Topographic Plan Research Articles

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE TASTAK CEMETERY IN 2023 (ABAI REGION, URZHAR DISTRICT)

The article introduces for the first time the results of archaeological research at the Tastak cemetery in the field season of 2023, located in the southern foothills of the Tarbagatai Range. The mentioned region in archaeological terms is a little-studied region. In the process of field stationary works, recon-naissance of the area was carried out and a topographic plan of the cemetery was taken. Two kurgans (no. 7 and no. 11) were investigated during this period. According to the planographic arrangement of the sites, the structure of the overmound and intra-mound construction, as well as the position and orientation of the burials corresponds to the classical Saka period. Some constructive features of the structure were revealed: stone shell, grave fence. The noted constructive features of the construction can be connected with ancient migration processes in this period. In the course of comparative-typological analysis, which includes a versatile characterisation of the archaeological source, identification of dated analogies, as well as 14C radiocarbon AMS dating, the investigated sites are generally placed in the IV century BC. Despite the fact that the burials were looted earlier, the materials we obtained during the study of the site will certainly make a great contribution to the study of material and spiritual culture of the Saka tribes of East Kazakhstan.

SELECTION OF A BOARD LOCATION FOR OIL COLLECTION IN THE EVENT OF A POSSIBLE ACCIDENT AT THE UNDERWATER OIL PIPELINE CROSSING

The article is devoted to the substantiation of technical solutions for choosing a stationary line for collecting oil for an underwater crossing of an operator of main oil pipelines in the Republic of Belarus. To study the landscape conditions of the territory selected as the proposed stationary boundary for the localization and collection of oil on the river, a tacheometric survey of the area was carried out. The result of geodetic and hydrometric works was a topographic plan of the area with plotted elevation lines of the relief section, including the bottom of the river, and hydroisotates of the watercourse flow velocities. The selected boundary provides optimal conditions for localizing a possible oil spill.

Central projections from Johnston’s organ in the locust: Axogenesis and brain neuroarchitecture

Johnston’s organ (Jo) acts as an antennal wind-sensitive and/or auditory organ across a spectrum of insect species and its axons universally project to the brain. In the locust, this pathway is already present at mid-embryogenesis but the process of fasciculation involved in its construction has not been investigated. Terminal projections into the fine neuropilar organization of the brain also remain unresolved, information essential not only for understanding the neural circuitry mediating Jo-mediated behavior but also for providing comparative data offering insights into its evolution. In our study here, we employ neuron-specific, axon-specific, and epithelial domain labels to show that the pathway to the brain of the locust is built in a stepwise manner during early embryogenesis as processes from Jo cell clusters in the pedicel fasciculate first with one another, and then with the two tracts constituting the pioneer axon scaffold of the antenna. A comparison of fasciculation patterns confirms that projections from cell clusters of Jo stereotypically associate with only one axon tract according to their location in the pedicellar epithelium, consistent with a topographic plan. At the molecular level, all neuronal elements of the Jo pathway to the brain express the lipocalin Lazarillo, a cell surface epitope that regulates axogenesis in the primary axon scaffold itself, and putatively during fasciculation of the Jo projections to the brain. Central projections from Jo first contact the primary axon scaffold of the deutocerebral brain at mid-embryogenesis, and in the adult traverse mechanosensory/motor neuropils similar to those in Drosophila. These axons then terminate among protocerebral commissures containing premotor interneurons known to regulate flight behavior.

On the Determination of the Geographic North on Archeological Plans in Connection with the Problem of the Quality of Geographic Education

The publication is dedicated to the memory of N.A. Bogdanov (1954-2020), Doctor of Geography, Leading Researcher of the Laboratory of Geomorphology of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who participated in the preparation of materials and publication of abstracts on March 1, 2020. The article raises the question of the need for the development of universal geographic education, which forms the cultural appearance of a person and the scientific picture of the world of our era. The consequences of typical technical errors in working with the topographic plan are analyzed: the sides of the horizon are not indicated; north is specified with an error; the original high-quality materials were used incorrectly; magnetic north is indicated, but the year of the topographic survey is not indicated; supplemented topographic maps are superimposed on the historically previous topographic base. The changes in the current situation, according to the authors, are facilitated by the following tasks: to increase the number of hours of teaching geography at school; pay more attention to practical orienteering exercises; expand the selection of popular geographic literature to raise public awareness of the possibilities of classical methods and fundamental achievements of modern geography; and some others. Keywords: cartography, education, archaeological sites, interpretation, information

The Use of UAVs for Land Use Planning of Brownfield Regeneration Projects-Case Study: Former Brick Factory, Cluj Napoca, Romania

Brownfields are a real problem which affects the urban appearance of cities and the quality of life of their inhabitants. In Romania, industrial areas were mainly concentrated on the outskirts of large cities, in the immediate vicinity of residential areas. With the closing of factories and the additional population of the big cities, there was a need for expansion of residential areas with a social-economic function. This paper proposes a case study from the classical surveying measurement equipment (GNSS—Global Navigation Satellite System and TS—Total Station) for land use planning of brownfield regeneration projects. The chosen area is in the northwest part of Romania, in Cluj-Napoca, where a former brick factory was closed, leaving behind unaesthetic and unused land. In this paper, it is suggested that a better understanding of the way in which UAV—Unmanned Aerial Vehicle—aerial photogrammetry can contribute to providing information for the design and development of this area. In addition, this study confirms the advantages of effective and practical use of the obtained geospatial information for the design of a residential complex in the studied area, a complex proposed as a sustainable alternative to the former industrial area. Observation and analysis of the differences between the two topo-geodetic works were carried out with the help of UAV technology, such as GNSS—Global Navigation Satellite System and TS—Total Station technology, respectively, to create a topographic plan, level curves, and 3D models made of the building in the study area.

Specifying the morphometric parameters of grottoes and galleries of the Kungur Ice Cave following the results of the topographic and geodetic surveying

Introduction. The Kungur Ice Cave’s complex morphology indicates several stages of formation, starting with hypogenic (phreatic), and then epigenic (vadose) stages of speleogenesis. Cave formation conditions determined its specific water content and unique morphometry. Research objective was to create an actual topographic plan of the cave to establish morphometric parameters of the underground cavity (length, average width and height of the grottoes, amplitude, area and volume, etc.). Methods of research consisted in the graphical interpretation of the data obtained during topographic surveys performed by modern geodetic instruments and an alternative method of surveying underground cavities using a modified laser rangefinder. The surveys were carried out in the cave in the period from 2018 to 2021. Research results. For the first time, the volumes of individual grottoes and passages were calculated for the cave. In the protected part of the cave, the levels of lakes, the sole and roof of galleries were tied to absolute heights. The area occupied by the mantle ice in the cave was determined. The areas of lakes during the period of minimum and maximum water levels are calculated, as well as the strength of rocks over the entire cave. The area occupied by the mantle ice at the beginning of 2022 was determined. Within the framework of structural mapping, genetic types of cracks were recorded (tectonic, intrastratal, separation, hydration and tension, dissolution cracks), their total length was more than 38 km. We obtained marks of clay-dolomite interlayers separated in the ice-cave pack and marks of the stable water level at the time of the cave formation (10–12 thousand years ago). For the first time, the sole of the Nevolinskaya sequence was mapped in absolute hights, the area and number of organ pipes were revealed, and the zone of areal development of sulfate and carbonate breccia was identified. The scope of the results. The analysis of the obtained structural mapping data will allow us to assess the stability of the walls and the vaulted part of the grottoes, which will further increase the safety of visiting the excursion part of the cave.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TOPOGRAPHIC BASIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE

The publication highlights the use of photogrammetry as one of the methods of fixing the topographic base of a site and the creation of the topographic base using a series of photographs. In archaeological science, a qualitatively prepared topographic plan is the basis for combining the results of previous and subsequent works, reconstruction of a realistic model of the site, its micro-relief, a source of accurate measurements of structures and features of the site, and monitoring its current state. There are a number of methods for creating the topo-bases of archaeological sites, starting with the «classic» one using measuring devices (tape measure), a compass, an optical level or theodolite, and ending with high-tech LiDAR technologies.
 One of the methods of creating a topographic base is photogrammetric recording, both on the ground and with the help of low-altitude aerial photography by drone. With the help of a series of photos and their processing in specialized programs, a 3D-model of the object is created.
 The article gives an example of the creation of topo-bases using photogrammetry at two Old Rus hill-forts. The obtained results are compared with the plans of the middle of the 20th century, which were created by researchers by hand. On the basis of the presented orthophoto plans, detailed maps of the heights of both archaeological monuments were created, which became the basis for creating their topographic foundations. For ease of graphic display and perception, heat maps and isolines with markings according to the Baltic system of heights are superimposed on the height maps. Thus, at this stage, ready-made topographic bases of archaeological monuments were created in the following sequence: 1) photogrammetric recording of the area; 2) creation of a 3D-model; 3) creating a photo plan; 4) creating a height map; 5) convenient graphical representation of the topographic map. Topobase serves as a basis for digital recording of archaeological research — both excavations in general and individual objects and each individual find, which allows for spatial analysis of the planning structure, decomposition of objects and material by context and horizons, spatial analysis of the concentration of material in a separate area objects, etc.

TECHNOLOGY OF GEODESIC WORKS IN THE INVENTORY OF GREEN SPACES USING UNMANNED AIRCRAFT

The article is devoted to the study of the technology of inventory of green areas with the use of the latest technologies: unmanned aircraft and satellite navigation systems. The topic of the article is relevant, because reliable and up-to-date information on the quantitative and qualitative state of green spaces of settlements is obtained during their inventory and arrangement. As a result of conducting an inventory for each green economy object, a passport of the green economy improvement object is drawn up. The following documents are attached to the passport: an inventory plan on a given scale and a working diary of accounting for greenery. One of the links in the inventory of green spaces of the settlement is sub-field survey, which is currently performed using unmanned aerial vehicles and satellite technologies and in turn consists of topographic and geodetic and aerial photography, and is divided into the following stages: information collection; preparatory work; chamber work. At the stage of collecting information on the object of work, the available urban, land management, geodetic and cartographic materials are analyzed. The second stage – preparatory work, consists of field surveying and aerial photography. Field geodetic works include reconnaissance of the area and the development of plan-height substantiation of the aerial survey area. Field aerial photography consists of creating a flight project, pre-flight training of a quadcopter and direct aerial photography. In-house works are the third final stage, which consists of: processing of aerial photographs; creation of a polygonal terrain model; creation of orthophoto in scale 1: 500; creation of a topographic plan in the Digitals software package; reconnaissance of the area to clarify the spatial and attributive data on greenery; creation of the adjusted topographic plan of inventory of green spaces. It is also recommended to make adjustments to the obtained topographic plan, during which the position of trees in places where a large error was detected and outlines were formed was measured by linear notches with reference to rigid contours. At the same time it is necessary to clarify the species of trees according to the symbols. The digital information obtained in this way about green plantations can be used to calculate the cost of work on the development of the passport of the facility and inventory plan for a given area or create and develop geographic information portals of green areas of individual territories or settlements.

THE CHALLENGE OF AUTOMATION FOR LARGE SCALE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS BASED ON TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING DATA

Abstract. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a modern method of spatial data acquisition. The most common application of this method is large scale topographic mapping. Point clouds obtained with laser scanning contain all necessary data for producing topographic maps and plans. One of the territories, where TLS is particularly important, is oil and gas deposits. Built-up areas of oil and gas deposits are represented with complicated industrial objects. On the one hand, introduction of TLS method for surveying of these areas significantly speeds up field surveying works. On the other hand, dense point clouds of built-up areas slow down the process of mapping due to the necessity to filter extra data. To hasten the process of mapping special algorithms of feature extraction from point cloud and techniques of compiling plan and maps are being developed. Nonetheless, majority of developed algorithms can work fine for point clouds of high uniform density where the number of objects is not large. For built-up areas developed algorithms can be not applicable. The basic steps of compiling a topographic plan are described. It is discussed which object types can be automatically extracted and vectorized in built-up areas of oil and gas deposits. The examples of manual point cloud vectorization are given.

Development of a technological scheme for creating vertical topographic plans

On a modern industrial site, it is regularly necessary to solve a number of tasks related to work on vertical objects (reconstruction of facades, installation and replacement of communications of industrial enterprises, etc.). Modern approaches to the creation of geodetic materials for solving these tasks do not meet modern requirements and do not provide the necessary level of informativeness. The authors of the article propose to use a new type of materials - vertical engineering topographic plans of scales 1: 500 and 1: 200. As a basis for a vertical engineering topographic plan, it is proposed to use orthophotomaps, digital models obtained using materials from unmanned aerial systems (UAS), converted standard topographic plans. The results of the processing of survey materials of civil buildings, obtained by means of UAS, are presented. The fundamental possibility of using survey materials to obtain vertical engineering and topographic plans at scales of 1: 500 and 1:2 00 is revealed.

Real estate objects on EEKO cadastral and engineering topographic plans

The geometric component of the EEKO plans, cadastral OKS and engineering topographic plans is compared. Their similarities and differences are shown. Errors in geometry are investigated. It is noted as the most accurate and complete engineering and topographic plan, which undergoes a number of controls in the process of creation. Conclusion - in order to exclude gross errors in the metric position of real estate objects, it is necessary to control boundary and technical plans, which are the basis of on-duty cadastral maps.

NEW RESEARCH OF FORTIFICATION OF THE BASIVKA HILL-FORT

Defensive structures are the integral part of any fortified settlement. Their study requires significant labor costs, so usually the earthen constructions haven’t received enough attention from the predecessors.
 Basivka hill-fort is definitely the key settlement of the Scythian Age in the Sula River basin. Its total area is approximately 170 ha. The central, residential part is located on three well-fortified capes. Not all fortification areas were created simultaneously but had developed dynamically in time and space. Successful usage of natural topographic features at this settlement is combined with the basics of defense tactics.
 Modern agricultural activity and dwelling construction led to significant damage,and in some places to the destruction of earthen structures of Basivka hill-fort. This is especially true of the Great Outer Rampart which is well-preserved only in the eastern part.
 The complexity of the modern terrain and the significant forest cover were the determining factors that hindered the preparation of the most accurate topographic plan of this site. The paper presents a new plan of central fortifications but it also needs to be revised which is a matter of the future.
 A separate issue of the work is devoted to the placement of ancient entrances, which, like the fortification in general, could change over time and move from the main to the role of secondary ones.
 The paper highlights the results of excavations of the Great Basivka Rampart which were conducted in 2020—2021. It is ascertained that the defensive structures cover the cultural layer of the settlement. In general, valuable information was obtained regarding the development of fortifications in the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left-Bank area in the Scythian Age.

Методика визначення планового положення інфраструктури зруйнованого Звенигородського замку

Aim. The aim of the work is to determine the planned position on the modern space image of the destroyed castle in Zvenigorod, Lviv region and its infrastructure facilities according to archival maps of 18–19 centuries. Method. One of the possible technological schemes for research is offered. The analysis of the realized projects of similar character and in particular, concerning Zvenigorodsky castle is executed. The first stage of the work was to perform geometric correction of input graphics. Geometric correction included the transformation of input graphic data, namely: a space image of Zvenigorod, obtained from the GeoEye-1 satellite in 2017, an archival map vonMiga of the 18th century, a Polish archival map of the 18th century, an archeological research plan under the LODA project. When transforming archival maps, the maximum UPC was 6 pixels or 4.3 dead on the ground. The maximum root mean square error of transformation of modern graphic materials was 1 pixel or 0.5 m off-road. All materials were transformed into MapInfo in the internal orthogonal projection of the Plan-Scheme/Meters program. From archival maps of the 18th century. and from the topographic plan of archeological researches the infrastructure objects of Zvenigorod Castle and the adjacent territory were vectorized. A comparative analysis of vectorized objects based on different time materials was performed. It has been determined that the data of archeological researches differ somewhat from the objects marked on the archival maps, possibly due to the generalization of the maps. But in any case, these objects can not be discarded in further radiometric studies of the area. Results. As a result of the research, a thematic model of a 1:2000 scale photographic plan was created, based on a transformed space image obtained from the GeoEye-1 satellite in 2017. data from the modern topographic plan. Practical value. The obtained results can be used by the museum of the historical and cultural reserve “Ancient Zvenigorod”. These data will be used in the future to determine the vertical displacements of the castle on the basis of radar space images and georadar surveys.

Modified Method of Selection on a Topographic Plan for Reconstructing a Three-Dimensional Scene of Urban Space

The article presents a method for identifying contours in a topographic plan, which is a highly noisy binary image of a city development plan. The method of reconstruction is based on use of wave algorithm of Lee. The modified algorithm is compared with the classic wave algorithm. Its modification is proposed, which is aimed at reducing the execution time of the algorithm. Highlighted contours in use for building urban models of objects in scenes of space. Closed contours are recognized on the image, which are then classified into various objects: building outlines, inscriptions, service symbols, etc. Topographic plans are the main initial data at all stages of architectural planning and engineering design. They contain information about the geometry of the foundations of buildings and their position among other objects. Result of work of algorithm — the textured 3D-scene consisting of models of buildings.

Using Digital Photogrammetry to Create Large-Scale Topographic Maps and Plans in Uzbekistan

The rapid development of digital photogrammetry in recent years has led to the revision of the outdated and introduction of innovative technologies in the creation of basic photogrammetric products, such as aerial photogrammetric triangulation, digital orthophoto, digital topographic maps, and plans, digital elevation models. Digital methods for creating topographic maps and plans today, being the most highly productive and operational methods, primarily ensure the automation of work, the quality, reliability of the products created, and the objectivity of information. The paper discusses the process of creating a topographic plan of 1: 2000 scale using digital photogrammetric methods for the newly built district in Tashkent – “Yangi Khayot” whose area is 7000 hectares. For this purpose, aerial photography was carried out by an UAV Geoscan 201 at a scale of 1: 1000 with a digital camera Sony DSC-RX1 with a forward overlap of aerial photographs of 70% and a lateral overlap of 50%. The height of the photographing flight was 400 meters.

The Beidaud Archaeological Microzone Research Project. Preliminary report on the 2020 and 2021 campaigns

The paper presents the research project started by the University of Bucharest and the Eco-Museal Institute in Tulcea in the Beidaud Archaeological Microzone, Tulcea County (Romania), which contains four sites (Fig. 1): a Neolithic settlement pertaining to the Hamangia culture, in a location called la Grădină, south of the Beidaud commune; a fortified settlement dated to the second half of the 6th c. BC, located on the Calebair Hill, 2 km northwest of the Beidaud commune; a Roman rural settlement on the Dealul cu Cișmea, located 500 m northwest of the fortified settlement; and a tumular funerary space on the Dealul cu Cișmea. In 2021 and 2022, our team obtained important information through field surveys of the two sites on the Dealul cu Cișmea. Also, the entire area under scrutiny was topographically surveyed (topographic plan, orthophotoplan, 3D model). The University of Bucharest geoarchaeological team also extracted its first cores at the mouth of the Hamangia river. The archaeological field campaign had, as a main objective, the dating of the tumular funerary space, which was accomplished by the excavation of tumulus T1, dated to the 2nd-3rd c. AD.

ИНЖЕНЕРНО-ГЕОДЕЗИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗЫСКАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЦЕЛЕЙ ПОДГОТОВКИ ПРОЕКТНОЙ ДОКУМЕНТАЦИИ ЛИНЕЙНОГО ОБЪЕКТА

Engineering and geodetic surveys in the modern world have become an integral part of any construction. Most often they are used when laying linear objects, being the basis of the design process for them. The authors of the article on the example of the Sakhalin-1 project. Stage 2 development. Field gas pipeline BP Chayvo - BKP Chayvo” reviewed the process of engineering and geodetic surveys for the preparation of design documentation for a linear facility. First of all, the order of actions was planned and methods for achieving the set goal were chosen. Thus, 8 main stages of work have been identified, thanks to which it is possible to obtain a complete picture of the area, which includes the relief, the existing layout, and buildings and structures. At the first stages, it was decided to study the existing geodetic base, which is the basis for the creation of a satellite geodetic density network. Further actions were the implementation of the creation of a network of base stations, a geodetic network of identification marks and control points. The role of laser scanning in engineering and geodetic surveys has long been known and is of great importance in carrying out such work. In this case, obtaining the initial data for compiling topographic plans is carried out through airborne laser scanning and aerial photography. As a result of a complex of works on aerial laser scanning and aerial photography, materials called images are created. In the process of cameral work, the images are deciphered, and then a topographic plan of the area, a digital terrain model and a digital terrain model are compiled. Thus, thanks to the implementation of a set of works through engineering and geodetic surveys, an engineering and topographic plan of the area was obtained with all the necessary characteristics for compiling project documentation for the project being implemented.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ БЕСПИЛОТНЫХ ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНЫХ АППАРАТОВ ПРИ МАРКШЕЙДЕРСКОМ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИИ СЪЕМКИ ЛЕСНОГО ФОНДА

Nowadays, the surveyor has at its disposal a wide range of instrument park, which allows you to achieve the engineering goals set in the survey support of mining facilities. Unmanned technologies are gaining an increasing sphere of surveying measurements, which lead to minimal participation of a specialist in field work, but require a more classified approach to off-site processing. However, it is worth noting that each mining enterprise, for example, such as a quarry, having an exclusive boundary of work, called a license area, in its contour may have a forest area, which is an object that causes cer-tain difficulties for surveying support. This article tells about the possibility of using a short-range un-manned UAVs for surveying the forest area, as well as analyzing the result obtained and determining its compliance with engineering requirements when obtaining an up-to-date topographic plan of the area. To determine the possibility of using unmanned technology in mine surveying of a forest, theo-retical and experimental research methods will be used, including a significant set of empiricals, the mathematical processing of which will help to reveal the correlation dependences of aerial photo-grammetric survey parameters for the optimal use of a geodetic quadcopter. The result of the study given in this article will be a provision on the possibility of using unmanned technologies for aerial photogrammetric survey of a forest land, correlation dependences of flight parameters and their results will be determined, the derivatives of which will be topographic plans, the comparison of which will be carried out with plans, created by the classical method.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ НОВЫХ ПОЛЕВЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ НА ПАМЯТНИКЕ УСТЬ-БИЙКЕ-I В 2020 ГОДУ

In the field season of 2020 Biiken research group of the IAET SB RAS carried out archaeological field work in the Chemalsky district in the Altai Republic. The research was conducted at the archaeological site “The Ust'-Biyke-I, settlement”, stratified deposits of which contain finds of Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. As a result of the work a large collection of artifacts (13,515 specimens) was obtained from the excavated area (area 5,2 m2) and the stratigraphic sequence at the site was clarified. Before the excavation of the site, geophysical studies were carried out with the methods of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). A detailed topographic plan of the site was made. Based on the provided study a conclusion was made that the cultural deposits are not exposed to intensive technogenic or natural impact at the moment. Up-to-date information entered into the records and was sent to the local department of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage.

ПЛАНИГРАФИЯ ГОРОДИЩ КОМПЛЕКСА МАЛЫЙ ГОНЬБИНСКИЙ КОРДОН-2

The article is devoted to the research of the Malyi Gonbinskiy Kordon-2 settlements complex. The complex belongs to the terraced settlements with an open system of fortification. We can mark regularity in planigraphy - the buildings are located along the ditches and terraces in one row. An analysis of the excavation materials of the MGK-2/6-2 settlement revealed that in the center of the fortified site there are nine poorly preserved building pits destroyed by a modern road. As a result of the study, it was determined that these were destroyed dwelling pits. Mapping and planigraphic analysis, carried out on the basis of archival materials and literature, indicated the relevance of the work on compiling a topographic plan for the MGK-2/11 site. As a result, three- and four-row buildings of the settlements were revealed. The depth of study of the considered objects makes it possible for a comprehensive study of the sites, as well as supplementing the available information about the settlements of the 1st millennium AD with the new data.