Top Off Research Articles

Variation-Based Distance and Similarity Modeling

Abstract We present a corpus-based method — Variation-Based Distance and Similarity Modeling (VADIS) — that calculates distances between registers as a function of the extent to which the probabilistic conditioning of variation differs across registers. When language users have a choice between different ways of saying similar things (e.g., cut off the tops versus cut the tops off), what is the extent to which these choices are regulated differently in different registers? In this spirit, we re-analyze pre-existing datasets that cover the genitive, dative, and particle placement alternations in the grammar of English. These datasets cover five broad register categories: spoken informal English, spoken formal English, written informal English, written formal English, and online/web-based English. Analysis shows that (a) the registers under analysis are relatively but not entirely homogeneous in terms of the probabilistic grammars conditioning grammatical choices, and (b) more often than not we see a split between spoken and written registers.

Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan dan Harga terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan pada Graha Air Minum Isi Ulang Tirta Segah Trenggalek melalui Kepuasan Pelanggan

In order to boost customer satisfaction and loyalty, Indonesia's free market forces business owners to raise prices and service quality. At Graha Air Refill Tirta Segah Trenggalek, This study uses customer satisfaction as an intervention to determine the relationship between price, service quality, and customer loyalty. This study, which took a quantitative approach, utilized associative research. The people who bought Graha Water Refill Tirta Segah Trenggalek were the people in this study, and 100 samples were taken from them. The sampling was done using purposeful sampling, and the research time was from Agust to September 2022. For data collection, a Google Form-based online questionnaire was utilized. According to the findings of this study, price has a positive and significant impact on customer loyalty, service quality has a positive and significant impact on customer satisfaction, and service quality does not have a significant impact on customer loyalty. Price also has a positive and significant impact on customer loyalty, customer satisfaction has a positive and significant impact on customer loyalty, and service quality does not have a significant impact on customer loyalty. cost through client steadfastness and customer loyalty at Graha Air Top off Tirta Segah Trenggalek.

Chemical characteristics and microbiological loads of harvested rainwater run-off from roof tops in South Eastern Nigeria

The study evaluated rainwater quality harvested from roof top catchments viz Asbestos, Aluminum, Corrugated and Harvey roof tops in southeastern, Nigeria. Chemical and microbiological species viz pH, Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), Electrical conductivity (EC), Nitrate(NO3−), Sulphate (SO42−), Chloride(Cl−), Total bacteria load(TBL), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA), Thiocitrate Bile-salt Sucrose( TCBS), Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) were investigated from samples of rainwater roof top run off during onset rain (April), peak rain (July) and cessation (October) rain events in 2022. Results of chemical parameters show significant variation p ≥ 0.05 among the catchments with increased mean concentration of pH(6.5), TDS(25.7 mg/l), EC(43.6μS/cm),NO3−(0.72 mg/l) SO42(4.73 mg/l), Cl(8.81) during onset rain more than the peak and cessation rain, with asbestos rainwater having the highest levels but below WHO/FMENV drinking water limit. Positive and negative correlations existed between the chemical parameters in temporal scale and originating from human activities with the temporal variability in decrease order: April ≥ October ≥ July. Microbial parameters in rainwater revealed mean TBL(6.6 × 104 cfu/ml), TCC(2.6 × 103 cfu/ml) and control (5.8 × 104 cfu/ml) with Aluminum top (8.2 × 104 cfu/ml) recording highest in onset rain more than the peak and cessation rain events. All of the microbial parameters were above the WHO standards which indicates a very high public health risk if consumed without treatment. Organisms found in rainwater from roof types are: Enterobacter sp., Staphylococcus aurous, Streptococcus sp., Bacillus Sp. and Escherichia coli. Based on the results, treatment of rainwater, operation, maintenance methods should be upheld for quality assurance of harvested rainwater.

Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan dan Harga terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan pada Graha Air Minum Isi Ulang Tirta Segah Trenggalek Melalui Kepuasan Pelanggan

In order to boost customer satisfaction and loyalty, Indonesia's free market forces business owners to raise prices and service quality. At Graha Air Refill Tirta Segah Trenggalek, This study uses customer satisfaction as an intervention to determine the relationship between price, service quality, and customer loyalty. This study, which took a quantitative approach, utilized associative research. The people who bought Graha Water Refill Tirta Segah Trenggalek were the people in this study, and 100 samples were taken from them. The sampling was done using purposeful sampling, and the research time was from Agust to September 2022. For data collection, a Google Form-based online questionnaire was utilized. According to the findings of this study, price has a positive and significant impact on customer loyalty, service quality has a positive and significant impact on customer satisfaction, and service quality does not have a significant impact on customer loyalty. Price also has a positive and significant impact on customer loyalty, customer satisfaction has a positive and significant impact on customer loyalty, and service quality does not have a significant impact on customer loyalty. cost through client steadfastness and customer loyalty at Graha Air Top off Tirta Segah Trenggalek.
 Keywords: Price; quality of service; customer satisfaction; and repeat business

Compliance to contact lens wear and care among Jordanian adults.

To evaluate compliance to contact lens (CL) wear and care routines among adults in Jordan. A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire administered by an interviewer was conducted among adults in Jordan between the months of May and July of the year 2022. Adult (≥ 18 years) contact lens wearers attending work establishments, universities and shopping centers in the cities of Amman, Aqaba and Irbid in Jordan. Compliance to CL wear and care in addition to CL hygiene habits were evaluated. A total of 834 (600 women) participants were included in the study with an age range of 18 to 55 years (average; 25.49 ± 7.75). Soft spherical CLs for myopia correction were worn by 45.6% of the sample, followed by cosmetic CLs (CCL) (43%). Highest compliance rate (99%) was calculated for not sharing CL with others and the lowest rate (24%) was for cleaning the CL case, with an average compliance rate of 72.25% for the sample with all habits surveyed. Medium compliance rates were related to following instructions of CL solution use including avoiding using expired solution or avoiding topping off. Risk factors for non-compliant behaviors included CCL wear, purchasing CL from beauty centers and being 25 years of age or younger. This study which was performed in a non-clinical setting showed that women and young adults comprise the majority of CL wearers in Jordan. Participants were compliant with most CL wear and care behaviors except for cleaning the CL case and attending aftercare visits. Many CL wearers also reported purchasing lenses from beauty centers and online without consulting CL practitioners. There is a need for patient education regarding the hygiene of the CL case, and the necessity for consulting the CL practitioner for the appropriate type of CL including proper wear and care regimen.

Review of Challenges and Solutions in Web Based Vehicle Breakdown Assistance System

Abstract: At this point individuals prefer own vehicle for travelling to stay off from trouble. But just in case of any disruption during travelling, it’s very strenuous to go looking mechanic in anonymous location. Therefore, to work out this trouble we come up with an online based assistance system. During this system car and bike mechanics are ready to record yourself with their assistance information. The website will trace client’s live location automatically when he’s online. Based on client’s live location, system will develop a listing of the closest mechanics. When the client look for the mechanics then the list are going to be visible, so if user’s vehicle breakdown, then he is going to be ready to view the closest mechanics. This website is employed to seek out the closest mechanics while we instantaneously stuck on the rural area because of vehicle breakdown. It’s an adequate solution for the client who hunt for help within the rural areas. Here, only verified mechanics are entered in this website. As well, mechanics are examined by the admin for not asking unspecified top off charge against the client. This probably observed through the tech team over the client response supported their assistance. The certified client can attain this website. This website will assist to chop down client time to detect an accurate mechanic. This website will acknowledge client to pay the bill for a vehicle fixing in an appropriate charge. Keywords: Live Location, Client, Mechanic, Vehicle Disruption/Breakdown, Issue.

Does Haggling Provide Utility in Information Asymmetric Markets? Evidence from Sales Tactics

Economic theory has largely focused on the purely economic motive of haggling: to reach a better price, and a small body of research at the noneconomic. Even in the discussion of the noneconomic motives, which veers towards psychological roots of motivations for haggling, the paper contends that there remains can angle unexplored: that the act of haggling itself can provide economic utility to buyers under certain circumstances. The research finds that prices in markets with price information hidden to consumers, buyers can perceive utility in haggling—and prices in the market are inflated by buyers to meet this demand for haggling. Furthermore, the research suggests that haggling markets may have disappeared in many places in the world due to this demand for haggling disappearing. The work draws on structured interviews with book salesmen in Dhaka’s “Nilkhet” book market and a focus group discussion with apparel store owners in “Mohammadpur Krishi Market”, another haggling-prone market. The data suggests that price in information-asymmetric markets is based not only on the asymmetry’s favoring producers, but also on the expectation that customers will haggle and seek haggled purchases. Sellers are aware that consumers have a preference to haggle for a good prior to making a purchase, and will ‘top off’ the price they would otherwise sell a good at with a ‘haggling buffer’ to address the buyer’s need to haggle. We can view this as a premium charged to the buyer for their interest in haggling. This premium works in tandem with otherwise expected market forces to create asking prices that rest above what these forces would dictate. It not only accounts for the noneconomic aspect to haggling but, in what ends up being one of the most unexpectedly powerful suggestions of the research, also factors in how shifts in consumer behavior could have resulted in such markets mostly disappearing from developed economies around the world.

High pressure, high flow rate batch mixing apparatus for high throughput experiments.

An automated, high pressure, high flow rate batch mixing apparatus has been designed and constructed for rapid, stable, and repeatable mixing of multiple gases and vapors. The apparatus operates as an intermittent batch mixer with cycles of topping off fresh mixture to maintain pressure in an accumulator tank until consumed in an experimental apparatus. At high duty cycles, the apparatus can also function at steady state. This style of mixing is suitable for experiments such as high repetition rate shock tubes and other devices with intermittent flow demands. It is compact and portable, facilitating use in locations such as synchrotron light sources. The entire apparatus is heated to permit the mixing of vapors from species with low volatilities. The apparatus is fully automated and runs for extended periods with the only intervention being to refresh reagent supplies. The accuracy and repeatability of the apparatus were verified by periodic gas sampling and analysis with gas chromatography. Multi-component mixtures spanning a wide range of complexity, dilution, and volatility of constituents have been prepared. The compositions of the majority of the mixture were found to be stable over several filling cycles, repeatable, and with the proper calibration of set-pointconditions, accurate. Challenges were encountered preparing a mixture from multi-component liquids, and potential solutions are discussed.

La stabilisation hybride pédiculaire protège-t-elle les fixations lombaires postérieures des échecs du segment adjacent ? Analyse par éléments finis et comparaison de différents systèmes

IntroductionInterbody fusion is a very common surgical treatment for degenerative disc diseases. It is necessary to explain the effect of pedicle based hybrid stabilization systems (PBHS) on the lumbar spine, as there is no consensus in the literature about their performance. HypothesisTopping off a fusion with a PBHS may provide some protection against adjacent segment failure. Material and methodsThe biomechanical effect PBHS on fused and adjacent to fusion levels were investigated, including range of motion, bending stiffness, Von Mises stress A 3D Finite Element model of the L2–S1 spine was used and modified to simulate pre and postoperative changes during combined loading. Five models instrumented with different systems [Titanium and PEEK fusion; Dynesys hybrid system; NFlex hybrid stabilization and PEEK topping off fusion] were compared to those of healthy model. ResultsAfter hybrid instrumentation, the L4–L5 level did not lose its motion completely, NFlex hybrid stabilization system maintained 82 % of flexion at the adjacent to fusion level, reduced bending stiffness by 40 % in axial rotation. Dynesys hybrid system represented more restricted motion than NFlex. PEEK topping off fusion system was the most rigid one among all three systems. It increased bending stiffness at the adjacent level and increased the axial motion by 25 %. High risk of rod breakage was computed for PEEK topping off system as 48.8MPa in lateral bending. ConclusionHybrid stabilization can delay adjacent segment failure and compensate lumbar spine mobility. However, it is clear that PBHS need to be further tested before being considered for clinical use. Level of evidenceIII; Well-designed computational non-experimental study.

An Overview of the Practices and Management Methods for Enhancing Seed Production in Conifer Plantations for Commercial Use

Flowering, the beginning of the reproductive growth, is a significant stage in the growth and development of plants. Conifers are economically and ecologically important, characterized by straight trunks and a good wood quality and, thus, conifer plantations are widely distributed around the world. In addition, conifer species have a good tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, and a stronger survival ability. Seeds of some conifer species, such as Pinus koraiensis, are rich in vitamins, amino acids, mineral elements and other nutrients, which are used for food and medicine. Although conifers are the largest (giant sequoia) and oldest living plants (bristlecone pine), their growth cycle is relatively long, and the seed yield is unstable. In the present work, we reviewed selected literature and provide a comprehensive overview on the most influential factors and on the methods and techniques that can be adopted in order to improve flowering and seed production in conifers species. The review revealed that flowering and seed yields in conifers are affected by a variety of factors, such as pollen, temperature, light, water availability, nutrients, etc., and a number of management techniques, including topping off, pruning, fertilization, hormone treatment, supplementary pollination, etc. has been developed for improving cone yields. Furthermore, several flowering-related genes (FT, Flowering locus T and MADS-box, MCMI, AGAMOUS, DEFICIENCES and SRF) that play a crucial role in flowering in coniferous trees were identified. The results of this study can be useful for forest managers and for enhancing seed yields in conifer plantations for commercial use.

Is Pedicle-Based Hybrid Stabilization (PBHS) protecting posterior lumbar fixation from adjacent-segment failure? Finite element analysis and comparison of different systems

IntroductionInterbody fusion is a very common surgical treatment for degenerative disc diseases. It is necessary to explain the effect of Pedicle Based Hybrid Stabilization systems (PBHS) on the lumbar spine, as there is no consensus in the literature about their performance. HypothesisTopping off a fusion with a PBHS may provide some protection against adjacent segment failure. Material and methodsThe biomechanical effect PBHS on fused and adjacent to fusion levels were investigated, including range of motion, bending stiffness, Von Mises stress A 3D Finite Element model of the L2-S1 spine was used and modified to simulate pre and postoperative changes during combined loading. Five models instrumented with different systems [Titanium and PEEK fusion; Dynesys hybrid system; NFlex hybrid stabilization and PEEK topping off fusion] were compared to those of healthy model. ResultsAfter hybrid instrumentation, the L4–L5 level did not lose its motion completely, NFlex hybrid stabilization system maintained 82% of flexion at the adjacent to fusion level, reduced bending stiffness by 40% in axial rotation. Dynesys hybrid system represented more restricted motion than NFlex. PEEK topping off fusion system was the most rigid one among all three systems. It increased bending stiffness at the adjacent level and increased the axial motion by 25%. High risk of rod breakage was computed for PEEK topping off system as 48.8MPa in lateral bending. ConclusionHybrid stabilization can delay adjacent segment failure and compensate lumbar spine mobility. However, it is clear that PBHS need to be further tested before being considered for clinical use. Level of evidenceIII; well-designed computational non-experimental study.

АНАЛІЗ АЛГОРИТМІВ ПОБУДОВИ НАГРУДНОЇ ВИТОЧКИ В ЖІНОЧОМУ ПЛЕЧОВОМУ ОДЯЗІ

Development of algorithms for designing a bust prominence dart in the construction base (СВ) of the top garments through the construction methodologies using the Julivi CAD means. Methodology: usage of the possibilities provided by the CAD program “Design-development of the basic constructions” by Julivi to prepare basic constructions of the women’s top garments through designing of the separate node using the visual programming method following diff erent construction methodologies. Peculiarities of bust prominence dart design for the construction basis in the women’s top garment using the module “Design-development of basic constructions” by CAD Julivi were studied. Algorithms of bust prominence dart design following diff erent design methodologies for CB of the women’s top garment in CAD Julivi program were provided. Sequence of bust prominence dart design (in accordance with two construction methodologies) using the instruments of visual programming is presented in the form of a table and the description of the construction element building procedure recorded by the CAD Julivi was also provided. Parametric reproduction of the panel front was performed to defi ne the construction quality of the separate element in the basic construction and the quality of schematic drawing areas matching for diff erent construction methodologies was illustrated. Algorithms for more reasonable node building using the instruments from the module “Design-development of basic constructions” by CAD Julivi were off ered.Scientifi c novelty: Created algorithm for reasonable execution of the separate construction mode in the women’s top garment using the CAD program instruments. Process sequence of the bust prominence dart design following diff erent methodologies and using software instruments was analyzed. The practical signifi cance: developed methodological provisioning for the usage of the “Design-development of basic constructions” module by CAD Julivi within the design of the construction sequence for the separate elements of the basic constructions of the women’s top garment and off ered algorithm s for bust prominence dart design using CAD without the processes of the further shoulder cut matching.

Assessment of prediction and efficiency parameters for cryogenic no-vent fill

Future long-duration crewed and robotic missions will require efficient methods with which to transfer cryogenic propellant from a depot storage tank to a customer receiver tank in the microgravity of space. Because unsettled cryogenic liquid cannot be transferred in microgravity with the vent valve open, the receiver tank must be pre-chilled to some “target temperature” that is sufficiently cold to then allow a non-vented fill (NVF). Predicting this target temperature is difficult, however, but can be done. A predictive parameter based on 1st Law from Kim et al. [13] is extended to include parasitic heat leak as well as initial fill levels to permit an assessment across the consolidated NVF and no-vent top off database. An efficiency parameter is also proposed to determine efficiency of a given injection method/tank pair. The prediction parameter is applied to 158 historical tests over a wide range of fluids, injection methods, and tank geometries. Additionally, a parametric study is conducted to determine the influential factors that affect NVF. Results indicate a 100% success rate that the parameter can predict the failure of a non-vented transfer for a given initial state and desired final state.

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Cold Joint on Strength and Durability of Concrete

This study investigated the effects of cold joints on the strength and some durability properties of concrete. In the first part of the study, fresh concrete was poured into molds filling them half in order to create a horizontal cold joint and after 0, 60, 120 and 180 min additional concrete was poured to top off the molds. The specimens were subjected to compressive, flexural, splitting tensile and concrete–steel rebar pullout testing. In the second part of the study, two types of concrete were prepared to carry out durability experiments. Concrete specimens with and without cold joints were subjected to drying–wetting, freezing–thawing and high temperatures (300, 600 and 900 °C) and subsequently tested for weight losses and splitting tensile strengths. It was found that strength losses due to drying–wetting and freezing–thawing of specimens with cold joints were higher than those of the specimens without cold joints. Strength losses of concretes after high temperatures showed similar results in both types of concrete.

Elaboration of TiO2 Ultrafiltration Membrane Deposited on Moroccan Sahara Clay

In this work, the porous ceramic multilayer ultrafiltration membrane is developed. Macroporous support was formed by extrusion of ceramic paste derived from natural Moroccan Sahara Clay. The microporous interlayer was then performed by slip casting from zirconia commercial powders and finally the active ultrafiltration toplayer was obtained by solgel route using TiO2 sol. The performance of TiO2 ultrafiltration membrane was evaluated by pores diameter, thickness of the top layer, water flux, and molecular weight cut off (MWCO). The water permeability measured for this composite membrane is 9.051 l/(m2·h·bar), the thickness is around 900nm, the pore diameter is centered near 7nm and the MWCO was about 5000Da.

Pohutukawa

Ko Pohutukawa tōku ingoa, Pohutukawa is the name. My mum named me Pohutukawa because I was conceived under the biggest Pohutukawa tree in the world! Pretty mean aye? You would think she named me Pohutukawa because my red cheeks reminded her of those flowers, or because my eyes shine like stars - those damn stars. I live on the East Coast of New Zealand, in the small town of Te Araroa, where the biggest Pohutukawa tree also resides. A place where the birds can swim, the fish can fly, and where you can get an ice block at the shop for free! It's also where my missus lives. She comes to visit me now and then, but I usually just follow that amateur around, sticking to her like a fly on a bloody teko; at least this teko is an East Coast teko. The East Coast provides only the best of everything! Best kina, best awa, best stags, and the best kōtiro. Have you met an East Coast girl? They’re pretty fly, they make me wanna touch the sky; they make me wanna pop their tops off with my lighter. My East Coast girl is as beautiful as Rehua on a hot summer night. What the fuck is this lovey-dovey shit? You know, I was never into stars until I met her; Kamaea Rora.

Dysfunctional muscle activities and co-contraction in the lower-limb of lumbar disc herniation patients during walking

This study aimed to investigate lower-limb muscle activities in gait phases and co-contraction of one gait cycle in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). This study enrolled 17 LDH patients and 17 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals. Bilateral muscle activities of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris long head (BL), tibialis anterior (TA), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) during walking were recorded. The gait cycle was divided into four phases by the heel strike and top off according to the kinematics tracks. Root mean square (RMS), mean frequency (MF), and co-contraction of surface electromyography signals were calculated. The LDH patients showed enhanced BL RMS during the single support phase (SS), second double support phase, and swing phase (SW) as well as decreased MF of RF during SS and of TA and LG during SW (p < 0.05). The co-contraction of the TA-LG was increased in LDH patients than in the control group (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between TA-LG co-contraction (affected side, r = 0.557, p = 0.020; contralateral side, r = 0.627, p = 0.007) and the Oswestry disability index scores in LDH patients. LDH patients have increased BL firing rate and insufficient motor unit recruitment in specific phases in the lower limbs during walking. Dysfunction in LDH patients was associated with immoderate intermuscular co-contraction of the TA-LG during walking.

FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONES.

Fibrous dysplasia is an ailment , that can include , one or a few bones and is portrayed by bone deformations, pain and fractures, arising due to bone weakening. A few patients can also present with endocrine dysfunction ( precocious puberty) and cutaneous cafe '- au - lait spots.[1] Determination depends on X-ray assessment. Anticipation is to be surveyed with X-rays and markers of bone remodelling. A few newer comprehensions , of the patho - physiology have been made in the past I0 years. It is presently perceived that fibrous dysplasia is brought about , by a physical initiating transformation of the Gs alpha subunits , of the protein G, bringing about an expanded cAMP fixation and in this way, brings about anomalies of osteoblasts separation, and then subsequently these osteoblasts, creates abnormal bone. There is also an expansion in interleukin-6-initiated osteoclastic bone resorption, which forms the basis of reasoning, for treating these patients with bisphosphonates. In the previous 10 years, the bisphosphonate pamidronate has been utilized by imbuement for fibrous dysplasia (two courses for each year), with great outcomes regarding pain and, in about half of patients, the topping off of osteolytic sores.[2]

COVID-19 in India: Health Implications and Treatment Needs of People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) and Patients with Substance Use Disorders (SUD)

Introduction: The Covid-19 actuated lockdown in India had put huge number of People who use drugs (PWUD) in panicky over their hankering for substance use with flexibly chain interruptions. Point of this paper was to comprehend the Covid-19 incited issues looked by PWUD and those with Substance Use Disorders (SUD) in India. Techniques: A fast subjective exploration was directed distantly from May to early June 2020, during lockdown period in India, with assent situated inside and out meetings with key partners from national organizations and medication deaddiction focus in East and Northern-East India. Results: The current general wellbeing emergency raises genuine extra worries for the prosperity of PWUD as they run similar dangers of disease by COVID-19 because of fundamental ceaseless ailments. During the current Covid-19 pandemic, there has been steady missing of treatment administrations for Patients with Substance Use Disorders (SUD). The individuals who required treatment during lockdowns confronted issues as government upheld sedate deaddiction habitats, which halted new affirmation however of late began new confirmation yet in diminished numbers. The outpatient administrations of medication treatment focuses (DTC) at some administration emergency clinics couldn't work. The Opioid Substitution Therapy focuses, however began apportioning of methadone on fortnightly and buprenorphine on seven-day top off premise, yet there remained travel related issues and detailed badgering during lockdown stage. Conclusion: Specific measures to mitigating health service needs of PWUD in India should be put inplace, taking lessons from the current pandemic situation.

Curvature-Modulated Si Spherical Cap-Like Structure Fabricated by Multistep Ring Edge Etching.

To create approximately spherical structures with curved sidewalls, this paper presents a method for building a series of decreasing slopes along the sidewall of a circular truncated cone. The multistep ring-edge etching technology of first reducing the concentric mask and then cutting the top off to create a mesa shape can be used to form the slopes. This wet-etching method avoids the constraints of crystallographic properties with surfactant-added Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), enabling the manufacture of successive given inclination angles, the precise modulation of the spherical curvature by reduction design of concentric masks, and the setting of etching time. The newly approximated spherical Si microstructure patterns can be used for microlenses, quartz crystal resonators, micropulleys, and other applications. The present research is an approach to fabricate advanced microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) curved-surface structures, extending the range of 3D structures fabricated by silicon wet etching.