Toothpaste Slurry Research Articles

Cleaning Efficacy of Toothpastes With Varying Abrasiveness-An InVitro Investigation on Bovine Dentin.

To determine how differences in abrasiveness (RDA) influence cleaning capabilities of toothpastes. For this invitro trial, 60 bovine dentin samples were prepared and divided into six groups (G1-G6; n = 10). Groups G1-G5 were arranged in order from low to high toothpaste abrasiveness (G1: RDA: 12, G2: RDA: 29, G3: RDA: 43, G4: RDA: 71, and G5: RDA: 143). Samples in group G6 were used as a negative control and later brushed with pure artificial saliva. In preparation for testing, the dentin samples were stained with a black tea mixture. The respective toothpastes were mixed with artificial saliva in a 1:2 ratio to produce a toothpaste slurry. The samples were brushed for a total of 25 min (with measurement intervals at 2-, 5-, 10-, and 25-min) using a manual toothbrush in an automated brushing machine. The cleaning efficacy of the toothpastes was determined using photographs connected to a planimeter computer program and statistically evaluated. Analysis of the median cleaning efficacy values showed that the toothpastes with a higher abrasiveness achieved a greater cleaning effect at each time point. All toothpastes showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in their cleaning efficacy (taking into account the median, interquartile range (IQR), minimum and maximum values) after 25 min of brushing. With increasing RDA value, the cleaning efficiency of the toothpastes tested rises. However, a doubling of the RDA value does not necessarily elicit a twofold increase in cleaning effect.

Hydroxyapatite in oral care products: in vitro effects on erosion/abrasion and analysis of formulation components.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is promoted as biomimetic material in dentistry. The aim of the study was to investigate whether HAP-containing formulations can reduce erosive/abrasive tissue loss and to analyse components in these formulations. Two HAP toothpastes with and two without fluoride and a HAP mouthrinse were investigated, controls were active-agent-free toothpaste, SnF2 toothpaste and F/Sn mouthrinse. For 10 d, human enamel samples were eroded for 2 min, 6x/d in 0.5% citric acid and immersed for 2 min, 2x/d in toothpaste slurries or mouthrinse. Half were additionally brushed for 15s, 2x/d. The particulate fraction was extracted and examined morphologically and with element analyses. Other parameters were REA, RDA, fluoride and calcium content. The F/Sn mouthrinse almost completely prevented tissue loss; none of the HAP formulations reduced tissue loss compared to the negative control, two increased it instead. Brushing increased tissue loss in all groups except the F/Sn mouthrinse. All toothpastes contained amorphous particles of different sizes. Elemental analysis identified Si and O, additionally Ca and P were present in small amounts on the particles of the HAP toothpastes and one HAP+F toothpaste. In the liquid phase, elevated calcium levels were found in one HAP toothpaste and in both HAP+F toothpastes; in the formulation with the highest value, the fluoride concentration was low. REA and RDA values were not associated with tissue loss. Whether alone or in combination with fluoride, HAP formulations had either no or a detrimental effect on erosive tissue loss and could not reduce abrasion. In the context of erosive tooth wear, HAP seems to be neither an alternative to fluoride nor a suitable supplement to it.

A comparison between in vitro and randomized in situ models for remineralization of artificial enamel lesions

The randomized study aimed to evaluate the comparability of in situ (iS) and in vitro (iV) study protocols regarding remineralization of artificial enamel lesions. Two toothpastes (group A: 1450 ppm sodium fluoride, group B: placebo 0 ppm F-), were investigated. IV, a pH-cycling model with toothpaste slurry treatment was applied for 10d. IS, remineralization was performed in 9 participants wearing splints with embedded enamel samples for 10 and 21d, randomly allocated to groups A and B. Samples were scanned by X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and grayscale value line profiles corresponding to mineral density (rel.ΔZ) were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc Statistical Software, v22.021. T-Test for dependent and independent data and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for further analyses (α = 0.05). Rel.ΔZ of fluoride treated samples (A) were iV = 40.2%, iS 10d = 11.5% and iS 21d = 46.1% (p > 0.05). Rel.ΔZ of placebo treated samples (B) were: iV = − 6.2%, iS 10d = 25.2% and iS 21d = 11.0% (p > 0.05). Remineralization potential of both toothpastes was significantly different regarding iV (p < 0.001) and iS after 21d (p = 0.034), while in case of iS 10d no significant difference was detected (p = 0.4). Despite different study protocols the μCT results after remineralization were comparable between iV and iS. The results suggest that selected studies can be carried out in faster, simplified iV studies using pH-cycling instead of iS studies.

Evaluation of the Surface Roughness and Solubility of Newer Self-blending Composite Resin following Home-bleaching and Brushing-mouth Rinsing Cycle

Objective(s): To evaluate the effect of tooth brushing and mouth rinsing after bleaching with 16% carbamide peroxide (16% CP) on the surface roughness and solubility of newer self-blending resin composite. Materials and Methods: About 70 specimens were fabricated with Estelite sigma-quick composite resin and subjected to bleaching using custom-tray with 16%CP gel for 6hours except 10 samples to serve as control group and divided into seven groups (n=10) as follows: group 1: no bleaching (control), group 2: 16% CP, group 3: brushing, group 4: brushing+Listerine mouth rinse, group 5: brushing +Colgate Plaxmouth rinse, group 6: Listerine, group 7: Colgate Plax. Electric tooth brushing was done using toothpaste slurry for 3min, immersed in mouth-rinse of respective groups for 1min and placed in artificial saliva for 24hrs. This was done for a total period of 21 days followed by surface roughness and solubility testing. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tuckey tests (p&lt;0.05). Results: Group 4 (Brushing + Listerine) showed greater surface roughness and solubility followed by group 6 (Listerine). No significant difference was found between group1 with group3 and group 5. Conclusion (s): Along with brushing, Listerine mouth rinse has a determining effect on surface roughness and solubility of newer self-blending composite resin following bleaching with 16% Carbamide peroxide.

Comparative Analysis of Plaque Removal and Wear between Electric-Mechanical and Bioelectric Toothbrushes.

Effective oral care is important for maintaining a high quality of life. Therefore, plaque control can prevent the development and recurrence of periodontitis. Brushing with a toothbrush and toothpaste is a common way to remove plaque; however, excessive brushing or brushing with abrasive toothpaste can cause wear and tear on the dental crown. Hence, we aimed to quantitatively compare the plaque-removal efficiency and tooth wear of toothbrushes using the bioelectric effect (BE) with those of electric-mechanical toothbrushes. To generate the BE signal, an electronic circuit was developed and embedded in a toothbrush. Further, typodonts were coated with cultured artificial plaques and placed in a brushing simulator. A toothpaste slurry was applied, and the typodonts were eluted with tap water after brushing. The plaques of the typodonts were captured, and the images were quantified. For the tooth wear experiment, polymethyl methacrylate disk resin blocks were brushed twice a day, and the thickness of the samples was measured. Subsequently, statistical differences between the experimental toothbrushes and typical toothbrushes were analyzed. The BE toothbrush had a higher plaque-removal efficiency and could minimize tooth wear. This study suggests that the application of BE may be a new solution for oral care.

Interplay Between Minerals in Bottled Water and Fluoride Toothpaste and Caries Lesion Remineralization.

he aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of some bottled waters on fluoride toothpaste efficacy in enhancing caries lesion remineralization. Early caries lesions were created in bovine enamel specimens and stratified into treatment groups based on Vickers surface microhardness (VHN). The present study followed a two (fluoride and fluoride-free toothpaste) by five (four bottled waters and tap water) factorial design. The treatment groups were bottled water with the following attributes: (a) 309.9 ppm Ca/1.20 ppm F; (b) 118.4 ppm Ca/0.16 ppm F; (c) 1.00 ppm Ca/1.01 ppm F; and (d) 0.1 ppm Ca/0.04 ppm F and tap water (48.7 ppm Ca/0.7 ppm F). The five water groups were paired either with 1100 ppm fluoride or fluoride-free toothpaste, yielding 10 groups. Specimens were pH-cycled for 10 days with the daily regimen comprised of twice daily toothpaste slurry, with four exposures to water in between. VHN was measured again and the difference was calculated (ΔVHN). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA at a 5% significance level. The two-way interaction between water and toothpaste was significant (p<0.001). All groups except fluoride-free toothpaste/bottled water with 0.1 ppm Ca/0.04 ppm F (p=0.411) had significant increases in VHN after pH cycling (p≤0.023). Fluoridated toothpaste resulted in a higher rate of remineralization compared to fluoride-free toothpaste (all p<0.001). Bottled water with 1.20 ppm F/309.9 ppm Ca exhibited the greatest extent of remineralization within fluoride toothpaste groups (p<0.001) and higher remineralization than lower fluoride water in fluoride-free toothpaste groups (p≤0.006). Within the fluoridated toothpaste group, tap water exhibited significantly less remineralization than all bottled waters (all p<0.001). Within the limitation of this study, bottled water with higher fluoride and calcium concentrations might improve fluoridated toothpaste efficacy by enhancing remineralization of early enamel caries-like lesions.

Biomineralization and remineralizing potential of toothpastes containing nanosized β-calcium glycerophosphate: an in vitro study.

To evaluate the effect of 1100ppm F toothpastes supplemented with micrometric or nanosized β-CaGP (β-CaGPm/β-CaGPn) on artificial enamel remineralization, using a pH cycling model. Enamel blocks with artificial caries were randomly allocated into ten groups (n = 10), according to the toothpastes: without fluoride/β-CaGPm/β-CaGPn (negative control); 1100ppm F (1100F); 1100F plus 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% of β-CaGPm or β-CaGPn. The blocks were treated 2×/day with slurries of toothpastes. After pH cycling, the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR); integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN); integrated mineral loss (ΔIMR); fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the enamel; polydispersity index (PdI); and zeta potential (Zp) were determined. The data were analyzed by ANOVA (p < 0.001). For Zp/PdI, no significance was observed when comparing the means (p > 0.001). The treatment with 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn led to %SHR ∼57 higher when compared to the 1100F group (p < 0.001). The lowest ΔKHN was observed for the 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn group (p < 0.001). The ΔIMR was lower (∼201%) for the 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn when compared to 1100F (p < 0.001). The association of β-CaGPm and β-CaGPn to 1100F did not influence its F concentration (p > 0.001). The highest increase in Ca and P was observed for 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn (p < 0.001). The addition of 0.25%β-CaGPn to 1100F toothpaste was able to promote an additional remineralizing effect of artificial caries lesions.

ECOTOXICIDADE DE CREMES DENTAIS DESSENSIBILIZANTES E CLAREADORES EM INDICADORES AQUÁTICO E TERRESTRE

ECOTOXICITY OF DESENSITIZING AND WHITENING TOOTHPASTES IN AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL INDICATORS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicity of desensitizing and whitening toothpastes against aquatic and terrestrial bioindicators. This is an in vivo ecotoxicity study. Ten different toothpastes were selected. Toothpaste without detergent and fluoride was negative control 1. Sea salt solution, mineral water and distilled-deionized water were second negative control. Toothpaste slurries were prepared at a ratio of 1:2, 1:3, 1:10 and 1:30 (w/w). The immobility/mortality test was carried out on Artemia salina L. The root growth test was carried out to obtain the percentage of relative growth and inhibition on Allium cepa L. pH of the slurries were determined. The ANOVA (analysis of variance) and Tukey’s test was performed (p &lt; 0.05). There was mortality in all Artemia nauplii exposed to desensitizing and whitening toothpastes. A significant reduction in the length of the roots of the bulbs exposed to all the slurries was observed. The percentage of inhibition was greater than 50%. Desensitizing and whitening toothpastes showed significant ecotoxicity against A. salina and A. cepa, with potential negative environmental impact of toothpastes on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

The Effect of Actives in Desensitizing and Conventional Mouth Rinses Against Dentin Erosive Wear.

This study evaluated the effect of actives present in conventional and desensitizing mouth rinses on the control of dentin erosive tooth wear. Two hundred and seventy dentin specimens from human molars were prepared. The specimens were randomly allocated into 10 experimental groups (n=10): 4 corresponding to desensitizing mouth rinses, 4 to conventional mouth rinses, a negative control group (C-: distilled water), and a positive control group (C+: 500 ppm fluoride plus 800 ppm tin mouth rinse). Specimens were subjected to an erosion-abrasion cycling model: 5 min immersion in 0.3% citric acid and 60 min exposure to artificial saliva. This procedure was repeated 4x/day for 5 days. Immediately after the first and last erosive challenges, the specimens were brushed with a slurry of fluoride toothpaste for 15 s, with a total of 2 min exposure to the slurry. Afterward, the specimens were exposed to the mouth rinses. Dentin surface loss (SL, in µm) was determined by optical profilometry. Data were statistically analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests (α=0.05). The only mouth rinses that presented significantly lower dentin SL than the C- was a desensitizing one containing sodium fluoride (220 ppm F-) with dipotassium oxalate (1.4%) and the C+ (p<0.001 and p=0.013, respectively), without significant differences between them (p>0.05). Dentin SL of the other groups did not significantly differ from the C- (p>0.05). The combination of sodium fluoride with dipotassium oxalate in a desensitizing mouth rinse showed a promising result against dentin erosive wear, matching the protection offered by a fluoride/tin mouth rinse.

Effect of nanometric β-calcium glycerophosphate supplementation in conventional toothpaste on enamel demineralization: An in vitro study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing toothpastes containing 1100 ppm F with micrometric or nanometric [beta]-calcium glycerophosphate (β-CaGPm/β-CaGPn) on artificial enamel demineralization, using a pH cycling model. Bovine enamel blocks (4 mm × 4 mm, n = 120) selected using initial surface hardness were randomly allocated to ten toothpaste groups (n = 12): without fluoride or β-CaGPm or β-CaGPn (Negative control), 1100 ppm F (1100 F), and 1100 ppm F plus 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% of β-CaGPm or β-CaGPn. Blocks were treated two times per day with toothpaste slurry and subjected to five pH cycles (demineralizing and remineralizing solutions) at 37 °C. The final surface hardness, percentage of surface hardness loss (%SH), cross-sectional hardness (ΔKHN), and profile analysis and lesion depth subsurface were analysed using polarized light microscopy (PLM). Fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) concentrations were also measured. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests ([alpha] = 0.001). Blocks treated with 1100 F toothpaste containing 0.5%β-CaGPm or 0.25%β-CaGPn showed with reduced %SH values when compared with those treated with 1100 F alone (p < 0.001). Reduced lesion depths (ΔKHN and PLM) were observed for the slurry made up of 1100 F and 0.25%β-CaGPn (p < 0.001). The addition of β-CaGPm and β-CaGPn did not influence the enamel F concentration, with the 1100 F/0.25%β-CaGPn group exhibiting the highest Ca and P enamel concentrations (p < 0.001). Based on the findings of this in vitro study, we can conclude that the fluoride toothpaste produced a superior effect when combined at an appropriate β-CaGP molar ratio. This effect was achieved with a lower proportion of β-CaGP in the form of nanometric particles.

A Study on the Biofilm Removal Efficacy of a Bioelectric Toothbrush.

Effective oral care is a critical requirement to maintain a high quality of life. Most oral diseases are caused by plaque (oral biofilm), which is also correlated with systemic diseases. A common method to remove biofilm is brushing teeth with toothpaste. However, 3.5 billion people in the world have oral diseases, meaning that more efficient methods of removing biofilms are needed. We have developed a toothbrush that applies a bioelectric effect (BE) utilizing an electric force for biofilm removal. It demonstrated significantly higher biofilm removal efficiency than non-BE manual toothbrushes. Tests were performed in saline and toothpaste conditions using various pressures. Results showed that the BE toothbrush had a significantly higher biofilm removal efficiency in saline (0.5 N: 215.43 ± 89.92%, 2.5 N: 116.77 ± 47.02%) and in a toothpaste slurry (0.5 N: 104.96 ± 98.93%, 2.5 N: 96.23 ± 35.16%) than non-BE manual toothbrushes. Results also showed that BE toothbrushes were less dependent on toothpaste. This study suggests that the application of BE can be a new solution to plaque problems in oral care.

Effect of the association of microparticles and nano-sized β-calcium glycerophosphate in conventional toothpaste on enamel remineralization: In situ study

ObjectivesThis in situ study aimed to assess the remineralizing effect of a fluoride toothpaste supplemented with β-calcium glycerophosphate in both micro (β-CaGPm) and nano-sized forms (β-CaGPn). MethodsThis blind and cross-over study was performed in 4 phases, each spanning 3 days. Twelve volunteers utilized palatal appliances containing four bovine enamel blocks with artificial caries lesions. Volunteers were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: Placebo (no F-β-CaGPm-β-CaGPn); 1100 ppm F alone (1100F); 1100F plus 0.5% micrometric β-CaGP (1100F-0.5%β-CaGPm); and 1100F plus 0.25%nano-sized β-CaGP (1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn). Participants were instructed to brush their natural teeth with the palatal appliances in the mouth for 1 min (3 times/day), ensuring that the enamel blocks were exposed to the natural toothpaste slurries. Following each phase, evaluations were conducted to determine the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR), integrated recovery of subsurface hardness (ΔIHR), profile subsurface lesion through polarized light microscopy (PLM), as well as fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) concentrations within the enamel. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test (p < 0.001). ResultsTreatment with 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn resulted in %SHR ∼69 % and ∼40 % higher when compared to 1100F and 1100F-0.5%β-CaGPm (p < 0.001). The reduction in lesion body (ΔIHR; PLM) was ∼40 % higher with 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn (p < 0.001) compared to 1100F. The addition of β-CaGPm and β-CaGPn did not influence enamel F concentration (p > 0.001). Treatment with 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn led to an increase in the concentration of Ca and P in the enamel (p < 0.001). ConclusionThe addition of 0.25%β-CaGPn into 1100F formulation increased the bioavailability of calcium and phosphate, promoting a higher remineralizing effect. Clinical significanceToothpaste containing 1100F-0.25%β-CaGPn showed a potential of higher remineralization to 1100 ppm F and 1100 ppm F micrometric β-CaGP could be a strategy for patients at caries activity.

Fluoride Concentration, Antibacterial Effect, and Cytotoxicity in Children's Toothpaste: In Vitro Study

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect on cell viability, antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria, and total fluoride availability of commercially available children's toothpastes in Thailand. Materials and Methods Seven toothpaste slurries were prepared from seven commercial toothpastes for children. Total fluoride concentration was determined. The agar diffusion method was used to examine the antibacterial effect of toothpaste against Streptococcus mutans. The viability of L929 mouse fibroblasts exposed with different concentrations of each toothpaste slurry was tested by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Statistical Analysis One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) tests were used for zone inhibition analysis. Cell viability data were analyzed using Student's t-test. Results Fluoride concentration in fluoride-containing toothpastes ranged from 521.36 to 1,377.83 ppm. Two toothpastes exhibited a similar level of fluoride concentration compared between the product labels. Other toothpastes showed a difference or slight difference in fluoride concentration between the companies' information and our data. The zone of inhibition ranged from 0 to 2.08 cm. A significantly higher zone of inhibition was observed in toothpastes with sodium lauryl sulfate. The concentration of toothpaste that reduced cell viability to less than 50% of the control was 0.8, 3.1, 6.3, 6.3, 25, and 100% for Fluocaril Deli Fruity, Oral-B Junior 6 + , Kodomo Kids, CUdent Stevia, SunStar GUM, and Kindee Organic, respectively. Conclusion The examined children's toothpastes can inhibit the growth of S. mutans, which did not correlate with fluoride concentration. The antibacterial effects could be the results of other ingredients, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate.

A comparative evaluation of mechanical wear of adhesives used for bonded retainers that underwent brushing for 1hour under 36mm of linear action, using computer-aided 3D scan-an in vitro study.

The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the mechanical wear of adhesives used in bonded retainers. Eighty mandibular acrylic teeth were included in the study that were divided into 4 different groups based upon the composite used. Each acrylic tooth was bonded with a retainer wire and composite of their respective group (Heliosit, Restofill, Tetric-N-flow, and Filtek Z350 XT). These bonded acrylic teeth were subjected to 3D scan in order to evaluate the volume and surface area of the composite. The 3D scans were recorded using MEDIT 3D scanner. After evaluating, the samples were subjected to brushing with the aid of a custom-made brushing simulator using a toothbrush with soft bristles and toothpaste slurry. The samples were subjected to 1hr of brushing. These samples were again subjected to 3D scans to evaluate (post-test volume and surface area) and underwent statistical analysis. The results showed the Heliosit group exhibited the highest mean volume (1.76mm3) and surface area (4.81mm2) difference between the pre-test and post-test values whereas the least mean volume difference (1.10mm3) and surface area difference (3.21mm2) were seen in the Tetric-N-flow group. All the four composites underwent change in the mean surface area and volume after being subjected to brushing, suggesting that the composites routinely used for bonding fixed bonded lingual retainers are subjected to changes due to abrasion. The Heliosit group, which showed least filler loading among the 4 composites, exhibited least resistance to wear, whereas the Tetric-N-flow group which had highest filler loading among the composites exhibited highest resistance to wear. The most crucial phase during orthodontic treatment is the retention phase. This phase is responsible for the long-term results of the treatment. The retainers that are placed in the oral cavity are subjected to changes due to oral environment, chemical changes, and mechanical changes. These changes have a direct effect on the retainers, which tend to alter their properties. Thus, the effects of these changes are to be studied thoroughly.

Effects of Different Toothpastes on the Nanomechanical Properties and Chemical Composition of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement and Composite Resin Restorations.

This study evaluates the effects of different toothpastes on the nanohardness and chemical compositions of restorative materials and dental surfaces. Bovine enamel (n = 72) and dentin (n = 72) blocks were obtained and restored using RMGIC (n = 36) or CR (n = 36) to create the following surfaces: dentin adjacent to RMGIC (DRMGIC), enamel adjacent to RMGIC (ERMGIC), dentin adjacent to CR (DCR), and enamel adjacent to CR (ECR). After restoration, one hemiface of each specimen was coated with an acid-resistant varnish to facilitate the creation of control (C) and eroded (E) sides; the latter were achieved by erosion-abrasion cycles as follows: erosion with 1% citric acid: 5 days, four times for 2 min each day; 1% citric acid/abrasion, two times for 15 s, followed by immersion in a toothpaste slurry for 2 min. Toothpastes without fluoride (WF; n = 12), with sodium fluoride (NaF; n = 12), and with stannous fluoride (SnF2; n = 12) were used for RMGIC or CR. The specimens were analyzed for nanohardness (H), and chemical composition using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman microscopy. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Lower H values were obtained with NaF for DRMGIC-C, with a statistically significant difference from the H value obtained with WF (p < 0.05). The calcium and phosphorus concentrations in DCR-E were significantly lower with WF than with the other types of toothpaste (p < 0.05). Fluoride-containing toothpastes are capable of preserving the main chemical components of the dentin adjacent to the restorative materials under erosive-abrasive conditions.

Combined use of stannous fluoride-containing mouth rinse and toothpaste prevents enamel erosion in vitro

ObjectiveTo compare the protective effect of commercial stannous-containing mouth rinses on enamel erosion in a simulated 5-day in vitro cycling model.Materials and methods81 human enamel specimens were embedded in resin blocks and divided into nine groups as follows; group 1: stannous fluoride (1000SnF2) toothpaste; groups 2,3, and 4 were the same as group 1 plus Elmex®, PerioMed™, and Meridol®, respectively, group 5: stannous fluoride (1450SnF2) toothpaste, groups 6, 7, and 8 were the same as group 5 plus Elmex®, PerioMed™, and Meridol®, respectively, group 9: negative control. An erosive challenge was induced with a 1 min hydrochloric acid (0.01 M, pH 2.2) treatment 3 times per day. Each cycle included immersing in the toothpaste slurry twice for two minutes and a one-minute rinse. The enamel slabs were immersed in artificial saliva between each erosive cycle and incubated overnight at 37 °C. Surface hardness loss and enamel loss were determined by Knoop surface hardness and non-contact profilometry, respectively. Finally, enamel surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS).ResultsAll three mouth rinses had similar protective effects against erosion when using adjunct with 1000 SnF2 toothpaste (p > 0.05). With 1450 SnF2 toothpaste, Elmex® presented significantly lower surface hardness loss than Meridol® (p < 0.05). The combined use of Elmex® or PerioMed™ with toothpaste provided significantly better erosion protection than toothpaste alone, either 1000 or 1450 SnF2. In addition, 1000SnF2 toothpaste adjunct with mouth rinse is comparable to 1450 SnF2 toothpaste alone in preventing enamel erosion.ConclusionAll three mouth rinses reduced enamel erosion. The additional use of a high concentration stannous containing mouth rinse with 1450 SnF2 toothpaste increases the protective effect against enamel erosion in vitro.Clinical significanceTo date, no standard protocol for preventing dental erosion is available. There are three stannous-containing mouth rinses on the market; however, no study compared their efficacy or indicated whether using adjuncts with anti-erosion toothpaste provides additional benefits. This study found that adding stannous mouth rinse to twice-daily toothpaste increases erosion protection.

Impact of different brushing/abrasion protocols on erosive tooth wear for in vitro studies

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of different toothbrushing (with dentifrice) protocols on the progression of erosive tooth wear for in vitro studies. DesignBovine enamel specimens were randomly distributed into 12 experimental groups (n = 10), according to the study factors: (1) brushing movement (horizontal or circular); (2) slurry diluent (artificial saliva or distilled water); (3) toothpaste dilution ratio (1:2, 1:3 or 1:4). A 5-day erosion-abrasion cycling model was performed, each consisting of 4 erosive challenges (0.3 % citric acid, pH=2.6) followed by 60 min exposure to artificial saliva. Brushing with fluoride toothpaste (15 s, 1400 ppm F-, AmF) was carried out 2x/day. Enamel surface loss (SL) was determined by optical profilometry. Data were statistically analyzed with three-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). ResultsSL was lower for the horizontal movement than for the circular (p = 0.044). There were no significant differences among the dilution ratios for artificial saliva. For distilled water, the more concentrated slurry (1:2) presented greater surface loss than the less concentrated slurries (1:3 and 1:4, p = 0.049 and p = 0.014, respectively). Dilutions with artificial saliva at ratios 1:3 and 1:4 presented higher surface loss than with distilled water (p = 0.008 and p < 0.001, respectively); however, for 1:2 ratio, there were no significant differences between the diluents. ConclusionsThe in vitro progression of enamel SL was influenced by the brushing movement, as well as the combination of the dilution ratio and the diluent of the toothpaste slurry, and therefore, all these factors must be considered when comparing results from different studies.

In vitro effect of low-fluoride toothpaste supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate, xylitol, and erythritol on enamel demineralization.

Regular use of toothpaste with fluoride (F) concentrations of ≥ 1000 ppm has been shown to contribute to reducing caries increment. However, when used by children during the period of dental development, it can lead to dental fluorosis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a toothpaste formulation with reduced fluoride (F) concentration (200 ppm) supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP: 0.2%), Xylitol (X:16%), and Erythritol (E: 4%) on dental enamel demineralization. Bovine enamel blocks were selected according to initial surface hardness (SHi) and then divided into seven experimental toothpaste groups (n=12). These groups included 1) no F-TMP-X-E (Placebo); 2) 16% Xylitol and 4% Erythritol (X-E); 3) 16% Xylitol, 4% Erythritol and 0.2%TMP (X-E-TMP); 4) 200 ppm F (no X-E-TMP: (200F)); 5) 200 ppm F and 0.2% TMP (200F-TMP); 200 ppm F, 16% Xylitol, 4% Erythritol, and 0.2% TMP (200F-X-E-TMP); and 7) 1,100 ppm F (1100F). Blocks were individually treated 2×/day with slurries of toothpastes and subjected to a pH cycling regimen for five days (DES: 6 hours and RE: 18 hours). Then, the percentage of surface hardness loss (%SH), integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN), fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) in enamel were determined. The data were analyzed by ANOVA (1-criterion) and the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.001). We found that the 200F-X-E-TMP treatment reduced %SH by 43% compared to the 1100F treatments (p<0.001). The ΔKHN was ~ 65% higher with 200F-X-E-TMP compared to 1100F (p<0.001). The highest concentration of F in enamel was observed on the 1100F treatment (p<0.001). The 200F-X-E-TMP treatment promote higher increase of Ca and P concentration in the enamel (p<0.001). The association of 200F-X-E-TMP led to a significant increase of the protective effect on enamel demineralization compared to the 1100F toothpaste.

Relative dentin and enamel abrasivity of charcoal toothpastes.

Very little data are known about charcoal toothpastes. The aim of this study was to counteract the missing data by determining the relative dentin abrasivity (RDA) and relative enamel abrasivity (REA) values of charcoal toothpastes. Radioactively charged dentin and enamel samples were randomly divided into groups of eight specimens. Each group was brushed with two of total 12 charcoal toothpaste slurries and with a standard abrasive with a known RDA and REA value. The measured radioactivity in counts per minute within the slurries corresponds to the amount of dentin or enamel abraded. RDA and REA values of the charcoal toothpastes were expressed relative to the known value of the standard slurry. The RDA and REA values of the charcoal toothpastes have a broad range of 24-166 and 0-14, respectively. The RDA and REA values do not differ significantly from previously tested commercially available toothpastes. However, the lack of fluoride compounds in many of the investigated charcoal toothpastes can have a less beneficial effect for the consumers. It is very important to educate patients accordingly.

The effect of toothpaste with reduced concentration of fluoride-containing sodium trimetaphosphate and polyols on initial enamel erosion.

This in vitro study evaluated the efficacy of toothpaste containing fluoride (F), sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP), and xylitol and erythritol (XE) to inhibit or repair initial enamel erosion lesions. Bovine enamel blocks (n = 120) were selected according to surface hardness (SH) and randomly divided into 5 experimental groups (n = 24 blocks/group): Placebo (no F, TMP, XE); 1100ppm F; 16% xylitol + 4% erythritol (XE); 200ppm F + 0.2% TMP (200ppm F/TMP); and 200ppm F + 0.2% TMP + 16% xylitol + 4% erythritol (200ppm F/TMP/XE). The sound and softened blocks were immersed in toothpaste slurry in human saliva for 2min. The blocks were then submitted to 4 erosive challenges in citric acid (0.75%, pH 3.5), each challenge for 1min, with stirring. The SH of the blocks was determined after treatment (t) and after the 4 erosive challenges. In addition, the precipitates were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Variables were submitted to a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance followed by a Student-Newman-Keuls test (p < 0.05). Toothpaste containing 200ppm F/TMP/XE led to the highest protective and repair effect compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). The protective and repair effect was XE > 200ppm F/TMP > 1100ppm F > placebo (p < 0.001). All groups produced precipitates with a thicker layer for XE and TMP groups. Toothpaste containing 200ppm F, TMP, and polyols demonstrated a superior protective and repair effect in initial enamel erosive lesions in vitro. Toothpaste containing F and polyols could be an advantage in patients affected by dental erosion, due to its higher preventive potential, mainly in individuals who frequently drink acidic beverages. However, future studies are needed to confirm these results.