Toll Road Network Research Articles

Optimizing the role of rice central market in Java, Indonesia: the effect of toll roads construction to the rice market integration

Rice is considered as the primary staple food that Indonesian people mostly consume on daily basis. The need of rice in Indonesia is always increasing. However, the production of rice in Indonesia has not meet its demand. One of the factors resulting the number of paddy field decreasing is the construction of toll roads. The government of Indonesia has invested intensely in the development of a toll road network. The length of toll road operation has increased from around 750 km in 2014 to over 2,500 km in 2022. The construction encroaching paddy fields and resulting the production of rice decreasing every year. The paper objective is to investigate the implications of toll road investment to the rice market integration by focusing on Java as the central rice-producing region in Indonesia. We used the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach to analyze the long-ranging daily rice price data series. The result of the study found that Cipinang Central Market in Jakarta has not the significant spatial market integration with rice markets in Java. Despite the fact that West Java, East Java, and Central Java with Cipinang Central Market have a major business tie, prices are not increasing. This shows a severe lack of market integration. The phrase “optimal market integration” refers to a more efficient market, especially when it comes to establishing rice market prices.

Environmental Social Governance Integration for Infrastructure Development in Public Private Partnership Toll Road Sector

This study examines the integration of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) principles into Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Scheme for Indonesian infrastructure development. Employing a qualitative method with content analysis, the study reveals that the Ministry of Finance has established an ESG framework for PPP, with implementation already in Toll Roads sector. In the PPP toll road sector, Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Regulations address ESG considerations, and a monitoring and evaluation system called “Penilaian Jalan Tol Berkelanjutan (JTB)” has been introduced since 2022 to assess ESG performance. Ten ESG-compliant rest areas along the Trans Jawa toll road network have been identified, and Jasa Marga is recognized as the best-performing State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) in managing these toll road rest areas. The study underscores that ESG integration in PPP projects can attract financial access, investments, and government support, ultimately promoting sustainability and enhancing PPP governance. By integrating ESG principles in PPP it can play a pivotal role in advancing sustainability and contributing to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Pythagorean fuzzy incidence graphs with application in one-way toll road network

Pythagorean fuzzy incidence graphs with application in one-way toll road network

Toll Road Infrastructure Development Towards Interregional Connectivity and The National Economy

Infrastructure has a very important role in encouraging national economic growth. The availability of good infrastructure can increase people's access to resources so as to increase productivity which in turn can increase national economic growth. This paper aims to determine the influence of infrastructure development and toll road management on connectivity between regions and improving the Indonesian economy, as well as knowing the role of the Government in accelerating infrastructure development and toll road management on connectivity between regions and improving the Indonesian economy. The research method used is an analysis method (descriptive) with a qualitative variable approach which is described in the form of statements which are the result of data analysis through observation. The method that the author uses in writing is literature studies and field studies. Data collection techniques can be carried out with literature studies (Library Research), field studies (Field Research) and Observation on the development of infrastructure development and toll road management in Indonesia. The connection of integrated toll road network infrastructure in Indonesia has a significant effect on connectivity between regions and improving the national economy.

The effect of toll road operation on national road performance in Central Java province

One of the major infrastructure development programs of the Indonesian government is the construction of toll roads, such as the Trans-Central Java toll road. The construction of these toll roads subsequently affects various aspects of the country, including the capacity and performance of the national road network. However, the government needs to analyze the effect of the toll road network on the performance of the national road network both in the existing and the coming years. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of the Trans Java toll road network on the performance of national roads. The study area used was the Central Java Province with a specific focus on toll roads and national roads. The analysis was processed on the EMME/3 software to form a road network with Gravity Model. The findings showed that the largest movement between 2022 and 2048 is in internal zones. It was also discovered that the Volume-Capacity Ratio value of the road network in 2022 was stable while 512 roads were projected to be unstable in 2048. Moreover, the average travel speed on national road sections in 2022 with toll roads was found to be stable up to 2030 but the speeds started reducing from 2035 to 2048 where the value was recorded to be less than 40 km/hour.

Set Cover Model with Path-Segment Concept to Determine the Optimum Rest Areas on Toll Road as the Location of Electric Vehicle Battery Charging Stations

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), especially battery-based electric vehicles (BEVs), requires battery recharging facilities. Battery charging station (BCS) is an important component in EVs ecosystem. EVs requires BCS infrastructure for battery recharging. Limited battery range in one full charge is a concern for EVs users which is often called range anxiety so the number and placement of BCS must be adequate to prevent EVs from running out of battery in the middle of the trip. This study uses the real data of Trans Java toll road network, specifically the Semarang-Ngawi section for running numerical experiment to test the performance of the proposed model. Rest areas on toll roads are considered as candidate points for BCS locations. The proposed model is a set cover model formulated into binary integer programming. The Simplex algorithm in Microsoft Excel Solver is used to find the optimum solution on numerical experiment. Four locations are found as the optimum locations of BCS, i.e rest area r3, r6, r9, and rest area r12. The novelty of this study is combining the path-based approach with node-based approach to get a more compact set cover model.

Analysis of liquefaction potential in Opak Fault nearby area (case study: Solo-Yogyakarta-NYIA Kulon Progo Toll Road construction section I.2)

Construction of the Solo – Yogyakarta – NYIA Kulon Progo Toll Road Section I.2 is a part of Java's toll road network system that connects Solo and Yogyakarta. The presence of this opak fault allegedly cut the toll road alignment. Based on Indonesia's Liquefaction Vulnerability Zone Map, the alignment location is in a medium liquefaction vulnerability zone. This study aims to determine the potential of liquefaction in the construction of Solo – Yogyakarta – NYIA Kulon Progo Toll Road Section I.2 (stationing 29+000 - 36+000). The maximum peak ground acceleration on the surface was calculated using the Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis calculation. Calculating liquefaction potential analysis uses the simplified procedure method developed by Idriss and Boulanger. The research shows that ten borehole points with sandy soil types 2 m – 18 m below the surface have liquefaction potential. The depth of the groundwater table is between 0.2 m – 10 m below the ground surface. Based on the Liquefaction Potential Index analysis, the research location is in a low - high level of liquefaction vulnerability.

The Impact of Trans Sumatera Toll Road Development on The National Road in Palembang City

The toll road network in Indonesia is growing very rapidly in line with the plan of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to build 24 toll roads on the island of Sumatra which will connect every provincial capital. The impact of toll road construction is certainly different in each region, and those who feel the greatest impact in the areas closest to them. Toll roads, both existing and planned, cause the development of local roads in the vicinity directly or indirectly. Development of road network systems can affect the movement so that network performance becomes better and increasing road capacity is not the right solution to overcome congestion on the road. This study discusses the impact of the construction of the Trans Sumatra toll road on the national road network in the city of Palembang by using four-step models and a macro simulation program, namely the software PTV Visum. The model reliability test resulted in a determinant coefficient (R2) of 0.7227, which means it represents the existing traffic conditions in the field. The modeling stage is continued to predict the performance of the road network after the Trans Sumatra Toll Road operates. Prediction results show in 2036 there will be a decrease in the level of service with the increase in the V/C Ratio of National Roads that directly access the Trans Sumatra Toll Road. Adding more traffic lanes in 2031 and 2036 on these roads, will significantly improve the performance of the National Road network. The unification of the Trans Sumatra toll gate also helps to increase the level of service on the nearest road.

Understanding Industrial Land Development on Rural-Urban Land Transformation of Jakarta Megacity’s Outer Suburb

After decentralization, there was massive development in Jakarta megacity’s outer suburbs (JMOS), especially in Bekasi and Tangerang regencies, marked by large-scale industrial estate/park (LSIEP) and followed by new town developments. However, this process led to the emergence of “chaotic” urban-rural land patterns. This study sought to identify the extent to which LSIEP development has affected rural-urban land transformation (RULT). The primary data were land use/cover (LUC) data from 2005, 2015, and 2020 and the LSIEP distributions. The methods applied are the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model for 2025’s LUC prediction and the RULT index approach, RULT index development using the analytical hierarchy process. These combined approaches were novel in Indonesia, which usually relies on Cellular Automata (CA)-Markov, overlay (spatial), and descriptive statistics analyses to describe the RULT phenomenon. It was found that the villages located around the LSIEP close to the Jakarta megacity toll road network and those adjacent to the municipality (city) had been transformed into urban areas, while villages far from those locations were still rural. This study’s results help clarify the rural to urban transformation in Jakarta megacity’s outer suburbs and could be used as input for spatial planning policy.

Survival Analysis of Fatigue Crack Initiation in Thin Asphalt Surfaces Based on In-Service Pavement Data

AbstractThis paper details a survival analysis of fatigue crack initiation on thin asphalt surfaces using in-service pavement data from a toll road network in southern Africa collected over a 15 to...

Differentiated Toll Optimization on Goods Vehicles Based on Prediction of Demand for Large-Scale Network

The area rate of the toll road network is designed to influence the regional road network traffic flow configuration and an important factor of goods vehicle path selection, transportation, and other related departments in formulating the related standard. The toll rate is usually combined with the local passenger and cargo loading conditions. Adjusting and optimizing the charge policy, optimization of processes and methods is still facing many difficulties. In this paper, the model parameters and toll status of various goods vehicles are considered, and an optimization algorithm of toll rates for different vehicles in a large-scale road network is proposed. By constructing a traffic demand prediction model based on multiple truck classification, this paper analyzes the distribution status of network trucks and the final charging under the influence of different rates. At the bottom of the algorithm is an analytical model composed of nonlinear equations whose dimensions scale linearly with the scale of the road network. The scale of the road network is independent of the path set and link attribute. The model is verified and the parameters are calibrated by a small network. Finally, the Road network is selected for empirical analysis in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. A case study shows that the analytical structure information provided by the analytic network model enables the algorithm to quickly identify high quality solutions, and the algorithm has better simulation accuracy and premium rate design advantages.

Long-term relationship estimation and coupling/decoupling analysis between motorway traffic and Gross Value Added. Specification of an ARDL cointegration approach and application to the Italian case study

As transportation is an activity derived from spatial complementarities between a certain supply at an origin and a certain demand at a destination, according to a general axiom it seems that economic activities entail transport de-mand. In this perspective, an essential analysis deals with the quantification of the relationships between transport demand and certain socioeconomic variables. Elasticity is a concept widely used in transport economics as a measure of the responsiveness of transport demand concerning different factors represented as independent variables in an econometric model and coupling/decoupling concepts have been proposed in literature. This paper deals with the estimation of elasticities of motorway traffic demand based on Gross Value Added (GVA), and the consequent investiga-tion of coupling/decoupling situation. The analysis is based on the application of an Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration model with the F-bound test and of the related Error Correction model. Starting from the general ARDL model and the methodology for the verification of its robustness, the same model is applied to the Italian toll road network. The time series of GVA for goods and services and the overall length of the toll network from 1995 to 2019 are considered as explanatory variables of the total annual distance traveled by light and heavy vehicles. The various tests in the ARDL framework show a cointegration between the variables, under the fulfillment of all the diag-nostic requirements. In this way, the long-term elasticities and the short-term adjustment dynamics are estimated sepa-rately for the goods and services components of GVA, and light and heavy vehicles. Starting from stable estimates of elasticities, the long-term coupling and decoupling effects between motorway traffic of light and heavy vehicles and the national production of goods and services can be shown. The paper, as well as providing an updated picture of the Italian situation, identifies a methodological framework that can be transferred to other contexts for a sector of great interest to investors, such as the motorway sector. All this can be useful to meet the needs of numerous stakeholders, who want to deepen the links between the economic cycle and traffic demand on toll motorways.

Where Truck Drivers Stop – Application of Vehicle Tracking Data for the Identification of Rest Locations and Driving Patterns

Road transport plays an essential role in freight transport throughout Europe, therefore, conditions that may hinder seamless operations in this sector require thorough consideration for evidence-based action. Critical amongst these key conditions is how, when, and where truck drivers stop, as a common set of rules strictly regulates their driving times and rest periods, which causes mandatory interruptions in the supply chains. However, approximating reliable estimations of freight traffic flows and road infrastructure usage constitutes a considerable challenge for researchers. This paper presents a robust data processing approach to designate rest area stops and to calculate the pertaining driving and rest times. Drawing on the abundance of navigation information provided by private fleet toll registration services, a comprehensive spatial-temporal truck stop database on all major rest areas along the toll road network in Hungary has been compiled. Based on the assessment and comparison of driving and rest times, driving and parking times have been analysed, including micro-scale analysis of particular rest areas. Both the methods applied and the results achieved can be of strategic interest to better understand truck driving patterns, as well as to develop targeted and cost-effective measures to streamline freight transport operations in other contexts.

Spatial distribution and the facility evaluation of the service and rest areas in the toll motorway network of the European Union

Among safety countermeasures for roads, service and rest areas play a vital role, providing a place to stop or rest during a journey and offering services such as petrol stations. Due to their importance, they must be logically distributed along routes at convenient locations with respect to travel itineraries and must be conveniently equipped. These needs become even more apparent on motorways that charge a toll to use the road, because drivers tend avoid leaving the motorway until they have reached their planned destination or departure point. The objective of this paper is to explore the spatial distribution of the service and rest areas on the toll motorways (or freeways) in the European Union (EU) and their facilities. Additionally, the distance and facility specifications established by the regulations of each country were compared. The EU was selected for this evaluation because of the virtual inexistency of borders and the substantial international traffic volumes that result from this relatively free flow of traffic between countries. Countries with a toll road network over 100 km were included: Italy, Portugal, France, Spain, Poland, Greece, and the Slovak Republic. Analysis of average and maximum distances between areas and the facilities provided showed a great variability due to different distribution policies. Few regulations exist that establish maximum distances between areas. Standardization of the spatial distribution of these facilities, on both free and tolled roadways, in the EU would benefit drivers, especially on long journeys, creating a consistent and predictable network of areas and services.

Analysis of Efficiency of Toll Road Network Development

The article analyzes the experience of Russian cities that provide toll roads charging. Based on the analysis, rates for toll roads were proposed depending on the category of vehicles, corresponding to the volume and quality of services provided to the user of the toll road. Based on the data obtained and the methodology for calculating the rate for vehicles on toll roads, the calculation of the amount of savings received by users when driving a toll road, compared with an alternative free route, was made. The calculation included determining the cost of operating a vehicle when driving through a toll road facility by reducing the consumption of fuel and lubricants, tire wear, repair costs, and other items of operating costs. The advantage for users of toll roads was determined by saving time for delivery of goods and passengers, increasing comfort and traffic safety. Additional attraction of funds through placement of gas stations and advertising is considered. The payback period of the toll road has been determined. The conclusion is made about the need for further research on the problems of development of the network of toll roads.

Estimating Fatality and Injury Savings Because of Deployment of Advanced Wrong-Way Driving Countermeasures on a Toll Road Network

Limited access facility wrong-way driving (WWD) crashes are typically more severe than other crashes. Deploying advanced WWD countermeasures, such as rectangular flashing beacon (RFB) and light-emitting diode (LED) technologies, at exit ramps can reduce WWD crashes, injuries, and fatalities. No previous research has developed a methodology to quantify the potential fatality and injury savings because of future countermeasure deployments. This paper developed such a methodology and applied it to Florida’s Turnpike Enterprise (FTE) toll road network. From 2011–2016, there were 53 FTE WWD crashes, resulting in 16 fatalities and annual injury costs of $37 million. The proportion of these crashes occurring during night-time was 87%. RFB and LED life-cycle injury savings and costs were determined for all 216 FTE exits. The total savings were $424 million for RFBs (benefit–cost [B/C] ratio of 23.20) and $144 million for LEDs (B/C ratio of 13.13). Deploying countermeasures at the 103 exits with the highest B/C ratios would provide 70% of the total possible savings by equipping 40% of the ramps. For the same capital investment, RFBs provide more savings than LEDs. Spending $1 million to deploy RFBs will provide similar savings as spending $3.4 million to deploy LEDs. Evaluating the existing FTE RFB and LED ramps shows that RFBs are more effective at night-time and can provide three times the savings of LEDs. The results of this paper show the improved performance of RFBs over LEDs and provide an example that other agencies could follow to identify savings and cost-effectively deploy advanced WWD countermeasures.

An optimization approach for deployment of intelligent transportation systems wrong-way driving countermeasures

The nature of wrong-way driving (WWD) crashes on limited access facilities makes it difficult for agencies to combat them effectively. WWD countermeasures equipped with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies, such as warning lights and detection devices, have been proven to reduce WWD. However, agencies often cannot deploy these ITS countermeasures at all exit ramps due to their expense. This paper discusses an innovative WWD countermeasure optimization approach to help agencies identify the optimal deployment locations based on available resources. The approach consists of a WWD crash risk (WWCR) model and a WWD countermeasures optimization algorithm. The WWCR model uses non-crash WWD events, interchange designs, and traffic volumes to predict the number of WWD crashes on multi-exit segments of limited access facilities. Then, the optimization algorithm uses the model results to identify the best exits for ITS countermeasure deployment based on WWCR reduction, available resources, and other applicable constraints. This approach was applied to the Florida’s Turnpike Enterprise (FTE) toll road network. Twenty-four segments were identified as WWD hotspots due to high WWCR. Three different optimization scenarios were tested to show how different constraints affect the results. These scenarios resulted in 38% to 41% of the maximum possible WWCR reduction by equipping only 39 of the 196 FTE ramps (20%) and could help FTE better utilize its investment by 36% compared to only equipping ramps in the identified 24 WWD hotspots. Other agencies could personalize this approach based on their available resources, and preferred WWD countermeasures to achieve similar benefits.

Responding to the Wrong-Way Driving Problem with Limited Resources by Optimizing the Placement of Wrong-Way Driving Countermeasure Technologies on Limited Access Facilities

It can be expensive for agencies to deploy wrong-way driving (WWD) countermeasure technologies on limited access facilities. This paper discusses a WWD crash risk (WWCR) reduction approach to help agencies determine the most cost-effective deployment locations. First, a directional WWCR model identifies roadway segments with high WWCR (WWD hotspots), then two optimization algorithms identify individual exits and mainline sections with high WWCR for priority deployment of WWD countermeasure technologies. This new approach was applied to the Central Florida Expressway Authority (CFX) toll road network to determine priority deployment locations for “Wrong Way” signs with Rectangular Flashing Beacons (RFBs). After modeling each direction of the CFX roadways separately, fifteen WWD hotspot segments were identified. WWCR reduction values were calculated for each exit by determining how far wrong-way vehicles travel based on WWD 911 call data. The exit ramp optimization algorithm was then tested for four investment levels using actual RFB deployment costs and real-world constraints. These optimization results could help CFX better utilize its investment by between 9% and 28% compared with only deploying RFBs at exits in the WWD hotspot segments. The mainline optimization algorithm, which considered the WWCR reduction caused by RFBs already deployed at CFX exit ramps, showed that State Road (SR) 408, SR 417, and SR 528 have mainline sections with high WWCR. These results show how the WWCR reduction approach can help agencies identify WWD hotspot segments and high-WWCR exits not in these segments (lone wolf exits), better utilize their investment, and determine mainline sections with high WWCR.

A tri-level optimization model for a private road competition problem with traffic equilibrium constraints

The Build–Operate–Transfer (BOT) scheme is widely applied in many cities, wherein firms compete to invest in road building and aim to maximize their profits by collecting tolls from users traveling on the roads under their control. Previous research analyzing the private road competition problem assumed that all the new roads would be constructed and operated by private firms under the BOT scheme. The present study recommends a more proactive participation from the government in the new road construction and operation so as to ensure the fulfillment of social welfare. We characterize this problem into a tri-level optimization model. In such a multi-competition game, strategic interaction and market equilibrium must be taken into consideration to determine their investment (road capacity) and price (toll level). Game-theoretic approaches are applied when the toll road network is controlled by more than one private company. Then, we propose a heuristic approach to solve the model and its validity is justified by a simple network numerical example.

A Wrong-Way Driving Crash Risk Reduction Approach for Cost-Effective Installation of Advanced Technology Wrong-Way Driving Countermeasures

Wrong-way driving (WWD) is hazardous on high-speed limited access facilities. Traditional signage and pavement markings will not always prevent intoxicated or confused drivers from entering these facilities the wrong way. To better alert wrong-way drivers, agencies can consider WWD countermeasures equipped with advanced technologies (including warning lights and detection devices) on exit ramps. However, these countermeasures can be expensive for agencies to install on entire roadways or corridors. This paper develops an innovative WWD crash risk (WWCR) reduction approach consisting of a WWCR segment model and an optimization algorithm that can be used to help agencies decide where to install WWD countermeasures. The approach examines segments of limited access facilities to determine the interchanges where advanced technology WWD countermeasures will provide the greatest reduction in WWCR based on an agency’s available resources. A hypothetical example application of this approach is shown for the Central Florida Expressway Authority toll road network. This example shows how the WWCR reduction approach can help agencies identify the optimal investment level and high-risk locations. It also shows how the optimization algorithm can provide significant cost savings compared with equipping entire roadway segments (57% savings) or corridors (83% savings). Agencies can customize the algorithm by adding constraints to represent various scenarios and make the algorithm applicable for networks ranging from single roadways to statewide systems. This WWCR reduction approach could be utilized by agencies nationwide to help them save resources and prioritize investment.