Children's Toothpaste Research Articles

Clinical and laboratory evaluation of the effectiveness of children's toothpastes containing 1000 ppm fluoride

Relevance. This article presents the findings from studies evaluating the effectiveness of toothpastes containing 1000 ppm fluoride in clinical settings. The data demonstrates the cumulative benefits of these toothpastes on oral hygiene, the reduction of inflammatory oral manifestations, and their anticaries effects.Purpose. To assess the effectiveness of fluoride-containing toothpastes through laboratory tests and clinical trials.Materials and methods. The study evaluated the effectiveness of toothpastes containing 1000 ppm fluoride using the following parameters: Greene-Vermillion hygiene index, periodontal indices (PMA and SBI), enamel mineralization and resistance, presence and number of carious lesions at the white spot stage, enamel hypersensitivity, and antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus spp.Results. The analysis of hygiene indices demonstrated that the tested toothpastes were highly effective in cleaning, with a positive cumulative effect on participants' oral hygiene. The use of these toothpastes significantly reduced inflammatory manifestations, decreased gum bleeding, and improved periodontal tissue health. A reduction in the number of participants with early-stage carious lesions, as well as a decrease in the overall number of lesions, was observed. The toothpastes also enhanced enamel resistance to acid exposure, contributing to their anticaries benefits. Enamel hypersensitivity was reduced, and a dose-dependent antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus sobrinus was observed.Conclusion. Toothpastes containing 1000 ppm fluoride demonstrated strong cleaning and refreshing effects, along with a positive cumulative impact on oral hygiene and a significant reduction in inflammation. Their anticaries benefits were confirmed, and they also reduced enamel hypersensitivity. The tested toothpastes were well-tolerated, with no reports of allergic reactions or irritation.

Problematic screen exposure and oral health in preschool children: a comparison study

ObjectivesRecent studies have highlighted the association between problematic screen exposure (PSE) in preschool children and various health issues. This study aims to determine the relationship between PSE and oral/dental health as well as parafunctional oral habits in this population.MethodsHealthy children aged 3 to 6 years who visited the pediatric dentistry outpatient clinic were included in the study. PSE was evaluated using the parent-reported ‘Seven-in-Seven-Screen-Exposure Questionnaire’. An intraoral examination was conducted to record the number of decated, missing, and filled teeth, along with scores from the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS II), as well as dental plaque and gingival indices.ResultsA total of 210 mother–child pairs were included in the study, comprising 70 pairs with PSE and 140 pairs without PSE. The sociodemographic characteristics, frequency of daily tooth brushing behaviors, use of children's toothpaste, and regular dental examinations were statistically evaluated between the PSE and non-PSE group (p > 0.05). Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of having abnormal oral habits (p > 0.05). In the PSE group, the median scores for gingival and plaque index were significantly higher (p = 0.011 and p = 0.006, respectively). The median number of decayed teeth was significantly higher in the PSE group (p = 0.039).ConclusionsTurkish preschool children with PSE were found to have a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing poor oral health. Consequently, it is essential to conduct oral health examinations for Turkish preschool children exhibiting PSE. The study may have clinical implications for the evaluation of preschool children with problematic media use within dental practice.

Usage of Fluoridated toothpaste in children and Fluorosis of permanent teeth

Objective: To determine the usage of fluoridated toothpaste in children and the presence of fluorosis in permanent teeth. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: This study was undertaken in Hayatabad Model School Hayatabad Peshawar, from 1st March, 2022 to 31st October, 2022. Methodology: Eighty (N=80) school going children of both genders from 11-16 years age with healthy and vital teeth were included in this study. Children with chronic diseases were excluded from this study. Ingestion of childhood fluoride toothpaste and degree of fluorosis was recorded by using a questionnaire. Fluorosis was graded on basis of clinical examination by Dean Index. The data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Numerical variables were presented as mean and standard deviation whereas categorical variables were mentioned as numbers and percentages. Results: Mean age of children was 13.15 with 71.25% females (n=57) and 28.75% (n=23) males. 40.6% children (n=65) had dental fluorosis. Majority of children had mild fluorosis 65% (n=52), followed by moderate fluorosis (12.5%, n=10) and severe fluorosis (3.8%, n=3). 36.3% of the children ingested toothpaste in their early childhood (n=29) whereas 63.7% did not ingest tooth paste (n=51). Conclusion: Dental fluorosis is more common in those children who have a history of ingestion of fluoride tooth paste in their childhood. Keywords: Dental Fluorosis, Fluoride, Dental Caries, Dean Index, Childhood, Tooth Paste, Community Water Fluoridation.

Antibacterial effects of children's and adults' toothpastes containing different amounts of fluoride: An in vitro study.

In recent years, fluoride concentrations in toothpaste for children and adults have increased. However, the effects of different concentrations on bacterial activity have rarely been compared. We aimed to investigate and compare the antibacterial activity of children's and adults' toothpaste containing 500, 1000‒1100, and 1450‒1500 ppm fluoride. Three strains of bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Lactobacillus casei) were cultured in brain heart infusion agar. Thirty commercially available toothpaste products for children and adults containing 500, 1000‒1100, and 1450‒1500 ppm fluoride were selected and tested. Toothpaste's ability to inhibit bacterial growth was evaluated by agar diffusion assay, in which plates were incubated for 24 hours, and then the diameter of the microbial inhibition zone was measured. Comparisons between children's and adults' fluoride toothpastes were made using the Mann-Whitney U test. The association between bacterial growth inhibition and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was analyzed by the chi-square test. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. No difference in the inhibition zone was observed for different fluoride concentrations. However, there were significant differences between toothpastes for children and adults, with higher inhibition zones for adults' toothpastes. Most toothpastes for adults contained SLS, which was associated with antibacterial activity. Fluoride concentrations ranging from 500 to 1500 ppm did not affect bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity of toothpastes for adults was significantly higher than that of toothpastes for children, which was mainly attributed to the SLS usually added to adult formulations.

Perbedaan Jumlah Koloni Bakteri Subgingiva Setelah Menyikat Gigi dengan Berbagai Pasta Gigi yang Mengandung Bahan Herbal Sirih (Peper betle Linn.), Siwak (Salvadaro persica) dan Cengkeh (Eugenia caryophyllus) pada Anak dengan Disabilitas Intelektual

Children with Intellectual Disabilities have a higher risk of oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal diseases compared to other children. Therefore, efforts are needed to help maximize the prevention of these diseases. The abundance of herbal materials in the community, which have been proven to have antibacterial effects, has been increasingly formulated into toothpaste. This is expected not only to provide a mechanical cleaning effect on plaque but also to have antibacterial effects and inhibit plaque growth for a longer period in the oral cavity.This research aims to determine the difference in subgingival bacterial colonies after brushing teeth with various herbal-containing toothpaste in children with intellectual disabilities. The study was conducted using a quasi-experimental pre-post control group design. Subgingival fluid samples were taken from respondents aged 6-12 years before and after brushing their teeth with four groups: (K) without toothpaste, (A) toothpaste containing betel leaves (Piper betle Linn.), (B) toothpaste containing Miswak (Salvadora persica), and (C) toothpaste containing Clove (Eugenia caryophyllus). The samples were then cultured in Plate Count Agar media for 48 hours. Colony counting was performed using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method with a Colony Counter. Statistical analysis was conducted using Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests.The results of the study showed a decrease in the number of CFUs (colony-forming units) after brushing teeth. Significant reductions were obtained in toothpaste B (p-value = 0.046) and toothpaste C (p-value = 0.028). In conclusion, toothpaste containing Miswak and Clove effectively reduces the number of bacterial colonies formed in subgingival fluid samples..

Doses of fluoride toothpaste for children up to 24 months

AimThe aim of this study was to test the dose of fluoride toothpaste by parents for their children aged up to 24 months.MethodsParents who use fluoride toothpastes for their children were asked to dose two commercially available toothpastes (A and B) with 1000 ppm fluoride each for their children as they would normally do at home. The toothpaste amounts were weighed, and as reference, the weight of an ‘optimal’ grain of rice-size amount of each toothpaste was used.Results61 parents dosed a mean of 0.263 ± 0.172 g toothpaste A and 0.281 ± 0.145 g toothpaste B. The parents’ mean doses were 5.9 times higher for toothpaste A and 7.2 times higher for toothpaste B than an ‘optimal’ grain of rice-size amount (the reference dose as recommended). The difference between parent’s and reference dose was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Moreover, 39.3% of parents were not aware about conditions of use and warnings that have to be printed on the package of fluoride toothpastes.ConclusionIn this study, parents significantly overdosed the toothpaste for their children. To avoid fluoride intake from toothpaste, parents can choose fluoride-free alternatives for the oral care of their infants and toddlers.

Efficacy evaluation of using hypoallergenic toothpastes in children with a burdened allergy anamnesis

Aim. To conduct a clinical evaluation of the efficacy of using hypoallergenic children's toothpastes “R.O.C.S. PRO Baby" and "R.O.C.S. PRO Junior Creamy Pudding" in patients aged 2 to 11 years with a burdened allergy history. Materials and methods. The study included 58 children aged 2 to 11 years with a burdened allergy history. Before the start of the study, they were divided into two groups: the first included 28 children aged 2-3 years, whose parents had been brushing their teeth with « R.O.C.S. PRO Baby» hypoallergenic paste for 3 months. The second group included 30 childrenaged 6-11 years who provided oral care using the paste « R.O.C.S. PRO Junior Cream pudding ». During the control dental examinations, the determination of the possible locally irritating and allergenic effects of the studied toothpastes was carried out by visual examination of the oral mucosa of patients of both groups, as well as interviews and questionnaires of study participants and their parents. In patients of the second group, the hygienic condition of the oral cavity was assessed by determining the PHP hygiene index, PMA and SBI indices to assess the condition of periodontal tissues. Results. During the study, patients with a burdened allergy history did not have a locally irritating and allergenic effect of hypoallergenic toothpastes "R.O.C.S. PRO Baby" and "R.O.C.S. PRO Junior Cream pudding" on the oral mucosa. When using toothpastes, there was a significant decrease in the PHP, PMA and SBI indices by 58.47 %, 47.4 % and 43.2 %, respectively. Conclusions. The obtained data allow us to conclude that hypoallergenic toothpastes « R.O.C.S. PRO Baby » and « R.O.C.S. PRO Junior Creamy Pudding » meets the safety and efficacy criteria for cleaning teeth and can be recommended to patients with a history of allergies aged 2 to 11 years for daily hygienic oral care.

Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles with Feijoa sellowiana tailored by box-behnken design: An eco-friendly approach to enhance antifungal properties in Children's toothpaste

Oral candidiasis and its association with dental caries necessitate the development of toothpaste with enhanced antifungal properties, particularly for children at high risk of infection. This study aims to investigate the antifungal efficacy of children's toothpaste incorporating biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Feijoa sellowiana. Silver fluoride and Feijoa leaf extract were used for the synthesis of AgNPs. The independent variables were the concentration of AgF, pH of the extract, and temperature. The optimized formula was obtained using Design Expert software and Box-Benken design. The physicochemical properties of AgNPs were evaluated by UV-absorption wavelength measurements, SEM, and TEM analyses. Finally, the powder of optimized AgNPs was added to Colgate Kids Toothpaste® and its antifungal effect was evaluated using the standard agar well diffusion method. The optimization process identified an AgF concentration of 8 mM, a pH value of 9.56, and a temperature of 58 °C as influential factors for the formulation. The optimized AgNPs exhibited a size of 42.75 nm, and SEM and TEM analyses confirmed their spherical shape. Both toothpaste formulations, with and without AgNPs, demonstrated antifungal activity. Although the antifungal effect of both toothpaste types against Candida glabrata did not show a significant difference (p > 0.088), the toothpaste containing AgNPs exhibited significantly higher antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans (p < 0.014). In conclusion, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using silver fluoride and Feijoa leaf extract as an eco-friendly approach can effectively enhance the antifungal potency of toothpaste against C. albicans.

Effect of Commercial Children's Mouthrinses and Toothpastes on the Viability of Neonatal Human Melanocytes: An In Vitro Study.

In this study, we examined the cytotoxic effects of six commercial children's mouthrinses (designated as #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, and #6) and four commercial children's toothpastes (designated as #1, #2, #3, and #4) on primary human neonatal melanocytes that were used as a representative model for oral melanocytes. Mouthrinses diluted directly with culture medium (1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000) were added to monolayers of melanocytes for 2 min, followed by 24 h recovery, after which MTS cytotoxicity assay was conducted. The extracts of each toothpaste were prepared (50% w/v), diluted in culture medium (1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:50, 1:100, and 1:1000), and added to cell monolayers for 2 min (standard brushing time), followed by an analysis of cell viability after 24 h. Results showed that all mouthrinses except mouthrinse #4 showed significantly greater loss of cell viability, ascribed to cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) that induced significant cytotoxicity to melanocytes (IC50 = 54.33 µM). In the case of toothpastes, the examination of cellular morphology showed that a 2 min exposure to all toothpaste extracts induced a concentration-dependent decline in cell viability, pronounced in toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) detergent. Further results suggested SLS to be the critical driver of cytotoxicity (IC50 = 317.73 µM). It is noteworthy that toothpaste #1 exhibited much lower levels of cytotoxicity compared to the other three toothpastes containing SLS. Taken together, these findings suggest that the melanocytotoxicity of children's mouthrinse (#4) and toothpaste (#1) is comparatively low. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of children's toothpastes and mouthrinses on neonatal primary human melanocytes. Future studies to investigate these findings in a realistic scenario replicating oral cavity conditions of the presence of microbiota, pellicle layer and saliva, and other cell types are warranted.

Preventive effect of children's toothpastes on erosive tooth wear of primary enamel and dentin

Preventive effect of children's toothpastes on erosive tooth wear of primary enamel and dentin

Model test study on treatment of Pruzansky type ⅡB and Ⅲ hemifacial microsomia with artificial condyle-mandibular distractor complex

To preliminarily verify the effectiveness of self-designed artificial condyle-mandibular distraction (AC-MD) complex in the treatment of Pruzansky type ⅡB and Ⅲ hemifacial microsomia (HFM) through model test. Five children with Pruzansky type ⅡB and Ⅲ HFM who were treated with mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) between December 2016 and December 2021 were selected as the subjects. There were 3 boys and 2 girls wih an average age of 8.4 years (range, 6-10 years). Virtual surgery and model test of AC-MD complex were performed according to preoperative skull CT of children. The model was obtained by three-dimensional (3D) printing according to the children's CT data at a ratio of 1∶1. The occlusal guide plate was designed and 3D printed according to the children's toothpaste model. The results of the model test and the virtual surgery were matched in three dimensions to calculate the error of the residual condyle on the affected side, and the model test was matched with the actual skull CT after MDO to measure and compare the inclination rotation of the mandible, the distance between the condylar of the healthy side and the residual condyle of the affected side, and the lengthening length of the mandible. The error of residual condyle was (1.07±0.78) mm. The inclination rotation of the mandible, the distance between the condylar of the healthy side and the residual condyle of the affected side, and the lengthening length of the mandible after 3D printing model test were significantly larger than those after MDO ( P<0.05). In the model test, the implantation of AC-MD complex can immediately rotate the mandible to the horizontal position and improve facial symmetry, and the residual condyle segment can be guided close to the articular fossa or the preset pseudoarticular position of the skull base after operation.

Video game playing and oral health in school-age children: A cross-sectional study in Turkey.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship of video game playing with oral/dental health and harmful oral habits in school-age children. The daily video gamer (n = 77) and occasional video gamer (n = 77) children between 6 and 12 years old were included in the study. A questionnaire inquiring socio-demographic characteristics, video gaming and abnormal oral habits of the children was filled by parents. The children were examined intraorally and decayed-missing-filled tooth, the International Caries Detection and the Assessment-II System scores, dental plaque and gingival indices were recorded. Of the children; 42.9% daily video gamers played video games for between 1 and 2 h and 57.1% played for ≥2 h while all of the occasional video gamers spent for between 1 and 2 h on video game per day. The daily video gamer and occasional video gamer children were not different in terms of socio-demographic characteristics, frequency of having daily tooth brushing habit, using children's toothpaste and having regular dental checkup (P > 0.05). No statistically significant difference was present between the groups in terms of frequencies of abnormal oral habits and having at least one abnormal oral habit (P > 0.05). Severe gingivitis and advanced caries lesions were more common in daily video gamer group (14.2% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.025 and 90.9% vs. 70.9%, P = 0.026, respectively). Daily video gaming time was weakly correlated with plaque index (r = 0.26, n = 77, P = 0.024). Daily video gaming for ≥2 h increased the risk for severe gingivitis (odds (95% confidence interval) = 4.53 (1.07-19.23), P = 0.041) while daily video gaming for between 1 and 2 h decreased the risk for having abnormal oral habit (odds (95% confidence interval) = 0.39 (0.16-0.93), P = 0.034). In school age, daily video gaming may worsen oral and dental health compared with occasional video gaming. Particularly, an excessive video gaming time seems to be associated with poor oral health in school children.

Fluoride Concentration, Antibacterial Effect, and Cytotoxicity in Children's Toothpaste: In Vitro Study

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect on cell viability, antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria, and total fluoride availability of commercially available children's toothpastes in Thailand. Materials and Methods Seven toothpaste slurries were prepared from seven commercial toothpastes for children. Total fluoride concentration was determined. The agar diffusion method was used to examine the antibacterial effect of toothpaste against Streptococcus mutans. The viability of L929 mouse fibroblasts exposed with different concentrations of each toothpaste slurry was tested by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Statistical Analysis One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) tests were used for zone inhibition analysis. Cell viability data were analyzed using Student's t-test. Results Fluoride concentration in fluoride-containing toothpastes ranged from 521.36 to 1,377.83 ppm. Two toothpastes exhibited a similar level of fluoride concentration compared between the product labels. Other toothpastes showed a difference or slight difference in fluoride concentration between the companies' information and our data. The zone of inhibition ranged from 0 to 2.08 cm. A significantly higher zone of inhibition was observed in toothpastes with sodium lauryl sulfate. The concentration of toothpaste that reduced cell viability to less than 50% of the control was 0.8, 3.1, 6.3, 6.3, 25, and 100% for Fluocaril Deli Fruity, Oral-B Junior 6 + , Kodomo Kids, CUdent Stevia, SunStar GUM, and Kindee Organic, respectively. Conclusion The examined children's toothpastes can inhibit the growth of S. mutans, which did not correlate with fluoride concentration. The antibacterial effects could be the results of other ingredients, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate.

In vitro study on the preventive effect of children’s toothpastes on erosive tooth wear of primary bovine enamel and dentin

This in vitro study aimed to analyse the effect of various children’s toothpastes on erosive tooth wear of primary bovine enamel and dentin. Enamel and dentin specimens (n = 12) were cyclically eroded (6 × 60 s/d, citric acid, pH 2.4) and brushed (2 × 15 s/d, 2 N) over 5 days. Nine fluoride toothpastes (500 to 1450 ppm) and eight toothpastes containing no fluoride or other active ingredients (hydroxyapatite and/or xylitol) were tested. Unbrushed specimens served as control. Tissue loss was quantified using widefield confocal microscopy and statistically analysed using two-way and one-way ANOVAs followed by Scheffe’s (enamel) or Tamhane’s (dentin) post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). Only one fluoride toothpaste (1400 ppm) was able to reduce erosive wear of enamel significantly by 15% compared to the control (padj. = 0.002). All fluoridated toothpastes reduced dentin surface loss significantly by 32 to 69% compared to the control (padj. ≤ 0.001), while fluoride-free toothpastes were unable to reduce dentin loss significantly (padj. ≥ 0.971). Most fluoridated toothpastes caused less erosive wear compared to fluoride-free toothpastes. Children toothpastes containing fluoride were more effective in reducing erosive wear compared to toothpastes containing no fluoride or other active ingredients.

THE EFFECT OF CHILD TOOTHPASTE CONTAINS Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) AND NOT CONTAINS Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (NON-SLS) ON PRIMARY TEETH ENAMEL SURFACE ROUGHNESS

Brushing teeth combined with toothpaste is influential in maintaining dental and oral hygiene, especially for children still developing. Toothpaste contains several active ingredients, including detergent in the form of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS). This study aims to determine whether or not using children's toothpaste that contains SLS and does not contain SLS on the enamel surface roughness. An experimental laboratory study was conducted on twenty primary incisors divided into two groups of treatment samples to be brushed using toothpaste containing SLS and not SLS. Toothbrushing treatment was carried out for 30 days in the morning and evening with the assumption that the accumulated time for 6 minutes was the same as the time to brush your teeth in 1 day, 2x brushing your teeth in the morning and at night. The tooth enamel surface roughness was measured before and after treatment in the middle 1/3 of the labial surface using a Mituyo SJ 301 profilometer. Statistical analysis using the Dependent t-Test showed that the P-value of the enamel surface roughness variable was less than 0.05 (P-value &lt;0.05), thus it can be explained that there is a statistically significant mean difference between the enamel surface roughness variables before and after brushing treatment on both groups. Toothpaste that contains SLS and without SLS affects the enamel surface roughness, which can reduce the enamel surface roughness.

What is the influence of oral health literacy on the parents' choice of fluoride toothpaste?

Investigator blind randomised controlled trial. One hundred and forty-five parents or carers of children up to four years of age were recruited from families attending a clinic for premature children in Brazil. The aim was to assess the influence of Oral Health Literacy (OHL/OHL-AQ) on the effective and safe use of fluoride toothpaste. The participants were stratified into adequate (12-17) and marginal/inadequate OHL (0-11) and randomly allocated into one of four intervention groups as follows, based on how information was provided: 1. written, 2. oral, 3. written & photograph, 4. oral & photograph. Socioeconomic status was also recorded. Prior to the intervention, the participant's ability to apply the correct amount of toothpaste (1000 p.p.m F-) was assessed. Data were analysed using the t-test and one-way ANOVA. The chi-squared test was used to evaluate associations between participants' ability to select the correct toothpaste, sociodemographic characteristics, oral health habits and OHL. The majority of the sample were female (89%), with the whole sample's mean age being 31.9 ± 8.3 years. The OHL-AQ score ranged from 2-16 (mean: 11.3 ± 3.0). Before or after the intervention, having a higher level of OHL was associated with a tendency to deliver the more correct amount of toothpaste onto the brush. The interventions did lead to an improvement in the volume of toothpaste used across all groups. Only schooling was associated with the correct choice of toothpaste. Parents or guardians with higher OHL used less, and consequently more ideal amounts of, fluoride toothpaste for children compared to those with a lower level of OHL. This was the case both before and after the educational interventions. The allocation to intervention group did not predict the amount of toothpaste used. Finally, only schooling predicted the choice of correct fluoride toothpaste.

Toothpastes for children and their detergent contents affect molecular mechanisms of odontogenesis in zebrafish embryos

We aimed to evaluate how different types of toothpaste (TP) for children affected molecular mechanisms of odontogenesis in zebrafish embryos. Commercially available TPs were selected according to their detergent contents as the cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) containing TP (TP1) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) containing TP (TP2). TP3 contained no detergent. Effects of SLS, and CAPB alone were also examined. TP and detergent concentrations affecting development were determined as 750 mg/L and 4 mg/L, respectively. Embryos were exposed to TP1, TP2, TP3, SLS, CAPB, and embryo medium (control) for 72 h post fertilization. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidant–antioxidant parameters were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Expressions of tooth development genes were evaluated by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Intraocular distance, lower jaw, and ceratohyal cartilage length were displayed using Alcian Blue staining. axin2 and wnt10a expressions increased in SLS and TP2 groups. igf2a and eve1 expressions decreased in all groups except TP3. nrOb1 expression decreased in TP1, SLS, and CAPB groups. Oxidant–antioxidant balance was disturbed in all groups except TP3, evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide. SLS, and CAPB groups were more affected in terms of AChE, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase; perturbations were observed in cartilage structures. Altered expression of tooth development gene axin2 correlated with wnt10a, and with changes in cartilage structures in SLS and TP2 groups. TP3 group presented no disruptions in oxidant–antioxidant balance. Our study shows the availability of externally developing zebrafish embryos in examining the effects of TP’ contents on embryogenesis.

A comparative clinical evaluation of plaque removal efficacy of a chewable toothpaste tablet with conventional toothpaste in children – A randomized clinical trial

Introduction: One of the most important causative factors in the onset of dental caries and periodontal disorders is dental plaque. Mouthwashes and dentifrices, such as toothpaste, are examples of chemical plaque management treatments. Toothpaste is the most widely utilized oral health preventive measure. Dentifrices containing 950 PPM of fluoride have recently been developed as tablets. Tablets are a promising substitute for toothpaste. Aim: This study aimed to compare the plaque removal efficacy of a novel chewable toothpaste tablet and a traditional toothpaste in children aged 6–12 years old. Materials and Methods: A total of 128 children aged 6–12 years old were randomly split into two equal groups, with 64 subjects were given chewable toothpaste tablets and the other 64 received conventional toothpaste. The efficacy of a novel chewable toothpaste tablet with traditional toothpaste was compared, and the modified plaque index was measured at baseline at 0 weeks and after 4 weeks. Results and Discussion: A total of 127 children were evaluated out of a total of 128. Between baseline and 4 weeks, there was a statistically significant difference in mean plaque scores within groups (P = 0.001). At 4 weeks, there was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001) between the chewable tablet and toothpaste groups. Conclusion: Due to the convenience of use for children and the unique type of toothpaste, chewable toothpaste tablets show a higher efficacy of plaque removal than conventional toothpaste. A chewable toothpaste tablet could be a viable alternative to conventional toothpaste for children's oral health.

Antimicrobial Activity of Children's Toothpaste on the Bacteria Causing Dental Caries

Antimicrobial Activity of Children's Toothpaste on the Bacteria Causing Dental Caries

The effect of a novel toothpaste in children with white spot lesions.

To investigate the effect of a novel mineral containing toothpaste in comparison to a fluoride toothpaste in children with white spot lesions. The clinical study was conducted from 2016 to 2018 at Marmara University Department of Pediatric Dentistry Clinic after approval from the ethics review committee of Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey and comprised children of either gender aged 4-5 years having white spot lesions. They were randomly allocated into two groups. The FT (Fluoridated Toothpaste) group was given a 500ppm fluoridated toothpaste, while the Mineral Containing Toothpaste (MCT) group was given toothpaste containing calcium glycerophosphate, magnesium chloride, and 12% xylitol. The white spot lesions were examined using Laser Fluorescence (LF) at baseline and after a month of usage. The two readings were compared. Stimulated saliva was collected for measuring the salivary potential of hydrogen, buffering capacity, and streptococcus mutans. Data was analysed using SPSS 19. Of the 26 children, 10(38%) were girls and 16(62%) were boys. The overall mean age was 4.77±0.54 years. There were 13(50%) subjects in each of the two groups. Of the 381 measurements done, 198(52%) were in the MCT group and 183(48%) in the FT group. LF scores decreased in both the groups (p=0.001). The remineralising potential was not significantly different (p=0.866), while salivary buffering capacity and potential of hydrogen increased in both the groups but the change was not significant (p>0.05). The number of children positive for streptococcus mutans decreased in both the groups (p>0.05). The toothpaste containing calcium glycerophosphate, magnesium chloride and 12% xylitol had the remineralization properties needed for the prevention of gwhite spot lesions in children.