Toner Ink Research Articles

Colorimetric chemosensor for rapid detection of fluoroquinolone load in environmental water bodies, urine, and counterfeit drug testing

Fluoroquinolone is one of the most widely used class of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the world. Due to its widespread use and misuse, antimicrobial resistance against fluoroquinolones is becoming a matter of global health concern. Antibiotic residues are found in the surface and groundwater through the release of animal and human excretion and pharmaceutical effluents. Hence a robust and cost-effective way to detect antibiotics in relevant matrices is the current need of the hour. We have optimized an inexpensive chemosensing assay that can detect the presence of fluoroquinolone with a limit of detection (LOD) from 1.18 to 2.21 ppb (3.5–6.6 nM) in various environmental matrices and urine as a source of biological source of contamination. The assay has proved reliable against a comprehensive range of interferents. The linear range of operation was obtained from 10 ppb to 1000 ppb with R2 = 0.987–0.996. The recovery result fell between 95% and 104%, demonstrating reasonable accuracy. The assay has also been converted to a filter paper-based device with hydrophobic boundary generated by office printer toner ink to test for counterfeit medicines. The paper chemosensor produces naked eye detectable yellow color instantly in the presence of the analyte. Counterfeit drug testing has been reported against a broad range of over-the-counter available drugs with nearly no sample preparation. The paper sensor was found to be stable and functional over a year after storing it at room temperature.

Volumetric and Abrasion Loss Properties of Asphalt Mix Modified with Used Toner Ink

The research centered on the effect of used toner ink (UTI) as bitumen modifier in asphalt mix as paving materials with respect to the volumetric properties and durability. In this research, UTI are proportioned into the asphalt binder for mixing the asphalt concrete in percentages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Marshall and Cantabro loss tests were carried out on the hot asphalt mix. All the percentage proportion of used toner added was evaluated with the following parameters: voids in the mineral aggregates (VMA), voids in total mix (VTM), voids filled with asphalt (VFA), Marshall stability, flow value, and specific gravity. It was observed that asphalt mix with UTI performed better under loading as the UTI in the asphalt mix increases. The highest Marshall stability was observed to be 32,352N at 6% UTI, also there is reduction in the optimum bitumen content as the UTI, which helps in reducing the amount of bitumen needed in the course of asphalt pavement construction. In respect of this research further asphalt pavement design can be modified to provide pavement that can be more sustainable and durable over a long period of time, thereby reducing the cost of asphalt mix production.

Analysis and Design Ecommerce with User Centered Design (UCD) Method at PT. Multi Prima Mandiri Sukses

The development of technology moves so rapidly beyond human expectations in general, all eyes and minds are shocked by the sophistication of a technology that is packaged to represent various systems in the world, as well as the business world which is touched by technological developments and changes the way of doing business from the old model to be more sophisticated and efficient. PT. Multi Prima Mandiri Sukses is a company that sells laserjet toner ink and various laserjet printer rentals for office needs. The problem that occurs is in the sales department that so far sales are still carried out conventionally by ordering by telephone and sales records are still in the form of physical data where sales reach is not wide and sales data are easily lost. To overcome this problem, an online sales platform was built in the form of e-commerce with the UML (Unified Modeling Language) approach and with the design of the UCD (User Centered Design) method, the programming language used was PHP with MySQL database. The results of this research are in the form of an available online sales system which includes purchases and sales reports with a user center as a reference for developing an e-commerce sales system.

Sunlight induced photodegradation of toxic azo dye by self-doped iron oxide nano-carbon from waste printer ink

A simpler and sustainable approach for the isolation of self-doped iron-oxide nano-carbons from the waste black toner ink as a “freely available waste carbon black precursor is presented here.” The residual waste printer ink is usually known as the black toner ink and generally discarded as waste. In the simpler process, the waste black toner ink has been carbonized in a muffle furnace at ~600 °C and on further oxidation converted to its self-doped functionalized version as functionalized iron-oxide nano-carbons (f-FeO-NC). The f-FeO-NC has been used for the photocatalytic degradation of a toxic azo dye as Congo Red (CR) under the irradiation of natural sunlight. Based on its ease in accessibility and process ability, the transformation of the residual discarded waste ink to iron-oxide doped nano-carbons provides a better photocatalyst (sunlight-induced photodegradation) and hence provide a sustainable approach towards the successful waste management of the waste black toner ink.

Fabrication of laser printed microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (LP-\xb5PADs) for point-of-care applications

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) have provided a breakthrough in portable and low-cost point-of-care diagnostics. Despite their significant scope, the complexity of fabrication and reliance on expensive and sophisticated tools, have limited their outreach and possibility of commercialization. Herein, we report for the first time, a facile method to fabricate µPADs using a commonly available laser printer which drastically reduces the cost and complexity of fabrication. Toner ink is used to pattern the µPADs by printing, without modifying any factory configuration of the laser printer. Hydrophobic barriers are created by heating the patterned paper which melts the toner ink, facilitating its wicking into the cross-section of the substrate. Further, we demonstrate the utilization of the fabricated device by performing two assays. The proposed technique provides a versatile platform for rapid prototyping of µPADs with significant prospect in both developed and resource constrained region.

Deinking of Black Toner Ink from Laser Printed Paper by Using Anionic Surfactant

The objective of this research was to synthesize natural anionic surfactant from renewable material and use of this surfactant for ink removal from printed paper via flotation deinking in paper recycling process. The work included the preparation of the castor seed raw material, extraction of castor oil, preparation of anionic surfactant and deinking flotation of waste printed paper. Foamability and foam stability, critical micelle concentration and hydrophilic lipophilic balance of the surfactant was characterized and used to evaluate its fundamental deinking ability properties for the purpose of deinking flotation. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the fatty acid soap of 19.48, average Foamability height of 49cm and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.0065M was obtained. Lab scale flotation deinking process was done and the basic flotation parameters like flotation time, fatty acid soap dosage and pH were optimized for evaluating deinking efficiency. The flotation deinking efficiency was probed by measuring the residual ink concentration of the hand sheet via Perkin Elmer spectroscopy before and after deinking flotation. The individual and interaction effects between the basic parameters were studied by using design Expert Software 6.0.8. For the deinking flotation, the maximum ink removal efficiency was determined to be 78.02% at the flotation time of 90min, fatty acid soap dosage of 1.5% and pH of 9. Increasing flotation time from 30min up to 90 min and decreasing fatty acid dosage from 3% to 1.5% and increasing of pH from 3 up to 9 were found to have increased the ink removal efficiency.

Non Destructive Methods (XRF and XRD) For Estimation of Impure Carbon and Heavy Metals in Printer Toner Ink Powder

Air pollution constitutes the largest among all of the environmental risks. Dust and soot fragments forms components of air particulates, which are released into the air as extremely small particles or liquid droplets. The basis of this research is to characterize toner ink powder and wood soot samples and the detection of metallic pollutants in wood soot (WS) and printer toner ink (PIS) for their physicochemical properties (pH, conductivity, bulk density and moisture content) and instrumental analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Two non- destructive analytical techniques; Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (ED-XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were adopted for heavy metals (elemental) composition and mineralogy respectively. The pH of printer ink and wood soot shows higher pH value which indicates that they are alkaline. Low conductivity values were reported with low moisture, indicating easy fragmentation and spreading. The bulk density values for samples shows that the soot can be easily spread by air current to the environment. The EDS analysis indicates that the soot particles to be composed of primarily impure carbon, thus pointing at potential organic pollutants. The IR spectra show characteristics signals at 749.2 cm-1, 745.5 cm-1, 738.0 cm-1 and 745.5 cm-1 for wood soot and printer ink which correspond to C-H of aromatic group, 1703.4 cm-1, 1699.7 cm-1. The XRF analysis reveals high concentration of Chromium and other toxic metals. The mineralogical components of the soot and printer ink samples revealed the presence of associated minerals. Generally, levels of toxic metal exceed the permissible legislative limit for air samples.

Study on mass transfer characteristics for Cr (VI) removal by adsorption onto residual black toner ink

This study was aimed to assess the adsorption capacity of residual black toner ink (RBTI) for the removal of heavy metal Cr (VI), ions in batch mode. To achieve this objective, the effects of different experimental parameters viz., initial Cr (VI) concentration, adsorbent dose, initial pH of solution and temperature on Cr (VI) uptake were studied. The kinetic parameters were evaluated using model equations of Lagergren (pseudo first order), pseudo second order, and Weber and Morris. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms were fitted to experimental data for establishing the adsorption equilibrium. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters (ΔGº, ΔHº, ΔSº) was also done to demonstrate the nature of adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔGº= −2.5885 kJ/mol, ΔHº= 282.74 kJ/mol, ΔSº= 0.9574 kJ/mol.K) revealed that adsorption of Cr (VI) using RBTI was endothermic, spontaneous and increased with temperature. To investigate the physical and chemical properties of RBTI, SEM‐EDX and FTIR analyses were done. The maximum adsorption capacity of RBTI for Cr (VI) removal was found to be 13.98 mg/g. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1022–1029, 2017

A LABORATORY MEASUREMENT METHOD FOR PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVES IN AGGLOMERATION DEINKING OF MIXED OFFICE WASTE PAPER: THE HIGH-LOW SCANNING CONTRAST METHOD

A simple measurement method for pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) in an agglomeration deinking system of mixed office waste paper was studied. This method was based on the different scanning performance of ink and PSA specks in hot-pressed and oven-dried handsheets with the change of contrast values that had been selected and set in the image analysis software. The numbers of ink specks per square meter (NPM) were well recognized at both low and high contrast values and exhibited a very good linear relationship within a range of contrast values. The PSA specks, on the other hand, could not be recognized at the low contrast values and could only be recognized at high contrast values. The NPM value of the ink specks was found to have the highest values at the high contrast values and could be accurately predicted by its NPM value at the low contrast values. Thus, the NPM value of the PSA specks could be easily calculated by the total NPM of the handsheet at the high contrast value minus the projected NPM of the ink specks from its low contrast conditions. Compared to the dye method, which was also used on the measurement of microstickies, this method is suggested as a simple and quick laboratory tool to measure the relative quantity of PSA in the mixed office waste paper with minimum interference from the residual toner ink.

The effect of offset printing ink on laser toner ink agglomeration under neutral pulping conditions

1-octadecanol is known to be a highly effective agglomerating agent for laser toner ink. However, the office waste paper used in the actual production often contains various types of inks. The effect of the offset ink and types of surfactants with different charge characteristics were studied relative to the agglomeration of the laser toner ink under neutral pulping conditions. It was found that the addition of a small amount of the offset ink printed waste paper was beneficial for the agglomeration of the laser toner ink. The optimal percentage of addition is 12.5% to 25%. The offset printed ink had a positive charge of 0.001±0.0005 mEq/g when the offset ink was treated by 70˚C water at neutral conditions. Addition of a proper amount of cationic surfactant was beneficial to improve the agglomeration at any ratio of the mixed laser printed and offset waste papers. When the percentage of offset waste paper was less than 50%, the addition of anionic surfactant and nonionic surfactant was harmful for agglomeration, and there was no significant effect at higher offset content.

脱墨工程の界面科学 オフィス古紙の脱墨に関するインキの表面自由エネルギーと脱墨剤の関係

The surface properties of four types of inks (toner ink, inkjet ink, offset newsprint ink and heat-offset ink) and their effects on office waste deinking were investigated with regard to the surface tension of deinking agents. The surface free energy of those inks was determined from the measured contact angles and surface tensions of probe liquids using the Lifshitz- van der Waals/acid-base approach. All of the tested inks were characterized as having low-energy surfaces and the major contribution was derived from the Lifshitz-van der Waals component. Among them the toner ink had the lowest surface energy whereas the inkjet ink had the highest energy. The contact angles of deinking agents on the ink decreased as the surface tension of deinking agents decreased. On the other hand, the deinking experiments indicated that detachment efficiency of the inks from the newspaper and copy paper became highest when the surface tension of deinking agent was similar to the Lifshitz-van der Waals surface energy component of the inks. Furthermore, the hairy toner/clean toner ratio, which was calculated by visual microscopic observation, showed that the deinking agents, which gave better toner ink detachment, facilitated toner ink break down. It was concluded that the surface energy is an important parameter in office waste deinking.

トナーの単体分離性向上を目的としたケロシンによるオフィス古紙の離解

In waste office paper photocopied and printed by laser printers, toner ink is used as the printing medium and it cannot be decomposed in alkali by saponification different from the case of conventional oil ink. Therefore, to achieve a high degree of liberation, waste office paper has conventionally been comminuted to fine particles by strong agitation. However, this method not only makes toner so fine that separation becomes even more difficult but also makes it difficult to make high quality regenerated paper because the paper fibers are cut. In this study, a toner disintegration method by a relatively soft agitation force with the use of kerosene as a softening agent for toner ink has been investigated. The liberation degree of toner was 3.8 % by the conventional method using only NaOH and increased to 98.1 % by using undiluted kerosene and to 80.1 % by using 1 % kerosene suspension. As the remained toner parts were connected to only one or few paper fibers in these kerosene treatments, the liberation degree would become 100 % if these kinds of toner were also counted. The use of surfactants as dispersion agents for kerosene decreases the liberation degree because it interferes the softening of toner. It was also confirmed that an NaOH treatment in advance of the kerosene treatment is important to increase the liberation degree of toner.