive content and antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by reducing power activity, radical scavenging, and metal chelating assays. Results showed that total bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity were influenced by drying methods. The study indicated that pomegranate peel could be utilized in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Analyzing the gut microbiota and microbial-associated metabolites of tomato-based sauces

Red Cooked Sauce (RCS) and Red Raw Sauce (RRS) are a mixture of natural crops that have a promising content of bioactive compounds (BC). The aim was to determine the effect of the indigestible fraction (IF) during the colonic fermentation in RCS and RRS by studying the two-way relationship between gut microbiota composition and microbial metabolites produced from BC fermented in the TNO in vitro dynamic model of the human colon (TIM-2). Total BC in undigested and predigested RRS, 957 and 715 mg/100 g DW, respectively, was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the RCS, 571 and 406 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Catenibacterium and Holdemanella increased during RCS fermentation, while 13 genera showed a clear positive correlation with most microbial phenolic metabolites. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms, pathways, and enzymes involved in producing microbial metabolites exhibited uniqueness among bacterial taxa, even within shared genus/family classifications.

UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS metabolite profiles of different extracts from Pelargonium endlicherianum parts and their biological properties based on network pharmacological approaches.

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the chemical profiles and biological activities of different extracts (ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water) of Pelargonium endlicherianum parts (aerial parts and roots). Free radical scavenging, reducing power, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating were assayed for antioxidant properties. To detect enzyme inhibitory properties, cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase, and tyrosinase were chosen as target enzymes. The ethanol extract of the aerial parts contained higher amounts of total bioactive compounds (120.53 mg GAE/g-24.46 mg RE/g). The ethanol and water extracts of these parts were tentatively characterized by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and 95 compounds were annotated. In addition, the highest acetylcholiesterase (3.74 mg GALAE/g) and butyrylcholinesterase (3.92 mg GALAE/g) abilities were observed by the ethanol extract of roots. The water extract from aerial parts exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effects on multiple cancer cell lines, especially A549 (IC50: 23.2 µg/mL) and HT-29 (IC50: 27.43 µg/mL) cells. Using network pharmacology, P. endlicherianum compounds were studied against cancer, revealing well-connected targets such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), AKT, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2, and growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (GRB2) with significant impact on cancer-related pathways. The results could open a new path from natural treasure to functional applications with P. endlicherianum and highlight a new study on other uninvestigated Pelargonium species.

The behavior of arsenic accumulation in onion (Allium cepa) structures by irrigation water: effect of phosphates and arsenic on the total bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity.

The presence of arsenic (As) in irrigation water is a threat to agricultural crops as well as human health. The presence of arsenic and phosphorous in irrigation water influences the behavior of bioaccumulation, biotransfer, and total bioactive compounds in the distinct parts of the onion structure. The present work evaluates the behavior of the bioaccumulation and biotransfer of As in the structures of onion (Allium cepa) through a composite central design and response surface method. The factors employed include the concentration of arsenic (V) and phosphate (V) in the nutritive solution. Additionally, this study analyzes the behavior of the effect that the induced stress has on the total bioactive compounds (phenols and flavonoids) and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH) in the onion roots. The results showed that the physiological properties, bioaccumulation factors, As transference, and the total bioactive compounds in the onion structure are affected by the competition of As and phosphates (P(V)) in the irrigation water. For concentrations of As and phosphorous of 450 μg L-1 and 0.30 mg L-1 respectively in irrigation water, there are negative effects on the equatorial diameter of the bulb (DE), length, weight of the leaf, and weight of the bulb. Besides, the transference and bioaccumulation factors range from 0.02 to 0.22 and from 2.15 to 7.81, respectively, suggesting that the plant has the ability to accumulate As but exhibits a low translocation ability of As from the root to aerial organs. Besides, it is found for central concentrations of As and phosphorous (450 μg L-1 and 0.30 mg L-1, respectively) in irrigation water, a greater production occurs in total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH) as a response to the stress generated by As.

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata) pulp: characterization and stability of anthocyanins under different conditions

Tropical fruits provide a high economic potential and their inclusion in the diet can provide health benefits. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the proximal composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and stability of anthocyanins of acerola pulp in the absence and presence of light at temperatures of 7 and 21.7°C. The results for the proximal composition (g/100 g) were 93.49 moisture, 0.04 protein, 0.09 lipid, 0.60 ash, and 6.28 carbohydrates, totaling a 28.29 kcal/100 g caloric value. For total bioactive compounds, the results were 3.22 µg/g chlorophyll, 29.71 µg/g carotenoids, 3.74 g/100 g flavonoids, and 6.12 mg/100 g phenolic compounds. Acerola pulp showed high antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods with values of 6.17 μmol/g and 3.19 mM TEAC/g, respectively. Regarding the stability of anthocyanins, in acerola pulp stored away from light and at a temperature of 7°C, these pigments remained more stable than when subjected to light and a temperature of 21°C. Thus, it was possible to perceive that, in addition to the acerola being important for the food industry, storage under low temperatures and the absence of light can contribute to greater stability of anthocyanin pigments.

Bioavailability of bioactive compounds in Hibiscus sabdariffa beverage as a potential anti-inflammatory

The absorption and metabolism of bioactive compounds (BCs) in a Hibiscus sabdariffa drink (HbD) were evaluated by the in vivo bioavailability of organic acids (OA) and phenolic compounds (PC’s). An acute single-blind clinical study in humans was conducted. Twelve volunteers consumed a HbD and a control drink (CD). Urine and plasma samples were taken after consuming both beverages. OA and PC’s of the beverages (HbD and CD) and the biological samples (urine and plasma) were characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS. Thirthy-eight compounds in HbD and four CD were detected and quantified, equivalent to 937.37 mg and 1.22 mg per 60 mL, respectively. Hibiscus acid was the most abundant OA in both drinks.Additionally, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and anthocyanidins were also detected in HbD, although their amount represented 10% of the total BCs. 25 different metabolites were identified, 15 in urine and 23 in plasma. The microbiota extensively biotransformed PCs and their amount was lower than organic acids, particularly hibiscus acid and hydroxycitric acid. The colonic metabolites derived from PCs and organic acids would be behind the anti-inflammatory bioactivity described for Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae family). However, further studies are necessary to evaluate the metabolites responsible for their anti-inflammatory activity.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) Cv. queen peel herbal tea with a variety of drying temperatures: bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity

Pineapple peel is a by-product that is potentially developed to be herbal teas. The research objectives were to find out the proper drying temperature on total biochemical content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, and sensory properties of pineapple peel herbal tea. The pineapples peel herbal tea was prepared by drying peels in a cabinet dryer for 12 hours at 50, 60 and 70oC. Qualitatively, phytochemical screening was analyzed for the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and terpenoids. Quantitatively, total phenols, flavonoid, and alkaloid were determined by the colourimetric method. The DPPH methods applied to measure free radical scavenging activity, and the diffusion method was determined antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical screening showed the absence of terpenoid in pineapple peel teas dried at three different temperatures. The drying temperature at 60oC and 70oC produced total bioactive compounds (phenolic, flavonoid, and alkaloid) better than 50oC. Furthermore, the most significant antioxidant activity against DPPH was obtained from the product dried at 60oC with an IC50 of 448.31 ppm. All those herbal teas were suitable for the growth suppressing of Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. This study found that pineapple peel tea herbal with 60oC drying temperature was the most significant value based on bioactive components, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, which are considered potential herbal tea products.

Assessment of antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties of Myrtus communis L. leaves

This study investigated the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties of Myrtus communis leaves. Three different solvents including methanol, 50%-methanol, and water were used to extract of M. communis. In addition, total bioactive compounds were evaluated by using total phenolic and total flavonoid content assays. In antioxidant assays, water extract displayed the highest antioxidant potential. The MeOH extract demonstrated the highest inhibitory effect against AChE (4.38 mg GALAE/g), BChE (1.58 mg GALAE/g), α-amylase (0.56 mmol ACE/g), and tyrosinase (132.20 mg KAE/g). The M. communis leaves extract could be used as a promising raw material source in food and medicine industries.

Effect of Different Drying Techniques on Total Bioactive Compounds and Individual Phenolic Composition in Goji Berries

In recent years, interest in the consumption of dried goji berries has increased due to its high bioactive properties. Alternative drying methods that provide faster drying and better preservation of bioactive properties should be developed. This study aims to investigate the effect of different drying methods on the drying time and quality characteristics of the goji berry; namely, hot-air drying (HAD), ultrasound-assisted vacuum drying (USVD), vacuum drying (VD), freeze-drying (FD), and ultrasound-pretreated freeze-drying (USFD). The drying kinetic, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, phenolic profile, carotenoid profile, and color change of the goji berry fruit were determined. The drying times for VD, USVD, and HAD varied between 275–1330 min. USVD treatment showed faster drying behavior than the other two drying methods. The total phenolic content (TPC) value of dry samples varied between 1002.53–1238.59 mg GAE/g DM. USVD treatments exhibited a higher total phenolic content (TPC) value than all other drying methods. DPPH and CUPRAC values varied between 15.70–29.90 mg TE/g DM and 40.98–226.09 mg TE/g DM, respectively. The total color change (ΔE) value ranged between 4.59 and 23.93 and HAD dried samples showed the highest ΔE of all samples. The results of the phenolic profile were consistent with TPC analysis. HAD caused higher phenolic compound degradation than VD, USVD, and FD. The results of this study showed that different drying techniques significantly affected the drying rate and retention of bioactive components of the goji berry fruit, and the USVD and VD methods could be used as an alternative to the HAD method. This study concluded that USVD and FD could be considered as suitable drying methods and could be used as alternatives to HAD in the drying of goji berries.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant capacities, and in vitro biological activities of the extract of seed coat as by-products of pea

Converting seed coat peas (hulls) (SCP) into beneficial products provides a solution for waste treatment. This study aimed to investigate the phytoconstituents and biological activities of SCP extract. Phytochemical screening, total bioactive compounds, and GC–MS analysis were evaluated. Then, the antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral activities of SCP extract were determined. The results demonstrate that SCP extract has bioactive compounds such as carbohydrates (29.53 ± 4.23 mg/mL), protein (0.24 ± 0.02 mg/mL), phenolics (27.04 ± 0.94 mg GAE/g extract), and flavonoids (17.19 ± 0.48 mg QE/g extract). The existence of more than 16 substances was determined using GC–MS analysis. The extract showed potential antioxidant activities, with the maximum activity seen for extract (IC50 µg/mL) = 79.16 ± 1.77 for DPPH, 67.40 ± 5.20 for ORAC, and 61.22 ± 4.81 for ABTS assays. The SCP extract showed potent antimicrobial activity against four gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Streptomyces sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella sp.) and two gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp.). SCP extract exhibited potential anticancer activity against lymphoma U937 and leukemic cells (THP1). The extract exhibited potential antiviral activity, with a selectivity index (SI) equal to 11.30 and 18.40 against herpes simplex-II (HSV-2) and adenovirus (Ad7), respectively. The results demonstrate more accurate information about peas by-products' chemical and antioxidant activities in various applications. The chemical components of peas by-products were found to have an in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral activity against leukemia and lymphoma.

Effects of Soaking, Cooking, and Steaming Treatments on the Faba Bean Seeds’ Total Bioactive Compounds Content and Antioxidant Activity

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a winter-sowing grain legume with high-protein content utilized for human consumption and animal feeding. Faba beans contain high levels of polyphenol compounds with various nutritional benefits. Legume seeds, such as faba beans, are subject to different processing procedures before consumption, which decreases the levels of their bioactive compounds (polyphenols and flavonoids), resulting in a reduction in antioxidant activity. This study aimed to examine the influence of soaking, cooking, and steaming treatments on the total polyphenols, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity levels of Broad (large) and Field (small) faba beans. Initially, the influence of the different extraction solvents on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and ferric reduction ability of plasma antioxidant activity (FRAP), variables were inspected, wherein the extraction efficiency. 70% acidic acetone treatment was found to be the best solvent for extraction. Then, we determined the soaking, cooking, and steaming effects on TPC, TFC, and FRAP levels compared to dry seeds as the control. It was found that the various processes resulted in a significant reduction in the level of these components in the processed seeds of both Broad and Field beans. Nevertheless, the soaking treatment resulted in the smallest reduction. In addition, steaming caused a more moderate decline among the cooking types. Therefore, to maintain a higher level of these three ingredients in the final product, it is better to steam the seeds than cook them.

A comprehensive comparative study among the newly developed Pure Brew method and classical ones for filter coffee production

Pure Brew represents a real innovation because it allows one to obtain a fast-filter coffee with an espresso machine without the need for the barista to purchase additional equipment. This study investigated the difference between Pure Brew, French Press, V60 and AeroPress in terms of physical and chemical characteristics, extraction yields, volatile compounds by GC-MS and bioactive molecules by UHPLC-MS of resulting coffee, studying also powder particle size. Finally, main results showed that Pure Brew is comparable to other methods available on the market, but also showed the highest levels of caffeine (598.28 ± 8.84 and 556.13 ± 1.22 μg/mL) and total bioactive compounds (1726.8 ± 22.4 and 1407.89 ± 9.53 μg/mL) in medium and dark roasted coffee, compared to the other brewing methods. Pure Brew also displayed the most positive results in extraction yields, it falls into the ideal extraction percentage (18–22%) at the three different degrees of roasting, versus the other brewing methods. At the light roast, for Pure Brew were discovered the most olfactometrically impactful molecules of the study at GC-MS, 5-Methyl 2-furancarboxaldehyde, Furfural, and 2-Furanmethanol, connected with positive remarks, associated with almond and sweet.

Study on drying kinetics, antioxidant activity, total bioactive compounds, physicochemical properties and microstructural characteristics of dehydrated star fruits (Averrhoa carambola) by different drying methods

Drying ensures an uninterrupted supply of highly perishable and seasonal fruits such as star fruit (Averrhoa carambola).

Phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Schefflera bojeri (Seem.) R. Vig. (Araliaceae)

Schefflera bojeri possesses several therapeutic virtues: the leaves are used to alleviate hypertension and the bark for the treatment of diabetes. This work aims to verify its potential medicinal virtues. Quantitative analyses of phytochemicals from the leaves and bark were performed using spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity was determined with DPPH and FRAP assays. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the two methanol extracts were respectively assessed on the in vivo experimental pain and oedema models. Their antidiabetic property was determined using the oral glucose tolerance test in mice. The acute toxicity of the methanolextracts was evaluated in mice. The total bioactive compound content (TBCC) in the leaves was two-fold more than in the bark as well as the total phenolic compounds (TPC). Oxalic acid (22.39%) was the main compound quantified in the bark, while ferulic acid (18.42%) was of the main molecule in the leaves. The leaves exerted a stronger antioxidant activity than the bark against DPPH but exerted a similar activity on ferric ions. Both the methanol extracts showed a similar dose-dependent analgesic activity ( p < 0.05). Yet, the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extracts at each phase of observation (1h, 2h, 3h and 4h, p < 0.05, respectively) was in a dose-dependent manner however the leaves exerted more potent activity than the bark at the dose of 200 mg/kg at each time of observation. Both of the extracts demonstrated a dose-dependent hypoglycaemic activity at 60- and 120 min post glucose administration ( p < 0.01). Both of the methanol extracts did not show any sign of preliminary toxicity. The secondary metabolites in the extracts could be at the origin of preliminary pharmacological properties justifying the therapeutic virtues of this species. Further phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies should be undertaken to better clarify these biological activities. • Schefflera bojeri leaves are used to alleviate hypertension and its bark is used to treat diabetes. • Oxalic acid (22.39%) was the major compound quantified in the bark and ferulic acid (18.42%) was those of the leaves. • The methanol extracts exerted antalgic and anti-inflammatory activities in a dose-dependent manner. • The methanol extracts decreased the glycaemia dose-dependently. • The methanol extracts did not reveal any toxicity signs using an acute toxicity assay.

Polyphenols Profile and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.: A Potential Candidate against Obesity, Aging, and Skin Disorder.

Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. is attracting scientific interest due to the diverse biological activities of its various parts and its use in folk medicine. The present study was undertaken to investigate the tissue-specific differential expression pattern of its total bioactive compounds. The study was further extended to whole plant phenolics profiling, in vitro enzyme inhibition activities, followed by in silico enzyme inhibition analysis to assess its potential as herbal medicine. The amount of total phenolics in different tissues was followed in decreasing order as old leaf, flower bud, root, young leaf, flower, old stem, and young stem, while that for the flavonoids was old leaf, root, young leaf, flower bud, flower, young stem, and old stem. This study identified rosmarinic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol in this plant for the first time. The solvent extracts demonstrated strong inhibition of lipase and tyrosinase activity, along with varying degrees of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity. Among the detected compounds, ten displayed strong in silico binding affinities with the tested enzymes. The findings provide a new insight into further investigation of the medicinal potential of this species against obesity, neurological disorders, and aberrant skin color.

Assessment of free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolics of green and red perilla leaves and changes during simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Soluble (free, esterified) and insoluble-bound phenolics and changes in the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities during simulated digestion of raw green and red (Perilla frutescens) leaves were determined in this study. HPLC analysis revealed that the predominant phenolic compounds were rosmarinic acid (RA) in the free fraction and caffeic acid (CA) in the insoluble-bound fraction. Interestingly, in the free phenolic extraction, green perilla had higher RA, whereas red perilla exhibited higher levels of esterified and insoluble-bound phenolics. Simulated digestion illuminated a continuous increase in antioxidant content and activity during the transition from the stomach to the small intestine. After the gastric phase, the release of total bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity increased under alkaline conditions in the small intestine, with red perilla releasing more than green perilla. These findings provide a clearer understanding of the health benefits of polyphenols in Japanese perilla leaves and provide a scientific basis for the potential health benefits of adding nutrients to foods.

Profile of Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity in Cell Suspension Culture of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus

Cell suspension cultures of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus produce flavonoids and various secondary metabolites. Flavonoid profile and antioxidant activity of the suspension culture extract of E. grandiflorus cells have not been studied. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the antioxidant activity and flavonoid profile of the suspension culture extract of E. grandiflorus cells. Cell suspension cultures of E. grandiflorus were produced from leaf stalk callus that grew on WPM medium with a growth regulator 2.5 ppm 2,4-D. Cells were harvested at 30 days old and then extracted for profile analysis of bioactive compounds using the LC-MS method. The antioxidant activity analysis was conceded out using the DPPH method. The results showed that there were 32 types of flavonoids, of which 11 compounds had a concentration of more than 1% of the total bioactive compounds and had the potential to have antioxidant activity. The analysis results also showed that flavonoids type, composition, and antioxidant activity were not significantly different between the ages of E. grandiflorus cell suspension cultures. In addition, there was no correlation between flavonoid concentration and antioxidant activity. This study enriches information about secondary metabolites production in the E. grandiflorus cell culture which is still very rarely studied because of its rarity. The study also provides potential antioxidant as a scientific basis evident for E. grandifloras cell culture application in medical purpose.

Microencapsulation of polyphenolic compounds recovered from red wine lees: Process optimization and nutraceutical study

Bioactive polyphenolic compounds, recovered by nanofiltration of Cabernet Sauvignon wine lees were encapsulated with maltodextrin to obtain a spray dried micro powder with enhanced nutritional value.A Central Composite Design allowed setting up optimal spray‒drying conditions using a commercial grape extract‒polyphenol as the reference polyphenolic source and considering maltodextrin concentration and the inlet temperature as independent variables. The optimized spray‒drying conditions were: maltodextrin 7 g/100 mL, inlet temperature 110 °C. These conditions were then applied to lees nanofiltrates and retentate. The obtained microcapsules were characterized according to the drying yield (62.9–82.0%), moisture (0.81–1.52%), total bioactive compounds (0.08‒0.57 mg GAE/100 mg dw), surface bioactive compounds (5.8–34.5%), microencapsulation efficiency (65.5–94.2%), polyphenols recovery (57.4–82.7%), and antioxidant activity (0.27‒0.36%). The microcapsules showed high stability and durability when subjected to accelerated aging using the stress‒heat test, as evaluated by calculating first-order rate constants of degradation of the encapsulated polyphenols and the reduction of radical scavenging capacity; stability over time was further confirmed by the reduced water activity of the micro powders (ranged 0.27–0.36). Lastly, an in‒vitro simulated digestion was performed under physiological conditions evidencing a different bioaccessibility of polyphenols among samples (ranged 50–78%) and suggesting potential for the encapsulated polyphenols to be absorbed at gastrointestinal level.

Antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of extracts from the Algerian plant Moltkia ciliata

In the present study, we reported the evaluation of antioxidant properties using electrochemical and spectrophotometric assays and determination of total bioactive compounds content of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) extracts of Moltkia ciliata growing in Algeria. The results obtained showed that the EtOAc extract was rich in bioactive compounds, which showed the most effective antioxidant capacity in all tests compared to the n-BuOH extract. This was confirmed by the chromatographic analysis and HPLC of the extract of many compounds in different quantities. The difference in antioxidant activity can be explained by differences in the levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. The study concludes this plant is a rich source of phenols and flavonoids, and also showed good in-vitro antioxidant activity by all methods. Thus, the plant M. ciliata can be explored as a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Antiviral Potential Analysis of Jamblang Seed Essential Oil (Syzygium cumini) Using GCMS

Jamblang (Syzygium cumini) essential oil is another form of extraction to explore its potential medicinal properties. This study aims to determine the content of bioactive compounds contained in seed essential oil using the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectophotometer (GCMS) approach. Jamblang seed essential oil is produced through a steam distillation process. The results of the GCMS analysis were evaluated using the MASSLAB program. The data obtained from the GCMS tool was then further analyzed using the PubChem NCBI database software (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and PASS online. The results of this study indicate that there are 61 phytochemical compounds in jamblang seed essential oil. Of the total bioactive compounds, there are 2 phytochemical compounds that are useful as antivirals, while those that have similarities above 80% are 10 compounds. The results of this study can be used as a basis for a program to develop the potential use of bioactive compounds in jamblang seed essential oil as an antiviral. In future research, it is necessary to analyze other plant parts and make comparisons to complete the existing database.