Engineering Tools Research Articles

Model-Based Assessment of Energy Efficiency in Industrial Pump Systems: A Case Study Approach

Outdated, oversized variable speed pump drives (VSDPs) in industry lead to sub-optimal energy efficiency and considerable energy losses. This paper proposes methods to develop 2D efficiency maps for motors, converters, and pumps using polynomial surface fitting, which enables efficiency evaluation in a wide operating range. The method was applied to an oversized VSDP in an industrial chilled water supply system, comparing the original system with five alternative VSDP combinations with high-efficiency motors and pumps. The five VSDP variants demonstrated average energy savings of around 30%, with the synchronous reluctance motor (SRM) configurations outperforming the induction motor (IM) configurations by up to 7 percentage points, particularly at low loads. The high-efficiency SRM-based 252-IE5 variant delivered the best overall energy performance, highlighting the benefits of optimised system sizing and motor selection for energy savings. The proposed method can be used in both industrial and residential applications and offers great advantages in process systems that require variable flow and pressure of water or other fluids during operation, such as HVAC, water supply and wastewater treatment, district heating, etc. The development of a VSDP drive with efficient energy optimisation is an interdisciplinary problem of mechanical and electrical engineering, and without the interaction of engineers from both fields the result will not be optimal. We try to present our method so that it can be a reliable tool for mechanical, electrical, and other engineers or researchers to assist them in finding possible energy savings, performing energy audits, and selecting the most suitable components when modernising existing or developing new systems.

Teledentistry as a Tool for Health Care Transformation

Teledentistry is a valuable technology tool that supports dental professionals in improving access to oral health care. Technological infrastructure, workforce availability, staff readiness, reimbursement, and patient population served must all be considered when implementing teledentistry.

NIGERIA’S SECURITY DYNAMICS AND THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME

This review paper delves into the 'security dynamics in Nigeria, and the fight against crime', elucidating the current state of criminal activities in Nigeria, which have reached unprecedented levels, particularly with the emergence of social media and other sophisticated technological tools. Nevertheless, the paper aims to leverage these advanced technological resources for intelligence gathering to combat crime effectively. It correlates the nature of criminal activities and their evolution with the intergenerational differences present in our society today, highlighting how these differences have also impacted the capabilities of law enforcement agencies in addressing crime in Nigeria. The recommendations put forth in this paper emphasize the significance of inter-agency cooperation, advocating for the integration of advanced intelligence-gathering mechanisms into the operational frameworks of security agencies to expedite crime prevention. Additionally, the discussion on recommendations entails investing in community policing, enhancing security protocols, and enacting reforms, among other proposals.

STUDENTS’ AND TEACHERS’ PERCEPTION ON USING VIDEO STREAMING PLATFORM TO ENHANCE LISTENING SKILLS

This study investigates the influence of video streaming platforms on effective listening proficiency among English teachers and secondary school students in SMKA Tun Ahmadshah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. The research utilized a qualitative approach, interviewing 5 experienced English teachers and five students from Form 3 to Form 5. Among the reasons, the integration of modern technological tools was provided in the school. The theories of cognitivism and content-based learning (CBL) within the book are employed. The research focuses on these theories to explore cognitive and instructional merits of using video streaming platforms. Based on the findings, the content of video streaming platforms significantly sustains students’ engagement and motivation. At the same time, teachers comment on the content being interesting, relevant, and in multimedia format. It combines visual and auditory sense for their engagement. Among the challenges for the students was that they rely on subtitles on the video. The issue of buffering was not mentioned by the students, but it is likely to reduce their engagement. Teachers suggested that the platform content is authentic similar to that on social media, and students can receive other messages beside the expected ones. For effective teaching, the use of some features could be of help considering that buffering poses a major challenge, and some students rely on subtitles. Nevertheless, they could make the process simpler and with motivation by their utilization on the students’ part. The medium is significantly used in distance learning where it is effective since students rely on the authentic content and are engaged. Thus, the platform should be used for effective proficiency in listening with assistance from its video features. They require the employing of the platform features and adequate motivation from the participants. Keyword(s): Listening Skills, Content Based Learning (CBL), Video Streaming Platform, Cognitivism.

Integrating Multimodal Generative AI Technologies in Postgraduate Marketing Education

While industry practices evolve rapidly, marketing education in Australia and New Zealand faces challenges in keeping pace, particularly regarding the adoption of current marketing technologies (Harrigan et al., 2022). Generative AI, exemplified by systems like ChatGPT and DALL·E, has demonstrated benefits for learning (Baidoo-Anu & Ansah, 2023). However, despite its potential, there remains a dearth of practical guidance on effectively incorporating these technologies into marketing courses. This gap persists even as general frameworks for responsible and ethical AI use, such as the Australian Framework for Generative AI in Schools (2023), emerge. As the demand for graduates with generative AI skills grows in the job market, educators must explore innovative pedagogical approaches to bridge this gap. This academic poster presents an innovative application of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in the context of teaching digital marketing at the postgraduate level. Its purpose is to bridge the gap between academic theory and industry practice by encouraging educators to integrate AI tools into their curriculum through experiential learning pedagogy (Kolb, 2014), characterized by a learning process whereby knowledge is created through hands-on experiences. The poster exemplifies how various types of GenAI technologies — specifically text-based, image-based, and video-based — can enhance teaching content, tutorial exercises, and assessments within the digital marketing course. The poster showcases examples of how these GenAI tools are integrated in the course content, to guide students in generating innovative ideas for using AI in marketing to gain a competitive edge: Text-based GenAI: Tools like ChatGPT and Gemini can automatically generate search keywords for search engine marketing. By integrating text-based GenAI tools with established marketing technology (MarTech) tools such as Google Ads and Google Ads Keyword Planner, students engage in practical exercises that combine AI-generated initial ideas (e.g., search keywords) with further analysis (e.g., search volume, click-through rates, and bidding costs) using established MarTech tools. This hands-on approach enhances their learning experience and prepares them for real-world applications. Image-based GenAI: Platforms such as DALL·E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion enable the creation of custom images for display advertising, enhancing visual communication in marketing materials. Through experiential learning activities, students can explore ideas, seek unusual combinations, and inspire creativity faster with image-based GenAI tools, resulting in a greater variety of display ad materials. Video-based GenAI: Applications like Sora and Synthesia facilitate the production of short video clips suitable for social media marketing (e.g., YouTube Shorts, TikTok). By engaging in dynamic content creation exercises, students learn to streamline content creation, reduce manual work, and save both time and budget, thereby gaining practical skills in social media marketing. By incorporating these GenAI technologies through experiential learning pedagogy, educators can enrich the learning experience, foster critical thinking, and prepare students for the evolving landscape of digital marketing. Future research can study the use of GenAI in marketing education using theoretical frameworks such as the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (Venkatesh et al., 2016).

INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES INTO THE PERSONNEL DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT MECHANISM IN HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS

This article explores the integration of digital technologies into the personnel management mechanisms of healthcare institutions in Ukraine. In an era marked by rapid digital transformation, the healthcare sector is increasingly recognizing the importance of utilizing modern technological tools to enhance operational efficiency, improve patient care, and streamline administrative processes. The study begins by examining the current state of personnel management in Ukrainian healthcare institutions, identifying key challenges such as workforce shortages, inefficient communication channels, and inadequate training programs. The research further delves into the various digital solutions available, including human resource management systems (HRMS), telemedicine platforms, and data analytics tools. These technologies are evaluated for their potential to optimize recruitment processes, enhance employee performance tracking, and facilitate continuous professional development. The article also highlights case studies from healthcare institutions that have successfully implemented digital technologies, showcasing tangible improvements in staff engagement, patient outcomes, and overall institutional effectiveness. Additionally, the paper discusses the critical role of digital literacy among healthcare professionals, emphasizing the need for targeted training initiatives to ensure that staff can effectively utilize new technologies. It concludes by proposing a strategic framework for integrating digital tools into personnel management practices, advocating for a holistic approach that encompasses technological adoption, staff training, and organizational culture change. Ultimately, the article aims to provide valuable insights and practical recommendations for healthcare leaders seeking to navigate the complexities of digital integration in personnel management. It has been determined that further research can significantly contribute to the development of effective personnel management strategies in healthcare institutions, which will not only enhance the quality of medical services but also promote the sustainable development of the healthcare system in Ukraine.

Optimal Periodic Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Based on Fourier Integral Pseudospectral and Edge-Detection Methods

The endurance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a critical factor in expanding the scope of their applications. Extended flight times enable UAVs to undertake longer missions, cover larger areas and perform tasks such as persistent surveillance, data collection and search and rescue operations. Optimal trajectory planning is a cost-effective method to significantly enhance UAV endurance and performance by minimizing fuel consumption. This study introduces a novel numerical optimization framework to maximize UAV endurance. Specifically, we address the problem of determining optimal thrust and cruise angle of attack for a UAV in 2D space under specific initial, periodic and boundary conditions. By normalizing the free final time optimal control problem and employing Fourier collocation and quadrature, we transform it into a nonlinear programming problem. A key contribution of this work is accurately detecting and reconstructing the thrust history, including jump discontinuities, directly from Fourier pseudospectral data without smoothing techniques. The proposed method outperforms existing approaches in solving the periodic energy-optimal path planning problem for UAVs, as it effectively reconstructs the bang-bang thrust profile, facilitating rapid and efficient thrust adjustments essential for various flight maneuvers. Furthermore, the algorithm aligns with the UAV model, ensuring seamless integration into real-world control systems. The method’s independence from prediction horizon length, due to the use of Fourier collocation on the normalized interval [Formula: see text], is a notable advantage. This characteristic offers potential for future applications in various fields involving nonsmooth optimal control problems. This research generally provides a valuable tool for researchers and engineers working on UAV design and operation, paving the way for more efficient and effective UAV systems.

Optimizing cancer treatment: the synergistic potential of CAR-T cell therapy and CRISPR/Cas9

Optimizing cancer treatment has become a pivotal goal in modern oncology, with advancements in immunotherapy and genetic engineering offering promising avenues. CAR-T cell therapy, a revolutionary approach that harnesses the body’s own immune cells to target and destroy cancer cells, has shown remarkable success, particularly in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and in treating other hematologic malignancies. While CAR-T cell therapy has shown promise, challenges such as high cost and manufacturing complexity remain. However, its efficacy in solid tumors remains limited. The integration of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a powerful and precise genome-editing tool, also raises safety concerns regarding unintended edits and off-target effects, offers a synergistic potential to overcome these limitations. CRISPR/Cas9 can enhance CAR-T cell therapy by improving the specificity and persistence of CAR-T cells, reducing off-target effects, and engineering resistance to tumor-induced immunosuppression. This combination can also facilitate the knockout of immune checkpoint inhibitors, boosting the anti-tumor activity of CAR-T cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9-edited CAR-T cells can target previously untreatable cancer types, offering new hope for patients with refractory cancers. This synergistic approach not only enhances the efficacy of cancer treatment but also paves the way for personalized therapies tailored to individual genetic profiles. This review highlights the ongoing research efforts to refine this approach and explores its potential to revolutionize cancer treatment across a broader range of malignancies. As research progresses, the integration of CAR-T cell therapy and CRISPR/Cas9 holds the promise of transforming cancer treatment, making it more effective and accessible. This review explores the current advancements, challenges, and future prospects of this innovative therapeutic strategy.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE CONTINUOUS LEARNING

This research addressed the issue of the effectiveness of formative assessment in the teaching and learning process, with the aim of analyzing how this practice impacts student motivation and performance. The methodology used was a bibliographic review, in which articles, books and academic documents on the subject were examined. The results indicated that formative assessment, when applied appropriately, promoted significant learning, allowing students to become autonomous and engaged in their educational trajectories. In addition, the analysis revealed that educators' resistance and the lack of continuous training were barriers to the implementation of formative assessment. It was observed that teacher training and the use of digital technologies facilitated the application of this approach, providing dynamic monitoring of learning. The final considerations emphasized the importance of teacher training and the integration of technological tools in assessment practices. The research concluded that formative assessment is a strategy that contributes to improving the quality of education. However, the need for future research to deepen the discussion on formative assessment in different educational contexts was highlighted.

How Online Learning Has Changed the Accessibility of Higher Education

It has become more accessible, flexible, and affordable than ever before as it completely does away with geographical and time barriers as have persisted in traditional education. This aspect accelerated not just in presence but also with identifying strengths and weaknesses in online learning during the pandemic. An advantage of online education has been low cost, based on reduced physical infrastructure. Another is flexibility in learning that learners enjoy as it balances personal responsibilities with their educational needs. Additionally, access for disabled students exists through assistive technologies. Many institutions have embraced this hybrid model where both the traditional learning experience and the online learning experience can give personalized educational experiences. On the other hand, it has posed such problems as the digital divide: students from lower-income backgrounds and those residing in rural areas often cannot access the internet and its other technological tools, which remain inaccessible to a high number of students with disabilities. This contributes to the isolation and disengagement of the online learners, who feel much more at home within the face-to-face learning setting. A further drawback relates to the issue of academic integrity in an online virtual learning environment, where there are no guarantees that students would be self-regulatory.The study examines how these challenges affect the accessibility of higher education and explores gaps in current research, such as the digital divide, inclusion of marginalized students, and the emotional and social impact of online learning. Online education has broadened access to higher education, but there is a need to ensure that all barriers are addressed so that equitable, high-quality learning opportunities are offered to all students.

Conceptualising a data analytics framework to support targeted teacher professional development

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a conceptual framework enabling the development and adoption of descriptive, diagnostic, predictive and recommendatory data analytics in teacher professional learning by harnessing some of the affordances of digital technologies to convert data into actionable insights. The paper argues for a technology-enhanced approach that uses data to support teachers in selecting appropriate professional development (PD) options to improve their professional practice. The ultimate goal is to lay the foundations for a robust and adaptable data analytics framework that could offer tailored PD recommendations based on the developmental trajectories of individual teachers. The paper analyses data-supported personalised professional learning as meaning-making and the appropriation of cultural artefacts within the ‘mobile complex’ - consisting of structures, agency, and the dynamic interplay between cultural and technological tools and practices. This study undertakes a comprehensive literature review to identify key concepts, gaps, and theoretical insights, informing the development of a data analytics framework. The resultant framework integrates personalisation, teacher agency and autonomy, contextual relevance, and ethical safeguards into PD process, aiming to foster a responsive, collaborative, and context-aware data-supported PD.

The development of supplemental multimedia learning modules and their impact on student learning in food biotechnology courses.

The rapid growth of online education has created opportunities to integrate multimedia learning tools into complex scientific disciplines like food biotechnology. This study aimed to develop and evaluate supplementary online course modules on gene expression analysis, protein engineering tools, and fermentation genomics for undergraduate food biotechnology education. Based on cognitive load theory and multimedia learning principles, the modules incorporated focused visual media and interactive knowledge checks. The study involved 85 students in an introductory food microbiology course and 25 students in an upper-level food biochemistry elective at a large public university. Module implementation included tracking student usage through learning management system analytics, collecting qualitative feedback, and assessing learning outcomes via exam performance. Results showed that 73%-76% of students voluntarily accessed the modules, with average engagement times of 5-8 min per module. Student feedback highlighted the modules' effectiveness in clarifying textbook content through replayable examples and real-world scenarios. Comparison of exam scores revealed a 6%-10% improvement in performance on module-related items compared to overall exam averages. Qualitative feedback indicated that students found the visual representations and interactive elements helpful for clarifying complex concepts. This study demonstrates the potential of well-designed multimedia modules to support student learning in food biotechnology education, providing a model for expanding such resources in food science curricula.

Analyze the physical interaction between the user and the furniture design to optimize comfort and functionality

The physical interaction between users and furniture is pivotal in determining comfort and functionality, particularly in environments where individuals spend extended periods, such as offices, homes, and public spaces. This study aims to analyze how different furniture designs impact user comfort, postural stability, and long-term usability. By employing a hybrid research framework combining observational studies, simulations, and advanced technological tools such as motion tracking, pressure mapping, and biomechanical sensors, the research provides a comprehensive evaluation of user-furniture interaction. The study involved 178 participants with diverse demographic backgrounds, allowing for a broad range of body types, ages, and activity levels to be examined. Key findings indicate that ergonomic features such as adjustable seat height, lumbar support, and reclining mechanisms significantly enhance comfort, particularly when customized to the user’s anthropometric profile. For example, adjustable seat height reduced pressure on the thighs, improving comfort by 8.5% over prolonged periods. Additionally, lumbar support was the most compelling feature in alleviating muscle strain, improving overall comfort by 9.0%. The analysis of long-term comfort revealed that postures supporting dynamic movements, such as using a standing desk, maintained higher comfort levels over time compared to static postures like leaning forward, which showed a marked increase in muscle fatigue. Postural stability analysis showed that sitting at a 90° angle provided the best balance of stability and long-term comfort, with a usability rating 8.4. In contrast, leaning forward exhibited the lowest postural stability and the highest discomfort, making it unsuitable for prolonged tasks.

The Evolution of EFL and ELL (2000-2024): Impact of Culture, Technology, and Innovative Pedagogies on Language Learning

For nearly a century, English language has consistently remained a global phenomenon with a continued business relevance; the mandatory inclusion of English Language Learning (ELL) in Asian, African and other non-native English-speaking countries is proof of the same. Consequently, research about English as a Foreign Language (EFL) has continued too. Despite ample empirical studies in the past that have examined the role of culture, linguistics, technology or digital tools in EFL, there are limited studied that holistically investigate and review the learning and successful implementation of EFL and its influencing factors. The current study is an attempt to systematically synthesize the findings from empirical studies undertaken between early 2000 and 2024 in the domains of EFL and ELL for a sample of 53 journal articles. The research also aims to draw a scientific relationship between the most relevant concepts surrounding ELL and EFL. To achieve this, the study conducted a systematic literature review coupled with Bibliometric mapping analysis. The study concluded that the upward surge of technological advancements and World Wide Web has transformed learning EFL. Cultural diversity, and technological or digital tools are key influencing factors and innovative teaching/learning pedagogies in EFL and ELL that can enhance the success rates in EFL and ELL in non-native English-speaking countries.

Digitally Driven Urban Governance: Framework and Evaluation in China

With the rapid development of digital technology, the role of digitalisation in urban governance continues to emerge. Building a theoretical analysis framework and evaluation system of digitally driven urban governance has important theoretical and practical significance for stimulating the efficiency of digital technology tools and improving the energy level of urban digital governance. This paper aims to explore the mechanism of urban governance enabled by digital technology, innovatively change the previous thinking mode that only attaches importance to facility construction and e-government platforms, adopt ecological thinking, and comprehensively consider the role of “soft elements” such as strategic support, industrial support, the security environment, talent support, and the market environment. Then, the extreme value variance method and the coefficient of variation method are used to calculate the overall capacity and secondary index scores of each city, and the standard deviation of secondary index scores is used to represent the sub-environmental balance of the cross-sectional data of China’s provinces. In order to further explore which indicators restrict the improvement of China’s urban digital governance capacity, this study also constructs an obstacle degree model. The results show the following: (1) The overall capability of China’s digitally driven urban governance is low, with a total score of 27.25, indicating that China’s digitally driven urban governance is in its infancy. (2) There is a significant development imbalance among Chinese provinces, with Beijing ranking first with a score of 81.16, and Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, and Ningxia scoring less than 13.30 points, ranking as the bottom 5 among the 31 provinces. (3) The shortcomings of talent support, industrial support, and the security environment restrict the improvement of the entire digital ecological governance ability.

Factors influencing EFL learners’ speaking fluency: A case study at a high school in Vietnam

This study investigates how four key factors - English exposure, learning environment, motivation, and teaching pedagogy - affect English speaking fluency among high school students, using both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The findings indicate that frequent exposure to English, an engaging learning environment, and effective teaching pedagogy significantly enhance students' speaking fluency and motivation. Qualitative results show that students who interact with English regularly, whether through classroom activities or extracurricular engagement, demonstrate better fluency and enthusiasm. A dynamic and supportive learning environment, combined with interactive teaching strategies, fosters higher levels of student participation and motivation. However, the study acknowledges several limitations. The small sample size used in the qualitative phase may not fully represent the broader student population, potentially impacting the generalizability of the findings. The reliance on self-reported data in the quantitative analysis introduces the possibility of bias, which could affect the accuracy of the results. The study also notes that focusing on a limited set of factors might overlook other influential elements such as individual learning styles or external pressures. Future research should aim to include a larger and more diverse sample, explore a broader range of factors affecting English fluency, and incorporate various activities and technological tools to address these limitations. By expanding the scope of research and incorporating these suggestions, more comprehensive strategies can be developed to improve English speaking fluency among students. This approach will provide valuable insights for educators and policymakers, assisting them in designing more effective language programs and interventions that enhance students' communicative competence and overall language proficiency.

Impact of prior experience and gender on cognitive load during initial drone use

The purpose of this demonstration study was to determine the effect of prior experiences and gender on cognitive demands at the initial educational technology experience. The task of drone operation was selected as a novel educational technological tool and videogame use was determined to be a tangential prior experience. Through the framework of embodied cognition, the NASA Task Load Index was used to measure cognitive demand. Practicing middle- and high-school science teachers were recruited to participate in this study. Participants operated drones at three instances over two weeks. An additional challenging task was also presented. A mixed ANOVA suggested a significant interaction between videogame use and time: F(2, 28) = 3.77, p<\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$p<$$\\end{document} 0.05. A significant interaction between gender and time was also observed: F(2, 29) = 3.72, p<\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$p<$$\\end{document} 0.05. For both prior experience and gender, the differences were observed at the first instance of drone operation and not at subsequent trials. Results suggest prior experience and gender may only affect cognitive load at the initial experience and leveling of cognitive load occurs with continued practice. These findings can support an educator’s planning for drone-based activities and help to mitigate the stigma of gender differences regarding technology use. Additionally, these findings support the need to examine and enhance related and transferable skills, such as hand–eye coordination and spatial thinking, to lessen cognitive load at the initial educational experience.

Design and Technical-Economic-Environmental Evaluation of a Biorefinery Using Non-Marketable Edible Mushroom Waste

Edible mushrooms are gaining popularity as functional foods, not only for their distinctive taste and subtle flavor but also for their potential health benefits. They are rich in essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. However, it is estimated that up to 30% of total mushroom production generates non-marketable waste, which is currently used as animal feed, fertilizer, or compost. From a circular economy perspective, the objective of this work is to propose a conceptual design for a biorefinery to produce high-value-added products from non-marketable edible mushroom waste and to conduct a comprehensive assessment using modeling and simulation tools for process engineering. The general approach first involves identifying high-potential products, then determining the best processing routes, followed by developing a process flowsheet diagram for a case study (A. bisporus), and ultimately conducting a comprehensive assessment of the biorefinery to evaluate its sustainability. As a result, the proposed biorefinery may produce chitin, citric acid, and fertilizer, demonstrating the technical feasibility of waste valorization in terms of product yields, with positive profitability in terms of the rate of return on investment and payback period, and low environmental impact in terms of water and energy consumption as well as CO2 emissions.

A Critical Analysis of Social Engineering Theory in the Context of Legal Development in Indonesia

The theory of Social Engineering is a legal theory that views law as a tool for social engineering. However, the concept of Social Engineering in the context of legal development in Indonesia faces gaps in its implementation, often clashing with social, economic, political, and cultural realities. This research aims to analyze the concept of Social Engineering, as proposed by Roscoe Pound, within the framework of modern law. It also seeks to evaluate the relevance of this theory to legal development in Indonesia. This study adopts a normative juridical method with a conceptual approach. The data used is secondary in nature, derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. Data collection is conducted through a literature review, while data analysis is performed qualitatively. Roscoe Pound's Social Engineering theory views law as a tool to create a balance of interests within society, aiming to meet its ever-evolving needs. In a modern context, this theory aligns with an approach that considers the impact of legal policies on social welfare. In Indonesia, the application of this theory is evident in legal reforms focused on social justice and public welfare. However, challenges such as weak law enforcement and discrepancies between policies and social realities need to be addressed in order to achieve effective legal development. Keywords: Theory; Law; Social Engineering.

Developing the KATAKU Mobile Application to Enhance Vocabulary Acquisition for Deaf Students

This study presents the development of the KATAKU (Kata untuk Tunarungu Interaktif dan Unik) application as an educational tool designed to support vocabulary learning for deaf students. Deaf students, who have the same educational rights as their hearing peers, often attend Special Schools (SLB). The integration of visual aids and technology in learning has proven effective in increasing their engagement and interest. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, including vocabulary assessments for deaf students, classroom observations, and teacher interviews for a needs analysis to identify the specific requirements of schools and students. Results from the vocabulary assessments revealed that deaf students face significant challenges, particularly with academic terms and word categorization. Classroom observations at three SLB schools in Jombang highlighted engaging but challenging learning dynamics, reinforcing the need for accessible and efficient teaching tools for educators. Teacher interviews indicated that using the paper dictionary provided by the Ministry of Education can be time-consuming and lacks efficiency. This study concludes that deaf students in Jombang face substantial obstacles in vocabulary comprehension, especially with academic vocabulary. The findings underscore the need for targeted vocabulary interventions using modern technological tools to better prepare students for advanced educational demands.