Tongue Groove Research Articles

Analysis of the strength of joints in fabric/ unsaturated polyester composites

Fabric/unsaturated polyester composites have garnered significant attention due to their lightweight properties and superior mechanical characteristics. Despite these advantages, the strength of joints within these composites remains a crucial aspect requiring thorough investigation. This paper presents a study focused on comprehending the factors that influence joint strength in fabric/polymer composites, emphasizing the importance of effective load transfer and robust adhesion within the fabric/polymer matrix. The objective is to minimize stress concentration and enhance load distribution within the joint. The failure mechanism involves a combination of Bearing Failure and shear-out failure, particularly in single-fabric layer composites. The study establishes a linear relationship between composite bending stiffness and the enforcement fabric’s flexural rigidity. A comparison of tensile properties across various joining methods, such as bolts, adhesive bonding, and tongue grooves, reveals that bolt joints exhibit the highest strength and elongation, followed by tongue groove joints. Notably, bolt joints demonstrate elevated toughness, efficiency, and stiffness in samples of two-layer twill fabric when the twill lines are oriented perpendicular to each other. Under these conditions, joint properties are measured at 0.89%, 14804.65 Nm, and 20.46 J, respectively. Increased fabric flexural rigidity yields advantages in terms of load distribution, load transfer efficiency, and dimensional stability. This study deepens the understanding of factors influencing joint strength, contributing valuable insights for the development of optimized joint designs and manufacturing processes. These advancements aim to enhance the performance and reliability of fabric/unsaturated polyester composites in applications requiring high strength and structural integrity.

Simulation of Thermomechanical Coupling and Evaluation of the Fire Resistance for the Joints of Fabricated Frame Tunnel

Fire in a tunnel will deteriorate the mechanical properties of the tunnel. For fabricated tunnels formed by splicing prefabricated components through joints, under the high temperature of a fire, the rapid degradation of the bearing capacity of the joints can easily lead to tunnel damage. In this study, a new type of joint (bolt-pin joints (BPJ)) for prefabricated frame tunnels is proposed. To investigate the fire resistance of the new joint and the other three fabricated frame tunnel joints (including mortise joints (MJ), bolt-mortise joints (BMJ), and pin joints (PJ)), a three-dimensional solid model of four types of fabricated frame tunnel joints is established using the finite element calculation software ABAQUS. According to the standard European HC curve, the heat transfer characteristics of the joint model are analyzed, the temperature distribution law of the joint under fire is studied, and the flexural bearing performance and deformation characteristics of the joint before and after the fire are discussed, as well as the influence of the initial axial force on the flexural bearing capacity and the opening of the joint under fire. The analysis result shows that the vertical peak load of the BPJ is higher than that of the other three joints at room temperature. Under the combined action of the pin and bolts and the tongue groove, the vertical peak load of the joints can be effectively increased and the midspan vertical displacement can be reduced. The decrease degree of the vertical peak load of the MJ and BMJ under fire exposure is greater than that of the other two joints, and the opening of the BPJ is 19 mm, which is much smaller than that of the other three joints. When the initial axial force is increased, the openings of the four joints under fire exposure are reduced, the vertical peak loads of the PJ and BPJ are increased, and the vertical peak loads of the MJ and BMJ are not significantly increased. Overall, the BPJ demonstrates better fire resistance.

Adhesive-free wooden tongue–groove joints: use of high-speed rotational wood welding

Adhesive-free wooden tongue–groove joints: use of high-speed rotational wood welding

A new baenid turtle, Palatobaena knellerorum sp. nov., from the lower Paleocene (Danian) Denver Formation of south-central Colorado, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Baenidae are the most diverse clade of turtles from the latest Cretaceous and earliest Paleogene of North America. Palatobaena species have a distinctive cranial bauplan within baenid turtles and we herein describe a new species, P. knellerorum, based on a complete cranium from the lower Paleocene Denver Formation in the Denver Basin, Colorado. Palatobaena knellerorum differs from other Palatobaena species in the extreme degree of its dorsally oriented orbits, as well as the presence of a broad pentagonal midline crest formed by the supraoccipital and parietals. It can be further diagnosed from other species of Palatobaena by the following unique combination of characters: having a broadly rounded cranium, presence of upper temporal emargination that extends well anterior to the otic chamber, a broad exposure of the supraoccipital on the dorsal skull roof, a broadly rounded ‘tongue groove’ between the maxillae and premaxillae, and a deeply emarginated nasal region that exposes the underlying premaxillae in dorsal view. Palatobaena knellerorum most closely resembles the Maastrichtian/Danian taxon Palatobaena cohen and the Danian taxon P. bairdi. A phylogenetic analysis places P. knellerorum as sister to P. bairdi, and these taxa are sister to P. cohen. Palatobaena knellerorum overlaps in time with P. cohen, but the two are separated geographically with P. knellerorum restricted to the Denver Basin and P. cohen restricted to the Williston Basin. Cranial anatomical data and sedimentological data suggest Palatobaena spp. were bottom dwelling turtles living in shallow water environments that used a putative proboscis to prey upon freshwater-shelled invertebrates.

Intelligent IoT-based large-scale inverse planning system considering postmodulation factors

The model and algorithm of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) are updated increasingly quickly, but the hardware upgrade of primary hospitals often lags behind. The new generation of intelligent precise radiotherapy platforms provides users with intelligent medical consortium services using big data, artificial intelligence and industrial Internet of Things technology. This technology can ensure that under the real-time guidance of a professional medical consortium, primary hospitals can realize rapid large-scale reverse planning design and can more accurately consider many factors of postprocessing. Although large-scale healthcare systems, such as volumetric-modulated arc therapy and other accurate radiotherapy technologies, have developed rapidly, the development of step-and-shoot-mode IMRT technology is still very important for developing countries. For software, in addition to the conformity of the dose distribution, the modulation speed, convenience and stability of the later dose delivery should also be considered in inverse planning. Therefore, this paper analyzes the main problems in conventional IMRT inverse planning, including the smoothing of the fluence map, the selection of the gantry angle and the dose leakage of tongue–groove effects. To address these issues, a novel Intelligent IoT-based large-scale inverse planning strategy with the key factors of the postmodulation is developed, and a detailed flow chart is also provided. The scheme consists of two steps. The first step is to obtain a relatively optimal combination of gantry angles by considering the dose distribution requirements and constraints and the modulation requirements and constraints. The second step is to optimize the intensity map, to smooth the map based on prior knowledge according to the determined angles, and to obtain the final modulation scheme according to the relevant objectives and constraints of the map decomposition (leaf sequencing). In an experiment, we calculate and validate the clinical head and neck case. Because of the special gantry angle selection, the angle combination is optimized from the initial equivalent distribution to adapt to the target area and protect the nontarget area. The value of the objective function varies greatly after the optimization, especially in the target area, and the target value decreases by approximately 10%. On this basis, we smooth the fluence map by a partial differential equation with prior knowledge and a minimization of the total number of monitor units. It is also shown from the objective function value that the target value is essentially unchanged for the target area, while for the nontarget area, the value decreases by 16%, which is very impressive.

The evaluation of the production of the shaped part using the workshop programming method on the two-spindle multi-axis CTX alpha 500 lathe

Abstract The article deals with the description of the production of a shaped part composed of an outer pyramid and cylindrical surface, of inner cylindrical surfaces of different diameters and of an inner tongue groove. It describes the proposed tools and tool holders resulting from the technological process. In order to meet the required tolerances and shape deviations for the given component, the CTX alpha 500 two-spindle multi-axis CNC lathe was chosen for its production. Its control system enables the workshop method of programming and simulation of individual operations in automatic mode or in block-by-block mode. The design of the selected CNC lathe enables the machining of rotary parts in one clamping, which is ensured by the right and left spindle with chucks. The surface quality of the pyramidal surface and the internal diameter of D18H8 was measured using a Hommel Etamic W5 roughness gauge. The measured roughness values for the hole were: D = 18H8, Rz = 3.007 μm, Ra = 0.729 μm and for the pyramidal surface: Rz = 1.527 μm and Ra = 0.329 μm.

Determinig the Shape Coefficient A of Groove on the Pen for the Shaft

Abstract This article focuses on creating a diagram for determining the shape coefficient α for a tongue groove on the shaft. Experimental determination of curve diagrams by comparing diagrams and monograms used using FEM calculations.

Relating form to function in the hummingbird feeding apparatus.

A complete understanding of the feeding structures is fundamental in order to study how animals survive. Some birds use long and protrusible tongues as the main tool to collect their central caloric source (e.g., woodpeckers and nectarivores). Hummingbirds are the oldest and most diverse clade of nectarivorous vertebrates, being a perfect subject to study tongue specializations. Their tongue functions to intraorally transport arthropods through their long bills and enables them to exploit the nectarivorous niche by collecting small amounts of liquid, therefore it is of vital importance to study its anatomy and structure at various scales. I focused on the portions of the hummingbird tongue that have been shown to be key for understanding their feeding mechanisms. I used histology, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, microCT, and ex-vivo experiments in order to advance the comprehension of the morphology and functioning of the hummingbird feeding apparatus. I found that hummingbird tongues are composed mainly of thin cornified epithelium, lack papillae, and completely fill the internal cast of the rostral oropharyngeal cavity. Understanding this puzzle-piece match between bill and tongue will be essential for the study of intraoral transport of nectar. Likewise, I found that the structural composition and tissue architecture of the tongue groove walls provide the rostral portion of the tongue with elastic properties that are central to the study of tongue-nectar interactions during the feeding process. Detailed studies on hummingbirds set the basis for comparisons with other nectar-feeding birds and contribute to comprehend the natural solutions to collecting liquids in the most efficient way possible.

Palate shape and the central tongue groove

It is well known that the center of the tongue can be grooved so that it is lower in the mouth than the lateral parts of the tongue, or it can bulge higher than the lateral parts of the tongue. It has never been shown whether or how this groove or bulge is related to the shape of the palate. In this study, we investigated the shape and size of the palate for several speakers using digitized 3D laser-scans of palate impressions and measurements on the impression plasters themselves. The groove or bulge in the center of the tongue was measured using real-time three-dimensional ultrasound. Pertinent findings will be presented concerning the relationship of the central groove/bulge shape and size to the shape and size of the palate.

Internal three dimensional tongue motion during “s” and “sh” from tagged magnetic resonance imaging; control and glossectomy motion

This study aims to ascertain the effects of tongue cancer surgery (glossectomy) on tongue motion during the speech sounds “s” and “sh.” Subjects were one control and three glossectomies. The first patient had surgery closed with sutures. The second had sutures plus radiation, which produces fibrosis and stiffness. The third was closed with an external free flap, and is of particular interest since he has no direct motor control of the flap. Cine and tagged-MRI data were recorded in axial, coronal and sagittal orientations at 26 fps. 3D tissue point motion was tracked at every time-frame in the word. 3D displacement fields were calculated at each time-frame to show tissue motion during speech. A previous pilot study showed differences in “s” production [Pedersen et al., JASA (2013)]. Specifically, subjects differed in internal tongue motion pattern, and the flap patient had unusual genioglossus lengthening patterns. The “s” requires a midline tongue groove, which is challenging for the patients. This study continues that effort by adding the motion of “sh,” because “sh” does not require a midline groove and may be easier for the patients to pronounce. We also add more muscles, to determine how they interact to produce successful motion. [This study was supported by NIH R01CA133015.]

Three-dimensional linear articulatory modeling of tongue, lips and face, based on MRI and video images

In this study, previous articulatory midsagittal models of tongue and lips are extended to full three-dimensional models. The geometry of these vocal organs is measured on one subject uttering a corpus of sustained articulations in French. The 3D data are obtained from magnetic resonance imaging of the tongue, and from front and profile video images of the subject's face marked with small beads. The degrees of freedom of the articulators, i.e., the uncorrelated linear components needed to represent the 3D coordinates of these articulators, are extracted by linear component analysis from these data. In addition to a common jaw height parameter, the tongue is controlled by four parameters while the lips and face are also driven by four parameters. These parameters are for the most part extracted from the midsagittal contours, and are clearly interpretable in phonetic/biomechanical terms. This implies that most 3D features such as tongue groove or lateral channels can be controlled by articulatory parameters defined for the midsagittal model. Similarly, the 3D geometry of the lips is determined by parameters such as lip protrusion or aperture, that can be measured from a profile view of the face.

An electropalatographic and optoelectronic analysis of Swedish [s] production.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of electropalatography (EPG) as a method for diagnostic analysis of the [s] sound and also to make a multiple analysis of the production of the normal Swedish [s] sound in various contexts. Eleven dental students participated. EPG registration, optoelectronic recording of jaw movements, and acoustic registration of a test phrase were made simultaneously. A speech perceptual test was also made. There were four separate recording sessions. Except for at session I, subjects wore an EPG palate. At session II they were not adapted to it, in contrast to the later occasions. The EPG appeared to be a valid method for investigating the [s] sound. In general, EPG and mandibular movement patterns were similar between sessions, and the sound quality normal throughout. At session II, however, the tongue groove was wider, the mandibular movements smaller, and the [s] quality somewhat deteriorated. [s] in various contexts had different tongue groove widths but similar high average mandibular position. To prevent speech and especially [s] sound problems when constructing prosthetic devices, it is important to advance our knowledge of [s] sound production.

舌背形成手術により完治した慢性肥厚性口腔カンジダ症

Candidiasis is a infectious disease caused by Candida albicans, and clinicaly classified into acute pseudomembraneous, granulomatous and chronic hyperplastic candidiasis. The cause of candidiasis has been ascribed to weakened resistance of the host combined with increased pathogenicity of Candida albicans.We experienced a case of severe oral candidiasis which repeatedly recurred over a period of 18 years. As one of the local factors of recurrence the patient had a fissured tongue, which was treated by excision of the tongue groove and plastic surgery of the dorsum of the tongue.Consequently, there have been no signs of recurrence in the operative region of the tongue 1.5 years postoperatively. We recognized importance of the local factors in contracting candidiasis.

Increasing accuracy of coronal tongue imaging using ultrasound

Coronal tongue images made using ultrasound have been limited by lack of precision in transducer placement. To improve precision and accuracy of data collection, especially in the coronal plane, a transducer holder and a head holder have been developed. The transducer holder maintains the transducer at a specified submental location in either the sagittal or coronal plane. Beam angulation is determined relative to the mandibular rami. An acoustic standoff prevents transducer interference with mandibular movement. The head holder consists of three cup‐shaped cushions attached to the back of a dental chair which form a triangular support against the posterior head. A Velcro strap, placed around the head, is tightened by means of an eccentric. The head holder also contains a removable arm which can hold up to three strain gauge transducers allowing simultaneous lip and jaw measurements to be made. With increased instrumental accuracy, more subtle tongue shape comparisons can be made. The effects of coarticulation on midsagittal tongue groove, as seen coronally in /sVs/ and /pVp/ context will be presented at several transducer angles.

Speech adaptation to dental prostheses: The former lisper

Six of 13 former lispers studied reported unusual difficulty in speech adaptation to a dental prosthesis. Palatographic data showed that former lispers tended to make more frequent use of A-P shifts in tongue-palate placement as a compensatory strategy than did normal subjects. Tongue advancement was a common pattern. The nonadaptors showed the highest incidence of A-P tongue contact shifts as a compensatory strategy. Their use of this strategy was the most consistent, and they were more likely to retain the same articulatory speech patterns that were tried initially. Tongue groove width data for sibilants of nonadaptors in the familiar condition showed a substantial incidence of further groove narrowing, a pattern normally seen only when a prosthesis is unfamiliar to the subject. In data on jaw position, nonadapting subjects had either not changed jaw position or adopted a closer jaw position by the end of 2 weeks. In both palatographic and jaw position data, it was possible to distinguish the adapting and nonadapting groups.