Torso Motion Research Articles

Virtual Reality Audio Game for Entertainment and Sound Localization Training

Within the gaming and electronics industry, there is a continuous evolution of alternative applications. Nevertheless, accessibility to video games remains a persistent hurdle for individuals with disabilities, especially those with visual impairments due to the inherent visual-oriented design of games. Audio games (AGs) are electronic games that rely primarily on auditory cues instead of visual interfaces. This study focuses on the creation of a virtual reality AG for cell phones that integrates natural head and torso movements involved in spatial hearing. Its assessment encompasses user experience, interface usability, and sound localization performance. The study engaged eighteen sighted participants in a pre-post test with a control group. The experimental group underwent 7 training sessions with the AG. Via interviews, facets of the gaming experience were explored, while horizontal plane sound source localization was also tested before and after the training. The results enabled the characterization of sensations related to the use of the game and the interaction with the interfaces. Sound localization tests demonstrated distinct enhancements in performance among trained participants, varying with assessed stimuli. These promising results show advances for future virtual AGs, presenting prospects for auditory training. These innovations hold potential for skill development, entertainment, and the integration of visually impaired individuals.

Responses of Vehicular Occupants During Emergency Braking and Aggressive Lane-Change Maneuvers.

To validate active human body models for investigating occupant safety in autonomous cars, it is crucial to comprehend the responses of vehicle occupants during evasive maneuvers. This study sought to quantify the behavior of midsize male and small female passenger seat occupants in both upright and reclined postures during three types of vehicle maneuvers. Volunteer tests were conducted using a minivan, where vehicle kinematics were measured with a DGPS sensor and occupant kinematics were captured with a stereo-vision motion capture system. Seatbelt loads, belt pull-out, and footrest reaction forces were also documented. The interior of the vehicle was 3D-scanned for modeling purposes. Results indicated that seatback angles significantly affected occupant kinematics, with small female volunteers displaying reduced head and torso movements, except during emergency braking with a upright posture seatback. Lane-change maneuvers revealed that maximum lateral head excursions varied depending on the maneuver's direction. The study concluded that seatback angles were crucial in determining the extent of occupant movement, with notable variations in head and torso excursions observed. The collected data assist in understanding occupant behavior during evasive maneuvers and contribute to the validation of human body models, offering essential insights for enhancing safety systems in autonomous vehicles.

Visually induced involuntary arm, head, and torso movements

We explored in 75 s long trials the effects of visually induced self-rotation and displacement (SR&D) on the horizontally extended right arm of standing subjects (N = 12). A “tool condition” was included in which subjects held a long rod. The extent of arm movement was contingent on whether the arm was extended out Freely or Pointing at a briefly proprioceptively specified target position. The results were nearly identical when subjects held the rod. Subjects in the Free conditions showed significant unintentional arm deviations, averaging 55° in the direction opposite the induced illusory self-motion. Deviations in the Pointing conditions were on average a fifth of those in the Free condition. Deviations of head and torso positions also occurred in all conditions. Total arm and head deviations were the sum of deviations of the arm and head with respect to the torso and deviations of the torso with respect to space. Pointing subjects were able to detect and correct for arm and head deviations with respect to the torso but not for the arm and head deviations with respect to space due to deviations of the torso. In all conditions, arm, head, and torso deviations began before subjects experienced SR&D. We relate our findings to being an extension of the manual following response (MFR) mechanism to influence passive arm control and arm target maintenance as well. Visual-vestibular convergence at vestibular nuclei cells and multiple cortical movement related areas can explain our results, MFR results, and classical Pass Pointing. We distinguish two Phases in the induction of SR&D. In Phase 1, the visual stimulation period prior to SR&D onset, the arm, head, and torso deviations are first apparent, circa < 1 s after stimulus begins. They are augmented at the onset of Phase 2 that starts when SR&D is first sensed. In Phase 2, reaching movements first show curved paths that are compensatory for the Coriolis forces that would be generated on the reaching arm were subjects actually physically rotating. These movement deviations are in the opposite direction to the MFR and the arm, head, and torso deviations reported here. Our results have implications for vehicle control in environments that can induce illusory self motion and displacement.

Run-time motion and first-order shim control by expanded servo navigation.

To provide a navigator-based run-time motion and first-order field correction for three-dimensional human brain imaging with high precision, minimal calibration and acquisition, and fast processing. A complex-valued linear perturbation model with feedback control is extended to estimate and correct for gradient shim fields using orbital navigators (2.3 ms). Two approaches for sensitizing the model to gradient fields are presented, one based on finite differences with three additional navigators, and another projection-based approximation requiring no additional navigators. A mechanism for noise decorrelation of the matrix and the data is proposed and evaluated to reduce unwanted parameter biases. The rigid motion and first-order field control achieves robust motion and gradient shim corrections improving image quality in a series of phantom and in vivo experiments with varying field conditions. In phantom scans, magnet drifts, forced gradient field perturbations and field distortions from shifts of a second bottle phantom are successfully corrected. Field estimates of the magnet drifts are in good agreement with concurrent field probe measurements. For in vivo scans, the proposed method mitigates field variations from torso motions while being robust to head motion. In vivo gradient field precisions were along with single-digit micrometer and millidegree rigid precisions. The navigator-based method achieves accurate, high-precision run-time motion and field corrections with low sequence impact and calibration requirements.

Understanding the Influence of Fatigue on Full Arm Gestures in Augmented Reality Environments

This research investigates fatigue’s impact on arm gestures within augmented reality environments. Through the analysis of the gathered data, our goal is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the constraints and unique characteristics affecting the performance of arm gestures when individuals are fatigued. Based on our findings, prolonged engagement in full-arm movement gestures under the influence of fatigue resulted in a decline in muscle strength within upper body segments. Thus, this decline led to a notable reduction in the accuracy of gesture detection in the AR environment, dropping from an initial 97.7% to 75.9%. We also found that changes in torso movements can have a ripple effect on the upper and forearm regions. This valuable knowledge will enable us to enhance our gesture detection algorithms, thereby enhancing their precision and accuracy, even in fatigue-related situations.

Semantic-aware hyper-space deformable neural radiance fields for facial avatar reconstruction

High-fidelity facial avatar reconstruction from monocular videos is a prominent research problem in computer graphics and computer vision. Recent advancements in the Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in rendering novel views and garnered attention for its potential in facial avatar reconstruction. However, previous methodologies have overlooked the complex motion dynamics present across the head, torso, and intricate facial features. Additionally, a deficiency exists in a generalized NeRF-based framework for facial avatar reconstruction adaptable to either 3DMM coefficients or audio input. To tackle these challenges, we propose an innovative framework that leverages semantic-aware hyper-space deformable NeRF, facilitating the reconstruction of high-fidelity facial avatars from either 3DMM coefficients or audio features. Our framework effectively addresses both localized facial movements and broader head and torso motions through semantic guidance and a unified hyper-space deformation module. Specifically, we adopt a dynamic weighted ray sampling strategy to allocate varying degrees of attention to distinct semantic regions, enhancing the deformable NeRF framework with semantic guidance to capture fine-grained details across diverse facial regions. Moreover, we introduce a hyper-space deformation module that enables the transformation of observation space coordinates into canonical hyper-space coordinates, allowing for the learning of natural facial deformation and head-torso movements. Extensive experiments validate the superiority of our framework over existing state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating its effectiveness in producing realistic and expressive facial avatars. Our code is available at https://github.com/jematy/SAHS-Deformable-Nerf.

An Object Deformation-Agnostic Framework for Human–Robot Collaborative Transportation

In this study, an adaptive object deformability-agnostic human-robot collaborative transportation framework is presented. The proposed framework enables to combine the haptic information transferred through the object with the human kinematic information obtained from a motion capture system to generate reactive whole-body motions on a mobile collaborative robot. Furthermore, it allows rotating the objects in an intuitive and accurate way during co-transportation based on an algorithm that detects the human rotation intention using the torso and hand movements. First, we validate the framework with the two extremities of the object deformability range (i.e., purely rigid aluminum rod and highly deformable rope) by utilizing a mobile manipulator which consists of an Omni-directional mobile base and a collaborative robotic arm. Next, its performance is compared with an admittance controller during a co-carry task of a partially deformable object in a 12-subjects user study. Quantitative and qualitative results of this experiment show that the proposed framework can effectively handle the transportation of objects regardless of their deformability and provides intuitive assistance to human partners. Finally, we have demonstrated the potential of our framework in a different scenario, where the human and the robot co-transport a manikin using a deformable sheet. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Transportation of objects which requires the cooperation of multiple partners, is a common task in industrial settings such as factories and warehouses. The existing human-robot collaboration solutions for this task have focused only on purely rigid objects, although deformable objects need to be carried frequently in real-world applications. In this paper, we introduce a human-robot collaborative transportation framework that can handle objects with different deformability ranging from purely rigid to highly deformable. In particular, the proposed framework generates whole-body movements on a mobile collaborative robot by combining of the haptic information transmitted through the object and the human motion information obtained from a motion capture system. Moreover, the framework includes an intuitive way to rotate the object during the execution based on human hand and torso motion. The results of the experiments where objects with various deformability characteristics were transported in collaboration with a mobile manipulator demonstrated the high potential of the proposed approach in a laboratory setting. In the future, we plan to employ a less expensive vision-based human motion tracking system instead of the IMU-based system used in this study. With this change, we will be able to eliminate the need for wearable sensors from the framework presented, which would enhance its usability in real-world scenarios.

Acute effect of dry needling on trunk kinematics and balance of patients with non-specific low back pain

BackgroundLimited knowledge exists about the effectiveness of dry needling (DN) concerning the torso kinematics in patients with non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP). Acute effects of DN in NS-LBP patients from a functional perspective were investigated. MethodsSixteen NS-LBP patients and 11 healthy individuals (HG) were examined. NS-LBP patients received a single session of DN at the lumbar region. Baseline and immediate post-treatment measurements during flexion-extension and lateral bending of the trunk were conducted for the NS-LBP patients. HG were measured only at baseline to be used as a reference of NS-LBP patients' initial condition. Algometry was applied in NS-LBP patients. Centre of pressure, range of motion of the trunk and its’ derivatives were obtained. FindingsHG performed significantly faster, smoother and with greater mobility in the performed tasks compared to the pre intervention measurements of the NS-LBP patients. For the NS-LBP patients, significant greater angular velocity in frontal plane and significant lower jerk in the sagittal plane were demonstrated post intervention. DN alleviated pain tolerance significantly at the L5 level. Regarding the effectiveness of the DN upon spine kinematics, their derivatives were more sensitive. InterpretationIt appeared that the pathological type of torso movement was acutely affected by DN. NS-LBP patients showcased smoother movement immediately after the intervention and better control as imprinted in the higher derivative of motion although range of motion did not improve. This quantitative variable may not be subjected to acute effects of DN but rather need additional time and training to be improved.

Effects of decades of physical driving experience on pre-exposure postural precursors of motion sickness among virtual passengers

Previous research has shown that motion sickness associated with virtual vehicles is more common among passengers than among drivers. Separately, other studies have shown that postural precursors of motion sickness during virtual driving differ as a function of prior experience driving physical vehicles. We investigated the intersection of those prior effects: We asked whether decades of physical driving experience 1) would influence motion sickness among passengers in a virtual vehicle, and 2) would influence postural precursors of motion sickness among passengers in a virtual vehicle. In our study, middle-aged adults were exposed to a virtual vehicle as passengers. Some participants (Physical Drivers) had decades of experience driving physical automobiles, while others (Physical Non-Drivers) had rarely or never driven a physical vehicle. First, we measured head and torso movement as standing participants performed simple visual tasks. Then, each participant watched a recording of the motion of a virtual vehicle, which induced motion sickness in some participants. Afterward, neither the incidence nor the severity of motion sickness differed between Physical Drivers and Physical Non-Drivers. Our analysis of pre-exposure standing body sway revealed postural precursors of motion sickness in measures of the spatial magnitude and temporal dynamics of movement. In statistically significant interactions, these precursors (Well vs. Sick) differed as a function of physical driving experience (Physical Drivers vs. Physical Non-Drivers). Overall, our results indicate that, among virtual passengers, long-term real-world driving experience influenced the postural precursors of motion sickness, but not the incidence or severity of motion sickness. We discuss these results in terms of relationships between perception and motor control in theories of motion sickness etiology.

Performance criteria for para-athletes in fencing

ABSTRACT Wheelchair fencing is an opposition sport on a specific wheelchair, with a fixed distance between the two athletes. As for other Paralympic sports, different categories exist for the different pathologies of the athletes. Searching for biomechanical performance criteria is of primary interest for coaches, recruiters and trainers. Such performance criteria have been highlighted for able-bodied fencers but not for para-fencers. Through transposition, the corresponding parameters for para-fencers would be the weapon speed and the ability to move the trunk forward and backward on their wheelchair. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine performance criteria for para-fencers. Eleven French para-fencers performed fencing activities with a motion capture system while facing each other, with their own equipment. Different activities were realised to quantify the allonge, the weapon speed, and the torso motion. Only the correlation between the range of motion of the torso and the mass of the athletes wielding an épée was significant ( p = 0.02 ). The comparison between the different categories showed significant differences for the torso motion, which was not found for the weapon speed. Future studies, with a larger cohort, might help validate, or not, tendencies found in this study.

Torso articulation in sign languages

Abstract Torso articulation in sign languages is mentioned variably in the linguistic analysis of sign languages but is often ignored. The prevailing idea seems to be that detailed study of movement of the parts of the torso will yield little insight into linguistic matters – so mentions can be general and brief. The result is that torso articulations are an unmined area – perhaps one that holds treasures, particularly regarding the appreciation of creative sign language. We draw together the findings of other research regarding torso articulation, then give an inventory of possible torso articulations, exemplified with signs from dozens of the world’s named sign languages, and a brief overview of how annotation systems have approached torso movement in signs. We end with suggestions for how the study of torso articulation can open new avenues of sign language research.

Effects of Wearable Lumbar Support Exoskeleton on Motion of Torso and Dynamic Plantar Pressure in Single-Shoulder Load.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are a major health issue, but there is little research to show whether active lumbar exoskeletons are suitable for single-shoulder load. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of wearable lumbar support exoskeleton with single-shoulder load on movement of the lumbar and thoracic spine and plantar pressure. The experiment was conducted considering ten healthy male young adults. Data about three-dimensional motion angles of the lumbar and thoracic spine, as well as plantar pressure, were collected in the control condition (0% of body weight: 0% BW), experimental condition A (single-shoulder load: 5% BW and 10% BW), and experimental condition B (single-shoulder load and left lateral traction: 5% BW-T and 10% BW-T). The two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted with device and weight as within subject factors. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. In experimental condition A, significant difference observed in the lumbar and thoracic flexion angle compared to 0% BW (all p<0.05). the plantar pressure information was affected by the single-shoulder load especially about plantar pressure. In experimental condition B, there were no significant differences on the all values of lumbar and thoracic angles other than the ROM value of thoracic rotation angle in 5% BW-T and 10% BW-T (p = 0.0082 and p = 0.0056). Furthermore, the COP of the subject was symmetrical in experimental condition B, the peak force increased compared to 0% BW but less than the single-shoulder load. The WLSE provided a possibility for protecting and preventing the human lumbar and thorax in single-shoulder load.

Body motion of choral singers.

Recent investigations on music performances have shown the relevance of singers' body motion for pedagogical as well as performance purposes. However, little is known about how the perception of voice-matching or task complexity affects choristers' body motion during ensemble singing. This study focussed on the body motion of choral singers who perform in duo along with a pre-recorded tune presented over a loudspeaker. Specifically, we examined the effects of the perception of voice-matching, operationalized in terms of sound spectral envelope, and task complexity on choristers' body motion. Fifteen singers with advanced choral experience first manipulated the spectral components of a pre-recorded short tune composed for the study, by choosing the settings they felt most and least together with. Then, they performed the tune in unison (i.e., singing the same melody simultaneously) and in canon (i.e., singing the same melody but at a temporal delay) with the chosen filter settings. Motion data of the choristers' upper body and audio of the repeated performances were collected and analyzed. Results show that the settings perceived as least together relate to extreme differences between the spectral components of the sound. The singers' wrists and torso motion was more periodic, their upper body posture was more open, and their bodies were more distant from the music stand when singing in unison than in canon. These findings suggest that unison singing promotes an expressive-periodic motion of the upper body.

The Complexity of Head Movement is Correlated with Learning about Affordances for Walking

We asked whether the quantitative kinematics of standing postural activity might be related to short-term learning of affordances. Standing participants viewed a narrow path for 15 s, and then gave perceptual reports about the distance that they could walk along the path while wearing a weighted vest (novel affordance) or while not wearing the vest (familiar affordance). In a control condition, participants gave perceptual reports about egocentric distance along the path. During the 15 s viewing intervals, we measured the kinematics of head and torso movement as standing participants made a series of 12 perceptual reports. Perceptual reports improved across trials, but only in the condition in which participants were asked to perceive a novel affordance. The dynamical complexity of head movement changed across trials as participants gave perceptual reports about the novel affordance, but did not change systematically when perceiving a familiar affordance, or a non-affordance egocentric distance. We argue that the dynamical complexity of postural activity may have served an exploratory function supporting the learning of a novel affordance. Our results are consistent with the broader hypothesis that affordances are learned through active engagement with the environment, rather than (for example) through abstract cognitive processing.

Automated coding Non-manual Markers: Sign language corpora analysis using FaceReader

The present study aims to introduce the possibility of coding facial expressions and head movements in different sign languages using the FaceReader program. Considering that Non-Manuals Markers (NMMs) (facial expressions, head and torso movements) are an important part of the signed languages grammar, the FaceReader’s automatic coding ability would be very useful for investigating a larger number of signed data, The program can calibrate participants’ faces, automatically annotate emotions (emotive facial expressions), Action Units (AUs) (grammatical NMMs), their intensities, as well as head movements. Overall, it seems highly beneficial to use the program for recognizing facial and head movements in sign languages. However, there are some disadvantages to adopting it, such as pricing, the lack of torso movements and head protraction/retraction coding, and difficulties in analyzing participants with beards and glasses. Some of these disadvantages can be addressed through the use of other softwares or methodologies strategies.

Head-torso coordination in police officers wearing loaded tactical vests during running

BackgroundThe influence of load carriage in operational police officers is not well understood despite a relatively high injury rate. Assessing load related changes in head and torso coordination may provide valuable insight into plausible injury mechanisms. Research questionDo typical police tactical vest loads alter head and torso coordination during running? MethodsThirty-eight UK police officers ran at a self-selected pace (>2 ms−1) on a non-motorised treadmill in four vest load conditions (unloaded, and low, high and evenly distributed loads). Peak head and torso tilt, and peak vest displacement were compared between all four conditions. Timings between vest and torso change of direction were compared between the three loaded conditions. The coupling angle between the head and torso calculated using modified vector coding were compared between unloaded and each loaded conditions using Statistical Parametric Mapping. ResultsNo significant differences were found between conditions for peak head or torso tilt alone (p > 0.05). Loading equipment low on the vest led to significantly greater mediolateral vest displacements (38 mm) away from the torso than a high (34 mm) or evenly distributed (30 mm) conditions. The vest was found to change direction vertically before the torso in the anterior-posterior direction, and then influence torso motion. The loaded conditions changed the head-torso coupling from in-phase (with head-dominancy) to anti-phase (with torso dominancy) between 55% and 77% stance. Anti-phase with a relatively stationary head and the torso rotating forward likely places a greater concentric demand on the posterior neck muscles relative to unloaded running. SignificanceCurrent tactical vest designs allow significant extra displacement of load away from the body during running, altering coordination at the head and torso.

Heart rate modeling and prediction of construction workers based on physical activity using deep learning

Construction projects require long working hours where workers are subjected to intensive tasks such as hard manual labor, heavy weightlifting, and compulsive working postures. Among the physiological metrics, Heart Rate (HR) is reported to be a good indicator of physical stress and workload. HR forecasting models have been used in various areas including cardiopathy research, heart attack warning indicator, and early physical fatigue detection. However, there are no reported studies on HR modeling and forecasting in the construction field. Modeling and forecasting the HR of construction workers using construction field data is of paramount importance due to the direct relationship between activity level and HR. The objective of this study is to (1) analyze the effect of physiological factors including breathing rate, acceleration of torso movements, torso posture, and impulse load on the HR of construction workers, and (2) model and forecast one-minute ahead HR for construction workers based on their physical activity using deep learning algorithms. To this end, physiological metrics of five bridge maintenance workers performing several construction activities were collected. According to the Pearson correlation and entropy based mutual information analysis, time-lagged variables including acceleration of torso movements, torso posture, and impulse load have significant effect on the HR data. The results of deep learning models indicate that Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and Bidirectional GRU (BiGRU) have similar predictive performance. However, LSTM had the best overall performance in HR prediction with Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 5.4, 7.34, and 5.77%, respectively. These models have the potential to facilitate the mitigation of cardiovascular strain and enable proactive prevention of accidents in the construction industry.

Defining humeral axial rotation with optical motion capture and inertial measurement units during functional task assessment.

Humeral motion can be challenging to measure and analyze. Typically, Euler/Cardan sequences are used for humeral angle decomposition, but choice of rotation sequence has substantial effects on outcomes. A new method called True axial rotation calculation may be more precise. The objective of this study is to compare humeral axial rotation measured from two systems (optical motion capture and inertial measurement units (IMUs)) and calculated with two methods (Euler angles and True axial). Motion of torso and dominant humerus of thirty participants free from any upper limb impairments was tracked using both systems. Each participant performed a functional tasks protocol. Humeral axial rotation was calculated with Euler decomposition and the True axial method. Waveforms were compared with two-way ANOVA statistical parametric mapping. A consistent pattern emerged: axial rotation was not different between motion capture systems when using the True axial method (p > .05), but motion capture systems showed relatively large magnitude differences (~ 20-30°) when using Euler angle calculation. Between-calculation method differences were large for both motion capture systems. Findings suggest that the True axial rotation method may result in more consistent findings that will allow for precise measurements and comparison between motion capture systems. Two methods for calculating humeral axial rotation measured from optical motion capture and inertial measurement units were compared.

Anatomically Detailed Simulation of Human Torso

Many existing digital human models approximate the human skeletal system using rigid bodies connected by rotational joints. While the simplification is considered acceptable for legs and arms, it significantly lacks fidelity to model rich torso movements in common activities such as dancing, Yoga, and various sports. Research from biomechanics provides more detailed modeling for parts of the torso, but their models often operate in isolation and are not fast and robust enough to support computationally heavy applications and large-scale data generation for full-body digital humans. This paper proposes a new torso model that aims to achieve high fidelity both in perception and in functionality, while being computationally feasible for simulation and optimal control tasks. We build a detailed human torso model consisting of various anatomical components, including facets, ligaments, and intervertebral discs, by coupling efficient finite-element and rigid-body simulations. Given an existing motion capture sequence without dense markers placed on the torso, our new model is able to recover the underlying torso bone movements. Our method is remarkably robust that it can be used to automatically "retrofit" the entire Mixamo motion database of highly diverse human motions without user intervention. We also show that our model is computationally efficient for solving trajectory optimization of highly dynamic full-body movements, without relying any reference motion. Physiological validity of the model is validated against established literature.

Video Analysis of Technical and Tactical Behavior in Elite Climbers

Climbing performance is considered multifactorial and is characterized by the interaction of technical, tactical, physical, as well as psychological components. However only few studies have investigated these components in elite climbers. The present study aimed to identify elite athletes’ technical and tactical behavior regarding the following parameters: a) type of climbing handhold, b) type of climbing foothold and c) torso motion through video analysis. The sample consisted of the final competitions of IFSC Climbing World Cup Kranj (2019). In total, 543 actions were recorded through SportScout video-analysis program, taking into account the parameters a) type of climbing handhold, b) type of climbing foothold and c) torso motion. According to the results, and concerning handholds, it was observed that the majority of the participants selected to use Incuts / Mini-jugs, regardless of whether they performed the next movement with the left or the right hand. Concerning the footholds, it was found that participants mostly selected to use Big footholds regardless of whether they performed the next movement with the left or the right leg. Finally, regarding the correlation between Torso motion and Handholds and the correlation between Torso motion and Footholds, it was found that the majority of the climbers selected to perform movements without Torso twisting. Only the techniques of stepping with the right foot had a significant effect on the motion of the torso (Chi-Square=15.53, p&lt;0.05).In conclusion, the selection of smaller and more difficult handholds and big footholds, as well as the climber’s trunk maintenance towards the wall are highly important performance elements in elite climbers.