Total Amount Of Nitrogen Research Articles

Unveiling nutraceutical, antioxidant properties and bioactive compound profiling of Chironji gum

Plant gums had great significance from ancient times because of their medicinal qualities and bioavailability due to their wide uses such as ethnomedical purposes, culinary, pharmaceutical, paper, textile, and other sectors. Chironji is a natural gum-producing underutilized, and native crop to India, and its pulp and kernel contain high nutraceutical value. The Chironji plant-produced gum might have some nutraceutical value. Hence, in the present study, morphological, physical, and biochemical parameters of gum were analyzed. The result of this study revealed that Chironji gum contains a fair amount of total polysaccharide (36.05 %), total protein (22.6 %), total nitrogen (3.61%), and total amino acid (20.4%). Through UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis, different bioactive compounds namely 1,2- aminoalcohols, acyl monophosphates, amino cyclitol, aromatic amide, polychlorinated biphenyl, chlorohydrin's, depsipeptides, pyridines, terpene glycosides, alkaloid, etc, are profiled in Chironji gum. Apart from these physicochemical properties, the development of safety profiles is also required to be a part of pharmaceutical use.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONTENT OF TOTAL NITROGEN, POTASSIUM AND THE METHOD OF CULTIVATION ON SOME QUALITATIVE FEATURES OF STRAWBERRY

The qualitative composition of the ripe fruits of strawberry (hybrid variety- Alba) was examined on growing areas in Glumova (open field) and Shishova (in greenhouse conditions) in the municipality of Saraj- Skopje, with some different agrochemical characteristics, i.e. in Glumova the average total nitrogen values of 0.182% and potassium (K2O) 29.50mg/100g soil were significantly higher than those found in Shishova (0.116% and 20.24mg/100g soil). In ripe strawberry fruits, the amounts of total sugars, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), total nitrogen and potassium found were significantly dependent on the agrochemical properties and the method of their cultivation. In strawberry fruits grown in greenhouse conditions (Shishova), the amount of total sugars 3.68%, ascorbic acid (64.57 mg/100g FW), total nitrogen 9.10 mg/g-1 DM and potassium (K) 1.64 % in DM were significantly lower in relation to the average values found in strawberry samples grown in an open field (Glumova).

Effect of feeding time and time of harvest of fresh pasture on urinary and faecal nitrogen excretion patterns in sheep

ABSTRACT Under New Zealand grazing systems, a high proportion of the nitrogen consumed by ruminants is excreted. This experiment examined the effect of feeding morning and afternoon harvested annual ryegrass, fed shortly after harvest, on the timing of nitrogen excretion in one-year-old sheep during winter. Dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content increased in the afternoon-harvested ryegrass. This resulted in increased protein and WSC intakes and a decrease in nitrogen loss in the sheep fed in the afternoon with afternoon-harvested grass. The pattern of urinary nitrogen excretion was related to feeding time with peak urinary urea excretion in the period 4–8 hours after feeding, with over 60% of the daily urinary urea excreted in the 12 hours after the feed was offered. This study suggests that shifting stock onto new pasture breaks in the afternoon could reduce nitrous oxide production by increasing the efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in animals and reducing the total amount of nitrogen excreted. It may be possible to utilise the potential diurnal differences in pasture composition to reduce nitrogen losses. This practise could also improve animal performance as well as change the timing of nitrogen excretion.

Mathematical Model of Gasification of Solid Fuel

This paper presents an innovative mathematical model of solid fuel gasification, which is not described in the available literature. The calculation of the components of the heterogeneous phase (including both solid and gaseous phases) as well as the calculation of the homogeneous phase (only gaseous components) is based on the balance of the total amounts of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen entering the reactor space. Additionally, this paper introduces a new method for calculating the composition of the gaseous phase, based on reducing the heterogeneous mixture (composed of solid and gaseous phases) to a homogeneous gaseous phase. This approach to calculating the gaseous phase composition in the solid fuel gasification process has not been found by the authors in the cited literature. This paper also presents a model for calculating the heterogeneous and gaseous phases using the number of moles that participate in the assumed chemical reactions of the solid fuel gasification process. This approach to calculating the composition of the heterogeneous and gaseous phases of the solid fuel gasification process is also not represented in the cited literature. For comparison with the literature data, municipal solid waste (MSW) and cashew nut shell (Cashew Shell Char (CNSC)) were used as fuels in the calculation of gasification composition. The results of the calculation of the gaseous phase composition using the model presented in the paper show good agreement with the data from the literature. The calculation of the composition of the heterogeneous mixture during the steam gasification of MSW (α = 0.4) shows the presence of a solid phase (carbon) up to approximately 735 °C. At that temperature, the synthetic gas contains only gaseous components: CO = 33.10%, H2 = 52.70%, CH4 = 2.54%, CO2 = 4.97, H2O = 5.93% and N2 = 0.76%. Increasing the temperature above 735 °C eliminates the solid phase from the equilibrium mixture. The literature data on solid fuel gasification generally do not consider the proportion of the solid phase (carbon) in the equilibrium mixture. To satisfy the material balance at the input and output of the gasification reactor, it is necessary to determine the proportion of the solid phase (carbon) in the equilibrium mixture. Since the proportion of the solid phase (carbon) in the heterogeneous equilibrium mixture can only be determined through measurement, the development and application of a mathematical model in engineering practice is of great importance, so this developed model can be considered a useful tool for simulating the influence of process parameters on gas characteristics.

Analysis of carbon and nitrogen from atmospheric sources by bulk deposition sampling at various locations in Germany

Atmospheric deposition of particulate matter is an important indicator of air pollution and a significant factor in material surface fouling. The elemental composition of this nutrient-containing dust depends largely on the exposure region and time as well as on climate. Therefore, in this paper we report an analysis of atmospheric pollutions with a self-made low-cost bulk deposition sampler directed at sampling deposition via air transport and rainfall. We used the device in diverse environments - thus comparing an urban region, an area surrounded by forest and an area mainly dominated by agriculture. The total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) amounts were selected as indicator parameters and analyzed in a biweekly rhythm for three and a half and two years, respectively. The TOC value responded to particulate matter in the urban area, especially significant were the influences of the New Year's firework in urban and pollen in the rural forest area. In contrast, the TN value was more under the influence of the nitrogen emissions in the agriculture-dominated area. However, the TN value did not correlate with the NOx values in the urban area because the atmospheric nitrogen emissions in the city might originate from various emission sources. Summarizing, the TOC and TN values of the self-made low-cost bulk deposition sampler were in good agreement with environmental events of their immediate surrounding. Moreover, the selected containers and sampling procedures are universally applicable to monitor and analyze organic as well as inorganic parameters (e.g. metal ions) of atmospheric deposition.

Assessment of the surface water quality in high-altitude springs in the Sagarmatha (Everest) National Park, Nepal

This study's goal was to examine how the physico-chemical properties of high-altitude springs in eastern Nepal's Sagarmatha National Park and buffer zone changed annually over a period of three years (2008-2010). The majority of the sampling locations were chosen along the treks from Lukla to Everest Base Camp, Gokyo, and Imja valley. Chemical parameters, such as total nitrogen and total phosphorous, were studied in the ecology laboratory of Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, while physical characteristics such as pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), and conductivity were assessed on the spot by water analyzer kit Although water quality standards still meets the WHO's and Nepal's standards for drinking water, the quality of the spring water is starting to deteriorate. On the main tourist treks, Changes in water quality metrics in water bodies have been observed. Each year, the values of total nitrogen (TN-NO3), total phosphorous (TP-PO4), and pH change, indicating a decline in the quality of the springs water bodies in the Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ). The values of TN-NO3 and TP-PO4 had significantly increased, indicating that human impact had also increased. Although the amount of total nitrogen in water samples was lower than the WHO limit, there has been an increase in nitrate-nitrogen as compared to past findings. Similar to this, it was discovered that the total phosphorus value increased both annually and in earlier reports. Therefore, sufficient care should be taken to stop future deterioration. The research produced a database for the current state of Nepal's highland springs, which may be used to manage the springs and research how human activity affects water quality.

Integrated approach for sustainable degradation of tolperisone hydrochloride from water by photodegradation: Chemometrics, chemical kinetics, intermediates, and environmental toxicity assessment

Even though we have only one planet to live on, environmental pollution is still an urgent global issue. Among all-natural threatened resources, the drinkable water has one of the most burdening influences on the life quality and economy. The pharmaceutically active ingredients are the most concerning pollutants. In this study, heterogeneous photocatalysis was used as a sustainable alternative for tolperisone hydrochloride (TLP) removal from water. The degradation pathway of TLP was also analyzed using various scavengers and it was found that the contribution of reactive species changed in following order: OHfree· ˃ h+ ≫ OHads· > e-. Furthermore, 12 photodegradation intermediates of TLP were identified using LC–ESI–MS/MS. In addition, the toxicity of TLP and its degradation intermediates were examined on barley, using chemometrics. The most significant variations were observed on barley plant after 4 days of germination and on the root, during the barley biomass production. The results also showed that TLP and its intermediates are harmful to the plants, due to deteriorating water uptake with toxic TLP-compounds that reach the vital parts of plants. Also, slightly variations in total nitrogen amount were observed. The high genetic variability efficiently guards barley from various environmental stresses.

Yield, Quality, and Nitrogen Leaching of Open-Field Tomato in Response to Different Nitrogen Application Measures in Northwestern China.

The overuse of fertilizers in open-field tomato leads to soil deterioration through nutrient leaching and increases the risk of agricultural non-point source contamination. Currently, the combined effects of different fertilization methods on soil nitrogen leaching and tomato production are still unclear. Therefore, the most effective fertilization method for open-field tomato should be discovered by examining how different fertilization methods affected tomato yield and quality, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and soil nitrogen leaching. Compared with CK (no fertilization), fertilization significantly increased the yield, total sugar (TS), total soluble solids (TSS), and vitamin C (vC) contents of fruits (p < 0.05), and OPT (optimal fertilization, controlled release nitrogen application, 240 kg ha-1) had the largest effect on increasing yield, quality, and net profit. However, when the fertilizer application rate reached 375 kg ha-1, these indices decreased. Nitrogen leaching concentrations, leaching amount, and titratable acids (TAs) increased with increased nitrogen application rates. Compared with other treatments, OPT reduced the total leaching amounts of total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) by 30.09-51.79%, 24.89-50.03%, and 30-65%, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that OPT achieved the highest overall score in terms of yield, quality, and nitrogen leaching conditions. The partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) further reveals that applications of high amounts of nitorigen have a positive effect on soil nitrogen leaching. The amount of nitrogen leaching vegetatively affects tomato yield and quality, while plant uptake of nitrogen positively affects tomato production. These findings confirm the importance of using controlled-release fertilizers and reducing nitrogen inputs to control nitrogen leaching and enhance open-field tomato yields.

A preliminary study on heavy metal monitoring in soil and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) biomass amended with sewage sludge.

Applying sewage sludge in agricultural soils is an interesting source of organic matter. This study aimed to monitor concentrations of heavy elements in soil and guar plants, which can pose a risk to the health of humans and animals if they enter the food chain through the soil-plant system. The experiment revealed that applying sludge increased the amount of organic matter, total nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus in the soil. Additionally, the concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn in all treatments remained below the permissible limits for soil. The highest plant height and plant dry weight were recorded in the sludge and sludge + fertilizer treatments. The dry weight of the guar varied from 629 g m-1 in the control treatment to 1050 g m-1 in the sludge + fertilizer plots. The use of sludge increased the accumulation of heavy metals in the above-ground parts of the guar plant compared to the control. However, the level of heavy metal remained within the normal range and below the toxic concentration. Our results also showed that the application of sludge along with fertilizer improved the quality of the guar forage by increasing the levels of crude protein, digestible dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrates. Overall, the results indicated that using sludge as organic fertilizer can improve soil properties, reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers, and decrease the harmful effects of heavy metals on the environment and health in the research area.

Nutrient release dynamics in relation to stages of Lagarosiphon major decay following treatment with diquat herbicide

Herbicide treated weed beds release nutrients into the water column and have been implicated in providing ‘fuel’ for algal blooms. Here we assess the timing and magnitude of nutrient releases in relation to the visual signs of plant damage post-herbicide treatment. Lagarosiphon major shoots were exposed to one of eleven different diquat concentrations ranging from 0 to 1 mg l−1 for 1, 10 or 100 min. Visual symptom of decay and total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) concentration were monitored for 21 days after treatment. The largest rate and amount of TN and TP were released prior to and with shoot discolouration, suggesting a mechanism of diquat mediated cell lysis. Proportionally more P than N was released initially, and P releases became negative as the lagarosiphon decayed. N releases peaked with shoot discolouration, declining for the remainder of the assessment period, becoming negative when the shoot was deemed dead. The relationship between visual stage of decay and TN and TP release identified in this study could be used by lake managers to help assess the role of herbicide treated weed beds in fuelling algal blooms but will need to be put into a lake specific framework.

Driving Factors Influencing Soil Microbial Community Succession of Coal Mining Subsidence Areas during Natural Recovery in Inner Mongolia Grasslands.

Soil microorganisms significantly influence the energy flow and material cycle of soil ecosystems, making them highly susceptible to environmental changes, such as those induced by mining activities. Studying the succession of soil microbial communities after mining subsidence is crucial for comprehending the significance of soil microbes in the natural recovery process following subsidence. Therefore, the soil properties, vegetation communities, and soil microbial communities of the subsidence area, as well as unexploited areas, were analyzed during the natural restoration process (1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 years). The results demonstrate that mining subsidence has a significant impact on the aboveground vegetation community, soil properties, and microbiological community. Following an extended period of natural recovery, a new stable state has emerged, which differs from that observed in non-subsidence areas. The total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen amounts may be key factors driving the natural recovery of bacterial communities, and total potassium and available potassium may be key factors driving the natural recovery of fungal communities. The natural recovery mechanism of soil microorganisms was analyzed along with the changes related to vegetation and soil physicochemical properties. The mechanism was explained from three perspectives, namely, plant-led, soil-led, and soil-microbial-led, which could provide a theoretical basis for the natural restoration of grassland ecosystems and provide guidance for the treatment of coal mining subsidence areas.

Response of Black Nightshade to Different Cropping Systems and the Effect on Physiological Parameters and Mineral Composition

In southern African countries, production of indigenous leafy vegetables is commonly practiced at home garden and/or commercial level due to their significant contribution toward eradication of hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition. Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) is among African leafy vegetable (ALV) highly recognised for its pharmacological and nutritive benefits. Several research have shown that ALVs can be cultivated in the open field or greenhouses, however, little information is available on the changes of the agronomical parameters and mineral composition. The aim of the study was to compare the physiological parameters and mineral composition of nightshade grown in the open field vs. greenhouse cropping systems. The results of the study revealed high-leaf area and relative chlorophyll content in the open field conditions while plant height and the number of leaves were reportedly higher under the greenhouse system. Minerals elements such as magnesium, copper, manganese, iron, zinc, and aluminium were significantly higher in the open field cropping system, while greenhouse cultivation recorded higher sulphur and boron. Notably, no significant amount was observed in calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium between open field and greenhouse system. Furthermore, a significant amount of total nitrogen was reported in the open field, however, no significant difference was observed in moisture and ash content for both cropping systems. In conclusion, black nightshade cultivated in open field provided higher leaf chlorophyll, leaf area, and trace elements compared to greenhouse cultivation while macro minerals concentration had no significant difference in both cropping systems.

Isolation and Identification of Microfungi from Diesel Oil Contaminated Soils and Their Physico-Chemical Analysis

Diesel oil contaminated soils were collected and analyzed for various Physico-chemical properties that included moisture content, total carbon, total nitrogen and phosphorus using standard protocol and the data compared from normal uncontaminated soils. Analysis revealed that all 5 samples of diesel oil contaminated soils possessed higher percent of moisture content, greater amounts of total carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in comparison to non-contaminated control soils. The diesel oil contaminated soils are not suitable for cultivation of agricultural crops. Though, several species of fungi were isolated from diesel contaminated soils but only 6 species of Aspergillus utilized diesel oil as sole carbon and nitrogen source as these grew well and sporulated normally on 2% agar that contained 10% of diesel oil only as nutrient. These included Aspergillus luchuensis, Aspergillus violaceofuscus, Aspergillus niveus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus ustus. which also grew well in broth containing 0.5% jaggery (for initial growth) supplemented with 10% diesel oil only which suggest that these species could utilize diesel oil as sole carbon and nitrogen source because no other nutrient other than diesel oil was added into the medium. The role of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus is soils has been discussed in this paper.

Detection of salmon meat freshness using QCM gas sensor array combined with physicochemical method

Salmon meat is easy to be spoiled during transportation and storage due to its abundant protein and fatty acids. During the spoilage process, the released volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may vary significantly, mainly including trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), formaldehyde (HCHO), ammonia (NH3). Herein, a gas sensor array based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) modified with four carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO), Mxenes (Ti3C2TX), hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and graphite oxide alkyne (GOP) was established to detect TMA, DMA, HCHO and NH3 in salmon meat, respectively. Carbon-based materials have the advantages of high specific surface area and high stability, so they have great potential in gas adsorption. It was observed that the QCM sensors modified with four sensing carbon-based materials presented good sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability towards corresponding target gases. Finally, the sensor array composed by aforementioned four sensors were used to analyze freshness of salmon samples. The response matrix was processed by principal component analysis (PCA) for visualization. Further discrimination model was established by quadratic support vector machine (QSVM) and the classification accuracy was 100%. To demonstrate the feasibility of discriminating salmon freshness by gas sensor array, the identification results were correlated with the amount of total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) measured by semimicro-Kjeldahl method.

Development of water resources protection planning and environmental design in urban water conservancy landscape based on ecological concept

Abstract With the development of society, water resources are gradually scarce and water pollution is becoming increasingly serious, which would seriously restrict the development of the urban economy. In response to the current problems of water scarcity and severe water pollution, this article will study the key points of urban environmental design development based on ecological concepts. This article will also use ecological concepts to divide water function zones based on different pollution-carrying capacities in different regions, which can be mainly divided into two levels. In the experimental analysis section, the Xiongan New Area will be analyzed. This article randomly selected three regions in the Xiongan New Area and studied the utilization rate of various types of water in these regions. The pollution capacity and main water resources of each region in the functional area were planned and designed. Through experiments, it can be found that based on ecological concepts, it is beneficial to improve the pollutant-carrying capacity of each functional area and reduce the total amount of ammonia nitrogen.

Effects of the key environmental and management factors on the advantages of film mulching spring maize in northwest China: A meta-analysis

Film mulching (FM) have been widely adopted to increase crop yields in semi-arid and arid regions in northwest China. So far, there are some effects of FM on coupling mechanism water-carbon/nitrogen use in dry-farming agriculture, but it's still not clear. Therefore, this study of FM impacts on spring maize yield, evapotranspiration (ET), total nitrogen uptake (TNU) of above-ground parts and water use efficiency (WUE) are necessary. We conducted a meta-analysis of FM, including 108 studies in northwest China. Overall, FM significantly increased spring maize yield, ET, TNU and WUE by ca. 50.7%, 2.6%, 56.4% and 50.2%, respectively. When growth period rainfall (GPR) is between 200 and 400 mm, the effects of FM on yield, ET and TNU were the strongest, while at GPR < 200 mm, the effects of FM on WUE were the strongest. The effect sizes of FM on yield, TNU and WUE increased with the increase of altitude, while the maximum effect size of ET appeared in the range of 1000–2000 m. On the basis of FM, further increasing the plant density (at PD> 75000 plant ha−1) can also increase the yield, ET, TNU and WUE by ca. 61.8%, 7.3%, 80.2% and 54.7% respectively. The effect sizes of FM on yield, ET, TNU and WUE increased first and then decreased with the increase of total nitrogen amounts (TNA), and the maximum effect values appeared in the range of 200–300 kg ha−1. In conclusion, FM can improve the adaptation threshold of spring maize to drought and high altitude. Moreover, spring maize yield was mainly co-determined by growth period rainfall, altitude, planting density, total nitrogen application and other factors.

Harmonized biochemical modification of cell walls to get permission for entrance of Azospirillum sp. to rice roots

Biological nitrogen-fixation is important in increasing crop efficiency. Azospirillum is a nitrogen-fixing microorganism that naturally coexists with grasses roots. The present study was undertaken to clarify the role of rice root cell walls in the acceptance of two Azospirillum species, alone or in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments. Rice seedlings were grown in Yoshida solution for 21 days and then inoculated with A. brasilense and A. irakens in the presence of 0, 0.57, and 1.14 mM of IAA or 0, 0.29, and 0.58 mM GA3 or a combination of 1.14 mM of IAA and 0.58 mM of GA3. The results showed that the amount of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, total nitrogen and activity of ferulic acid peroxidase, NADPH oxidase, nitrate reductase, pectin methyl esterase, cellulase, mannanase, xylanase and pectinase were significantly increased in inoculated samples treated with or without phytohormones. The highest activity of these enzymes was observed in A. brasilense- inoculated rice roots in auxin+gibberellin treatment. In the latter, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and wall ferulic acid peroxidase enzymes, the content of cell wall polysaccharide, lignin, and total phenolic compounds were the least, compared to controls and also with those samples which were inoculated with A. irakens. The results indicate an active role of the wall and its enzymes in allowing bacteria to enter the roots. Understanding this mechanism can improve the methods of inoculating bacteria into plants and increase crop efficiency, which will result in reduced use of chemical fertilizers and their destructive environmental effects.

Microbial Spoilage of Traditional Goose Sausages Produced in a Northern Region of Italy.

Recently, during the ripening of goose sausage, a defect consisting of ammonia and vinegar smell was noticed. The producer of the craft facility, located in Lombardia, a Northern region of Italy, asked us to identify the cause of that defect. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the potential responsible agents for the spoilage of this lot of goose sausages. Spoilage was first detected by sensory analysis using the "needle probing" technique; however, the spoiled sausages were not marketable due to the high ammonia and vinegar smell. The added starter culture did not limit or inhibit the spoilage microorganisms, which were represented by Levilactobacillus brevis, the predominant species, and by Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium. These microorganisms grew during ripening and produced a large amount of biogenic amines, which could represent a risk for consumers. Furthermore, Lev. brevis, being a heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB), also produced ethanol, acetic acid, and a variation in the sausage colour. The production of biogenic amines was confirmed in vitro. Furthermore, as observed in a previous study, the second cause of spoilage can be attributed to moulds which grew during ripening; both the isolated strains, Penicillium nalgiovense, added as a starter culture, and P. lanosocoeruleum, present as an environmental contaminant, grew between the meat and casing, producing a large amount of total volatile nitrogen, responsible for the ammonia smell perceived in the ripening area and in the sausages. This is the first description of Levilactobacillus brevis predominance in spoiled goose sausage.

Chemical Composition of Wet Atmospheric Deposition in a Natural Urban Reserve, Conservation of Green Urban Areas: a Mexico City Case Study

Green areas are essential for life in cities and for the conservation of ecosystem services in the case of megacities such as Mexico City. Green areas mitigate air pollution, reduce the temperature, and promote infiltration to feed the aquifers that, in the case of Mexico City, supply 68% of the water. Additionally, food production and recreational usage are important for the population. In the years 2017 and 2018, the chemical composition of wet deposition in the southern part of Mexico City was analyzed, daily and weekly. The study area is located in the greenest part of Mexico City, an important site for water recharge and carbon sequestration. Mexico City, like other megacities of high- and low-income countries, faces serious problems of air pollution. The purpose of this study was to measure the amount of total nitrogen and sulfur that is available in a natural reserve located inside the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and conductivity, pH, rain volume, and anions and cations were analyzed as well. Eighteen months of data were analyzed in order to understand the atmospheric deposition in and anthropogenic influence on an urban green natural area from the southern part of the city. Although both stations are less than 2 km apart, there are significant differences in their chemical composition; however, no differences were found for precipitation and pH, indicating that each station provides a local contribution, depending on local events and sources. Samples included rain events match for both sampling sites, with 67% of the samples in the same rain event match. Nonetheless, when only volume is compared for each year, both tests showed no significant difference (pv = 0.520). Throughout the year, various rainfall rates occur at the CU-CCA and REPSA stations, and the rainy season presents during the May–October period; the median value registered for both monitoring stations was 780 mL, and maximal rainfall was 4780 mL presenting at the CU-CCA station.

Influence of land use types on soil carbon fractions in the Qaidam Basin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Soil carbon is an essential component that influences soil health and agronomic productivity, and land-use practices significantly impact soil carbon stocks. In this study, the researchers investigated the impact of various land-use types (farmland, orchards, grasslands, and facility lands) on soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions in the Qaidam Basin of China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The soil samples were taken from the 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths. The particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) fractions of various land uses have been measured. The results revealed that grasslands had the greatest POC/SOC ratio (0.59), with POC accounting for the majority of the SOC fraction. In contrast, all other land-use types (facility land, orchards, and farmland) had greater MAOC/SOC ratios than POC/SOC. The facility land had the highest SOC content (17.75 g kg−1), and orchard had the lowest (8.51 g kg−1). The grassland had the highest POC content (9.82 g kg−1) at a depth of 0–10 cm. The trend for MAOC content among the various land-use types was facility lands > farmlands > grasslands > orchards. The soil pH was also observed to be moderately alkaline, with an average of 8. The orchard has the highest bulk density (BD), measuring 1.38 g cm−3. The grasslands contained the highest amount of total nitrogen (TN) (2.2 g kg−1) while the agricultural fields contained the highest amount of total phosphorus (TP) (1.16 g kg−1). In addition, facility lands showed the highest level of microbial activity compared to other land-use types. According to the findings, SOC, POC, and MAOC fractions had considerably positive associations with TN and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), but were significantly negatively associated with metabolic CO2. The findings imply that different land-use types can have a considerable impact on the quality and amount of soil organic carbon, which has consequences for soil health and ecosystem processes. The findings also highlight the significance of long-term land management practices that promote the preservation and enhancement of soil organic carbon in various land-use systems.