Top-tier Institutions Research Articles

The Neuroscience Research Opportunities to Increase Diversity Program: Transformative and Successful Research Training Strategies for Undergraduate Students within Hispanic Serving Institutions.

Over the past 14 years, the Neuroscience Research Opportunities to Increase Diversity (NeuroID) program, funded by the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), has played a transformative role in training numerous undergraduate Hispanic students within The University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras (UPR-RP). This innovative Neuroscience-based research training initiative has successfully guided dozens of Hispanic students toward graduate programs in Neuroscience, significantly contributing to the enhancement of diversity within the academic and scientific fields. The achievements of the NeuroID program can be attributed to three key objectives. Firstly, the establishment of a comprehensive and innovative program has provided Hispanic undergraduate students with invaluable insights into various facets of a research career in neuroscience. Secondly, the program has fostered a robust mentorship network that supports selected students throughout their journey to become neuroscientists. Thirdly, it has strengthened the neuroscience network in Puerto Rico by bridging the gap between undergraduate teaching universities and research laboratories in top-tier institutions across the mainland United States.

Digital twin prevalence in the medical caring fields: A bibliomatrics study and visualization analysis through CiteSpace

Abstract Objectives: We conducted academic research utilizing the visualization tool CiteSpace to explore the direct relationship between digital twin technology and medical care. Methods: We collected data from the Web Of Science Core Collection, PubMed ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Wiley Online Library databases from 2010 to 2023, displayed visualization analysis of countries, institutions, and co-occurring keywords, clusters, citation bursts, and timelines, also calculated nodes, edges, centrality, modularity, and silhouette through CiteSpace 5.75r version. Results: The data incorporated 1109 studies, graphed the yearly publication number from 2010 to 2023, and showed a steady increase trend. The tree map displayed the top 10 prominent study subjects; the first one was “Health Care Science Service.” The top 3 countries were the United States, Germany, and England, and the top one institution was Harvard Medical School. The top 5 keywords were “digital health,” “care,” “technology,” “digital twin,” and “telemedicine.” The rank 3 clusters were “Digital Health Applications,” “Digital Twin,” and “Machine Learning.” We also displayed the visualization analysis of citation bursts and timelines. Conclusions: Digital twins have welcomed a popular development in strong countries and top-tier institutions and have a tight connection with mobile health and artificial intelligence. It has been widely used in clinical trials, like surgical operation and rehabilitation discipline, to predict patient treatment outcomes, and estimate potential complications; we should facilitate digital twins in clinical practice conversion and application and try to tackle the problems from privacy concerns and economic challenges.

Communication costs in science: evidence from the National Science Foundation Network

Abstract How do communication costs affect the creation of scientific output? This study examines changes in scientific output and citation patterns following an institution’s connection to the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET), an early version of the Internet. Established in 1985 to connect five NSF-sponsored supercomputers, the NSFNET national internet backbone quickly expanded to universities across the United States by linking existing and newly formed, wide-area regional computer networks. I estimate the effect of connection to the national internet backbone on citations per paper by exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in the connection times of the regional NSFNET networks. Following connection to the national NSFNET, average citations per paper increase by over 10% relative to the pre-connection mean. Subgroup analyses reveal that the net effect was driven largely by middle- and top-tier institutions. Finally, I show that NSFNET connection led to a decline in interdisciplinary citations and an increase in within-field citations.

Human Capital, Networks and Segmentation in the Market for Academic Economists

Academic labor markets often exhibit steep hierarchies, with institutions at the top attempting to attract newly minted doctorates from similarly situated institutions in an effort to maintain or improve their reputations. Yet, despite recent research on labor market segmentation in academe, the literature has heretofore been under-theorized. This paper provides a straightforward formal model that generates a three-tiered hierarchy of academic institutions, wherein academic departments affiliated with top-tier universities endeavor to hire only from within the group, while those in the bottom tier are unable to employ faculty with degrees from top departments. The results from statistical tests applied to data from economics departments in the U.S. indicate that top-tier departments employ 3.5 to 3.8 (2.5 to 2.9) more assistant professors from top-tier institutions, ceteris paribus, than bottom (middle) tier departments.

Cosplay, Academia, and Me—Some Thoughts, and a Note on the Future

Cosplay, Academia, and Me—Some Thoughts, and a Note on the Future

Distinct Specialized Center of Excellence, the Story of Hwasun Neurosurgery at Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital.

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the growth and development of Hwasun Neurosurgery at Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital over the past 18 years. As the first brain tumor center in Korea when it was established in April 2004, Hwasun Neurosurgery has since become one of the leading institutions in brain tumor education and research in the country. Its impressive clinical and basic research capabilities, dedication to professional education, and numerous academic achievements have all contributed to its reputation as a top-tier institution. We hope this will become a useful guide for other brain tumor centers or educational institutions by sharing the story of Hwasun Neurosurgery.

Tokyo Tech’s Development of Global Human Resources Leading the World with Technology

Tokyo Tech professes that we provide excellent education nurturing the ambition to change the world in students’ minds and acquiring the ability to take a panoramic view and leadership. To the aim, in order to develop global human resources who will lead the world by technology, Tokyo Tech is promoting various initiatives that take into account the position of universities as top-tier institutions of higher education. In this manuscript, the environmental improvement and educational programs for that purpose along with each intention are introduced. On the other hand, the activities of researchers with higher quality in various international joint researches themselves are the best teaching materials. The efforts to promote international joint researches, which will lead to the creation of situations and environments for fostering global human resources, are also introduced.

Stratification of Health Professional Education and Its Funding Disparities: Evidence From China During the Period of 1998-2017.

Background: The finance of health professional education (HPE) is of immense importance for effective and sustainable health systems, yet relevant empirical research was scarce due to the lack of financial data. The study aimed to bridge the gap by presenting the scenario of finance for health professional institutions (HPIs) of different tiers in China and exploring how the stratification of institutions affected their funding disparities.Methods: The study employed data collected from the Ministry of Education in China, and selected the HPIs mainly based on the World Directory of Medical Schools. The funding levels and disparities of China's HPIs during the period (1998–2017) were analyzed with descriptive statistics, and the indicators of funding per institution and funding per student were both considered. The average funding in HPIs was presented by tiers, and the Gini coefficient and Theil index were employed to describe the differences in financing among HPIs over the span.Results: The study found that the number of HPIs has kept growing over the past two decades, with both the funding per institution and the funding per student increasing steadily. Specifically, the average funding per institution of the three tiers increased by 31.5 times, 13.4 times, and 10.5 times separately, with the first-tier universities having an absolute advantage compared to lower tiers. As for the financing disparities among HPIs, the Gini coefficient of the funding per institution maintained to be over 0.5, with the third-tier institutions scoring the highest, while the Gini coefficient of the funding per student all ranged approximately from 0.2 to 0.3. Through the decomposition of the inequalities measured by the Theil index, the share of the between-tier difference in per-institution funding grew from 29.7 in 1998 to 77.9% in 2017.Conclusions: The funding disparities between tiers of HPIs in China gradually became more accentuated, with the top-tier institutions taking up the largest share. Although the stratified development in HPE has posed a challenge to the unified quality assurance of medical personnel training, it may also be regarded as an effective pathway for developing countries like China to achieve stable development in health professional education.

Communication Costs in Science: Evidence from the National Science Foundation Network

How do communication costs affect the creation of scientific output? This study examines changes in scientific output and citation patterns following an institution's connection to the National Science Foundation Network (NSFnet), an early version of the Internet. Established in 1985 to connect five NSF-sponsored supercomputers, the NSFnet national internet backbone quickly expanded to universities across the United States by linking existing and newly-formed, wide-area regional computer networks. I estimate the effect of connection to the national internet backbone on citations per paper by exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in the connection times of the regional NSFnet networks. Following connection to the national NSFnet, average citations per paper increase by over ten percent relative to the pre-connection mean. Subgroup analyses reveal that the net effect was driven largely by middle- and top-tier institutions. Finally, I show that NSFnet connection led to a decline in interdisciplinary citations and an increase in within-field citations, but I find no evidence of increases in collaboration patterns.

Practical Training Using Simulation and Robotic Kits for Better Future Engineers

Every engineering course has two main parts; theoretical and practical. In the last decades, the gap between various engineering institutions has been reduced by using online resources, where all the students and lecturers have access to technological advances in their field. The difficulty arises in the practical part; to gain valuable engineering skills, students need hands-on experience, which means implementing the theoretical part and infer the results of their work. The top-tier institution provides its students with needed equipment and facilities, while many others struggle to fund one plat-form (e.g. universities in small cities and developed regions). To address this problem, we propose using simulation and robotic kits (Lego Mindstorms) in the practical part of courses related to mobile robots, and fuzzy logic. To show that, it is possible to improve the engineering curriculum in the cases of low funds, and improve the quality of future engineering graduates.

Scaffolding excellence: Content-language integration and the development of Japanese ‘global leaders’

How does one develop advanced foreign language proficiency, specialized content knowledge, and a global intercultural perspective in the four short years of undergraduate study? This paper provides a descriptive case study of the Global Leaders Program, a broad-based curriculum renewal at a top-tier Japanese national university specializing in the social sciences. It focuses on content-language integration in the Faculty of Economics and the manner in which English language development is scaffolded for students through a progression from Content-based Instruction (CBI) and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in the early years to English-medium Instruction (EMI) at advanced levels. Classroom instruction is further interwoven with multiple opportunities to apply theoretical knowledge and benchmark English proficiency through short-term field study tours and subsequent full-year student exchange experiences abroad. Following a description of the program, the paper discusses initial challenges in accommodating the additional English language instruction required by GLP and draws conclusions about a more fundamental hurdle that remains if an international excellence initiative such as the global leader’s program is to be successful in Japan. In addition, the paper offers insight about the contemporary educational practices of top-tier institutions in Japan and East Asia which may be instructive for receiving institutions that have a high intake of students from this region of the world on study abroad and longer-term student exchanges.

Not all scientists pay to be scientists: PhDs’ preferences for publishing in industrial employment

It is often assumed that academically trained scientists have a strong taste for science and are willing to “pay” for the ability to openly disclose their research results. However, little is known regarding how scientists considering jobs in industrial R&D make trade-offs between positions that allow publishing on the one hand and positions that do not allow publishing but offer higher pay on the other. Using data on over 1900 science and engineering PhD candidates about to enter the job market, we find that while some are unwilling to give up publishing at virtually any price, over one third of those most likely to seek positions in industrial research are willing to forego publishing for free. We develop a simple model of the “price” scientists assign to publishing in firms and explore potential sources of heterogeneity empirically. We find that the price of publishing increases with individuals’ preferences for various benefits from publishing such as peer recognition and contributing to society, but it decreases with their preference for money. Scientists who believe themselves to be of high ability and who train at top tier institutions have a higher price of publishing. Yet, they are more expensive to hire (not less) even if publishing is allowed. We discuss implications for research on the economics of science and on compensating differentials, for managers seeking to attract and retain academically trained personnel, and for firms considering their participation in open science.

A Richer and More Diverse Future for Cell Biology

A Richer and More Diverse Future for Cell Biology

Not All Scientists Pay to Be Scientists: Heterogeneous Preferences for Publishing in Industrial Research

It is often assumed that academically trained scientists have a strong taste for science and are willing to “pay” for the ability to openly disclose their research results. However, little is known regarding how scientists considering jobs in industrial R&D make trade-offs between positions that allow publishing on the one hand and positions that do not allow publishing but offer higher pay on the other. Using data on over 1,900 science and engineering PhD candidates about to enter the job market, we find that while some are unwilling to give up publishing at virtually any price, over one third of those most likely to seek positions in industrial research are willing to forego publishing for free. We develop a simple model of the “price” scientists assign to publishing in firms and explore potential sources of heterogeneity empirically. We find that the price of publishing increases with individuals’ preferences for various benefits from publishing such as peer recognition and contributing to society, but it decreases with their preference for money. Scientists who believe themselves to be of high ability and who train at top tier institutions have a higher price of publishing. Yet, they are more expensive to hire (not less) even if publishing is allowed. We discuss implications for research on the economics of science and on compensating differentials, for managers seeking to attract and retain academically trained personnel, and for firms considering their participation in open science.

Gender Inequalities in the Transition to College

BackgroundIn terms of high school graduation, college entry, and persistence to earning a college degree, young women now consistently outperform their male peers. Yet most research on gender inequalities in education continues to focus on aspects of education where women trail men, such as women's underrepresentation at top-tier institutions and in science and engineering programs. The paucity of research on the realms where women outpace men, namely college enrollment and completion, constitutes a major gap in the literature.PurposeThis article provides an overview of gender inequality in the transition to college and in college experiences by examining the ways that women are advantaged in higher education and the arenas where they still trail men. It also discusses theoretical perspectives useful in assessing the causes of gender inequality and then suggests how future research could advance our understanding of the complex nature of gender inequality in higher education.Research DesignThe identification and critical review of research and theories that have been used or that could prove useful in assessing and explaining the complex patterns of gender inequalities in the transition to college and in higher education more generally.Conclusions/RecommendationsFruitful pathways for future research to advance understanding of the complex nature of gender inequalities in higher education include examining gender inequalities early in the educational life course, attending to gender differences within vulnerable segments of the population who may be particularly at risk for not attending higher education, and investigating how the structure and practices of schooling relate to gender differences in educational outcomes.

Getting on the Front Page: Organizational Reputation, Status Signals, and the Impact of U.S. News and World Report on Student Decisions

Recent studies have suggested that a causal link exists between college rankings and subsequent admissions indicators. However, it is unclear how these effects vary across institutional type (i.e., national universities vs. liberal arts colleges) or whether these effects persist when controlling for other factors that affect admissions outcomes. Using admissions data for top-tier institutions from fall 1998 to fall 2005, we found that moving onto the front page of the U.S. News rankings provides a substantial boost in the following year’s admissions indicators for all institutions. In addition, the effect of moving up or down within the top tier has a strong impact on institutions ranked in the top 25, especially among national universities. In contrast, the admissions outcomes of liberal arts colleges—particularly those in the lower half of the top tier—were more strongly influenced by institutional prices.

Letter from the Editor-in-Chief: Happy 40th Anniversary!

Journal of International Business Studies (2009) 40, 1–4. doi:10.1057/jibs.2008.88 Congratulations Are in Ordery but with a Dollop of Caution The year 2009 is the 40th anniversary of the Journal of International Business Studies. The first volume in 1970 was (not surprisingly) much smaller than JIBS will be this year. Volume 1, edited by Edward W. Ogram, Jr., consisted of two issues, 13 articles and 186 pages. The 2009 volume, for which my 10 editors and I are responsible, will consist of nine issues (up from eight in 2008) with about 70 articles and 1680 pages. The initial print run in 1970 was 300 copies compared to more than 4500 print and online subscriptions in 2008. From little acorns mighty oak trees grow! Even at 40 years, JIBS is not the oldest journal in the field of international business (IB). Three IB journals are older: Thunderbird International Business Review (TIBR), formerly The International Executive (first published in 1959), Management International Review (MIR) (1961) and Journal of World Business ( JWB), formerly Columbia Journal of World Business (1966). The field of IB can now claim half a century of scholarly journal publications. Despite being younger than its TIBR, MIR and JWB siblings, JIBS for many years has been widely perceived to be the premier scholarly journal in the field of IB. Moreover, JIBS is now regularly ranked among the top 10 scholarly business and management journals; the most recent Social Sciences Citation Index places JIBS seventh among business journals and tenth among management journals. We have much to celebrate. Still, JIBS is now one journal among many journals that list IB either as their sole or an important domain – and the field is becoming more crowded. Both the number of specialty IB journals and the number of mainstream business journals publishing IB articles continue to grow. Journals widely recognized as top-ranked business journals (e.g., Academy of Management Journal, Strategic Management Journal) now regularly publish articles that could have appeared in JIBS. Many universities and business schools around the world recognize the field of IB as a distinct scholarly area, with the Academy of International Business (AIB) as its lead institution and JIBS as its premier journal. In most business schools, including many top-tier institutions, a research portfolio that includes JIBS publications now often goes a long way towards earning tenure and promotion. On the other hand, in the 1990s some universities – including some high-profile US business schools – closed their IB departments and scattered their faculty among mainstream areas in accounting, finance, marketing and management. When IB Journal of International Business Studies (2009) 40, 1–4 & 2009 Academy of International Business All rights reserved 0047-2506

A further inquiry into the scholarly productivity of academic accountants: Twenty years of evidence from classes of 1980–82

Abstract Scholarly productivity is a key component of faculty evaluation at many universities. In fact, under current accreditation standards promulgated by the AACSB, faculty members must remain academically qualified in research. Here we provide evidence regarding faculty research productivity. The determinants of faculty productivity are estimated with data spanning a 20 year period for 487 accounting doctoral graduates during the years of 1980–82. Sample statistics reveal that a relatively small portion of researchers produce over half of the sample's articles. Also, our regression results suggest that top-tier institutions of first hire, larger department size of initial hire, and the experience within academic ranks are all positive determinants of scholarly productivity. Conversely, research output is reduced with increased time spent teaching and accepting an initial hire at a public rather than a private institution.

Enhancing Employability Through Training and Assessment

India's services-sector led growth has been receiving a lot of global attention. The growth is more skewed towards knowledge and skill intensive sectors and this has brought into focus the importance of skilled manpower. Fortunately, India has been blessed with the largest talent pool in the world in terms of size thanks to our higher education infrastructure. The quality of students passing out of IITs, IIM's, IIScs and many other top ranking institutions is globally recognized and this has been endorsed by the recent World Economic Forum (WEF) rankings. But recently concerns have been raised about the employability of this vast talent pool. Though the quality of students is excellent at the top tier institutions, but as we move down it declines sharply in terms of their employability. This has raised doubts about the suitability of the large talent pool, spread across a large number of institutions beyond the top tier; and questions have been raised about the actual size of the employable talent pool. This article focuses on the quality of the management graduates and how the use of employment enhancement initiatives, like assessment and training, can increase the size of employable talent pool by reaching out to inaccessible talent pool and raising their suitability through training.

Race and College Admissions: An Alternative to Affirmative Action?

During the late 1990s, several states eliminated affirmative action admissions policies at their public colleges. Some of these states substituted a program that grants admission to the top x% of each high school's graduating class. These new programs were instituted in efforts to restore minority college enrollments to their prior levels. This paper finds that the preferences given to minority applicants under affirmative action are large and that the minority share of admitted students in top-tier institutions would fall substantially after eliminating these preferences. However, there are not sufficient numbers of minorities in the top x% of their high school for the expected recovery from an x% program to be very large. Furthermore, most minority beneficiaries would have been accepted without these programs. As a result, x% programs are unable to replace traditional affirmative action and maintain the share of minority students.