Toll Gate Research Articles

Vehicle Class Prediction at Toll Gate Using Deep Learning

In the era of digitalization and automation, efficiency in the traffic management system at toll gates is very important. One of the efforts to improve this efficiency is to develop an automatic vehicle class detection system using deep learning technology, especially Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). This research aims to design and implement a CNN model that can identify and classify the types of vehicles passing through toll gates. The model development process includes collecting and annotating vehicle image data, data pre-processing, and CNN model training and testing. The evaluation results show that the developed model can achieve an accuracy of about 96% in detecting vehicle classes, so it can be integrated with the toll gate system to increase the speed and accuracy in the vehicle classification process. Thus, this solution is expected to reduce the waiting time of toll users and improve operational efficiency.

RANCANG BANGUN PURWARUPA SISTEM REGISTRASI MASUK PINTU TOLL UNTUK KENDARAAN MENGGUNAKAN LONG RANGE RADIO (LORA)

The inefficiency of toll gate systems is one of the main causes of traffic congestion on toll roads. This condition requires an innovative solution to detect and process vehicle information before the vehicle reaches the toll gate. This study aims to develop a prototype that uses ESP32, LoRa, GPS, OLED, and Internet of Things (IoT) technology to provide a solution to this problem. The developed prototype uses ESP32 as the main microcontroller, LoRa for long-distance communication, GPS to track the vehicle's location, and OLED as the information display. This system is designed for vehicles to perform real-time registration. The test results show that this prototype can function well in registering vehicle data that will enter the toll gate remotely. With the implementation of this technology, it is expected to reduce the waiting time for toll road users caused by the long queue times of vehicles at conventional toll gate registration systems.

Enhanced Malaysian License Plate Recognition System Using an Improved YOLOv2 Model

License Plate Recognition (LPR) has gained popularity among researchers due to its wide range of applications, including law enforcement, monitoring, and toll gate systems. However, existing LPR systems still require improvements to achieve optimum accuracy and speed. The advancements in Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) variants offer potential solutions for these challenges. This primary aim of this system is to ensure accurate and efficient recognition of the vehicle plate characters using CNN techniques. This research utilizes two CNN network architectures for deep object detection to address the Malaysian License Plate Recognition (MLPR) task. The first network is designed to detect the license plate, while the second is responsible for recognizing the characters on the plate. Both networks are cascaded from the architecture of two-stage YOLOv2, providing promising speed and accuracy. The MLPR system achieved an accuracy of 98.75% and a processing speed of 0.0104 seconds, using a total of 2,200 license plate images. In conclusion, the system adapted from deep object detection techniques presents a promising solution for the MLPR problem, based on the achieved accuracy and speed.

Analysis Of Multi Lane Free Flow Implementation At Toll Gates In Indonesia (Case Study Of Cililitan Toll Gate 2)

As the volume of vehicles on toll roads and non-toll roads increases, congestion occurs when the road capacity can no longer accommodate the volume of vehicles passing through it. one of the most crowded toll roads in Indonesia is the Jagorawi Toll Road. Congestion often occurs at several points along the Jagorawi Toll Road, especially the Cililitan Toll Gate. Congestion at the Toll Gate often occurs because the level of service at the Toll Gate does not match the level of vehicle arrivals during peak hours. Therefore, in the research “Analysis of Multi lane Free Flow Implementation at Toll Gates in Indonesia (Case Study of Cililitan Toll Gate 2)”, this study aims to determine the performance and impact on vehicles at Cililitan Toll Gate 2 that are still using E-Toll and its effect on Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC) if the E-Toll system and MLFF system are installed at Cililitan Toll Gate 2. Therefore, using the analysis method with the help of Microsoft Excel can analyze data on the performance of E-Toll and VOC and survey data processing using SPSS. Based on the research findings, on Wednesday, March 6, 2024 has a delay time on the E-Toll payment system of 49 seconds. And also obtained the value of VOC when MLFF is applied (at a speed of 60 km / h) is lower than the value of VOC when E-Toll is applied (at a speed of 9.72 km / h) resulting in congestion costs of Rp. 3,653.75 / km for passenger cars, Rp. 1,113.66 / km for medium vehicles, Rp. 4,014.32 / km for large buses and Rp. 8,045.89 / km for large trucks.

THE SUITABILITY OF ACTIVITIES IN THE TRADE SUB-ZONE (THE CORRIDOR OF LETDA SUJONO ROAD, MEDAN TEMBUNG SUB-DISTRICT, MEDAN CITY)

The development of population and infrastructure in cities can enhance the local economy, as seen in the Letda Sujono Road corridor. This area, located between Medan City and Deli Serdang Regency and near the Bandar Selamat Toll Gate, has seen significant growth in trade and service activities. This growth has spurred the development of housing, public services, commercial spaces, warehousing, and industry, increased land demand and causing potential land-use conflicts and traffic issues. Inappropriate space utilization can lead to urban sprawl, often due to inadequate spatial planning control. The Medan City Detailed Spatial Plan (DSP or Rencana Detail Tata Ruang (RDTR)) designates the Letda Sujono Road corridor as a Trade Sub-zone, with zoning regulations limiting some activities to 10% of the block area. Aims: The objective of this study was to study the suitability of existing activities with the zoning plan which has been regulated in the Medan City Detailed Spatial Plan as a space control content in order to create safe, comfortable and sustainable spatial planning. Methodology and results: This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with spatial analysis to assess the alignment of current activities with the DSP zoning plan. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The findings reveal that 60.84% of the activities are suitable, while 39.16% are not. Some blocks, particularly Block 17-07-01 (Tembung), have exceeded the 10% activity limit, indicating that zoning plans have not been fully realized, with unauthorized activities such as integrated schools and vehicle-related services still present.

Evaluation of the Harmony of Trade Activities in the Letda Sujono Street Corridor Medan Tembung District Medan City

The development of the population and its supporting facilities has an impact on improving the economy of the people of a city. The Jalan Letda Sujono corridor has experienced significant development of trade and service activities with the location of the area on the border of Medan City with Deli Serdang Regency and the access to the Bandar Selamat Toll Gate. The development of trade and service activities encourages the development of other activities such as housing, public services, commerce, warehousing and industry. This has a big impact on the demands of land provision, the potential for inconsistencies in the use of space, and the disruption of traffic circulation. Inconsistent land use is expected to affect the growth and development of the city which is irregular and directed (urban sprawl). The factor of incompatibility in space utilization in spatial planning is caused by the lack of effective control of space utilization. The Jalan Letda Sujono corridor is planned by the Medan City RDTR as a Trade Sub-Zone zoning which covers 3 (three) planned blocks and there are provisions for activities (zoning regulations) for several activities that are limited by a maximum proportion of 10% of the planned block area. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct a study of the suitability of existing activities with the zoning plan that has been stipulated in the Medan City RDTR as a content of space control in order to realize safe, comfortable and sustainable spatial arrangements. In this study, a qualitative descriptive method with a spatial analysis approach is used to be able to directly compare the existing activity map with the zoning map that has been determined in the Medan City RDTR. The analysis carried out was an analysis of the interpretation of existing activities using satellite images, an analysis of the conformity of the provisions of activities with spatial ovelaping, an analysis of the suitability of activities in excess of 10% proportion, and an analysis of the suitability of activities in the Trade Sub-Zone in the Letda Sujono Street Corridor. The results of this study show that there are 45 types of existing activities consisting of 6,403 persils of activities (polygons). The suitability of activities in the research area was 102.23 Ha (60.84%) and the non-conformity of activities was 65.80 Ha (39.16%). The Plan Block that has been exceeded by activities with a proportion of 10% is Block 17-07-01 (Tembung). In the Trade Sub-Zone in the corridor of Jalan Letda Sujono, it is known that the suitability of its activities covers an area of 19.45 Ha (89.05%) and the non-conformity of its activities covers an area of 2.39 Ha (10.95%). This indicates that the spatial zoning plan has not been fully realized with the existence of Unpermitted Activities (X) in the form of Integrated Schools and the existence of Conditional Activities (B) in the form of Vehicle Pools, Workshops, and Warehouses/Warehouses. The conditional activities are no longer allowed (not allowed) in the Plan Block 17-07-01 (Tembung) because it has exceeded the proportion of activities of 10% of the plan block.

Nigerian Radicalism: Towards a New Definition via a Historical Survey

Abstract Recent military coups in West Africa have put the continent’s democratisation itself into question. In some places, for the moment, these coups appear to have popular backing. Nigeria, where radicalism is firmly rooted in democratic values and a human-rights framework, the radical grassroots opposition to the Buhari government’s creeping authoritarianism lies drenched in blood. The roots of this development go back to the history of Nigeria’s radicalism in the twentieth century. Much has appeared on the global 1968 recently, including that of Africa. 1970s/1980s-style radicalism is reappearing today with Omoyele Sowore’s 2018 presidential candidacy, with the African Action Congress party, the #EndSARS protests and the tragic Lekki Toll Gate massacre (2020) in Nigeria. The shift towards radicalism is palpable with protest music such as Falz’s This is Nigeria, and Burna Boy’s Monsters you Made, both explicitly targeting neocolonialism and police brutality. Contrary to Achille Mbembe’s sweeping dismissal of African radicalism, the movement with very deep roots under study is meaningful once again, and is gathering momentum in West Africa’s giant polity. This article applies Walter Benjamin’s and also Nigerian radical thinkers’ conceptualisation of political, social and artistic radicalism, while it frames the Nigerian version via the movement’s history, in which marxisant theory and praxis, feminism, human rights and pro-democracy movements interact with emancipatory strands of Islam, Christianity, Igbo Judaism, and animism. In the context of Nigerian radicalism, even expressly pro-capitalist art theory performs a radical social function by stressing the African’s right to make universal statements (Olu Oguibe) in its de facto defiance of the neo-colony. As these different strands of protest meet, ethnic uprisings (amongst them IPOB) find ways to establish common cause with social radicalism, posing a composite threat to the prebendalist oligarchy that rules and oppresses the country via a militarised neoliberalism.

Review of implementation of rigid pavemant cement clamping work on the reconstruction of the road access to Tol Palaran

The East Kalimantan Provincial Government carried out reconstruction work on the Palaran Toll access road (Palaran Main Stadium). This work is very strategic considering that the route is one of the accesses to national vital objects (obvitnas) of the Samarinda - Balikpapan Toll Road. In addition to providing comfort for road users, the path will be a storefront for Samarinda City. This path will be an access in and out of and to the Palaran Toll Gate. Previously, the two-lane road section was only used for one lane on the right side of the Palaran Main Stadium. The lane was partially destroyed, scrubbed and only became a parking office for trucks and containers. But considering that this road is a provincial road, the existing road conditions are considered unable to accommodate the capacity of vehicles going through this route. So it is necessary to rebuild and improve roads on the East Kalimantan Main Stadium Road Section at Sta. 1+644 – Sta. 3+405 to facilitate economic traffic and also avoid traffic accidents in the area. The methods used to obtain data are direct observation methods of activities that occur in the field and secondary data collection in the form of test result data, and work plan drawings. The purpose of writing this article is to find out the stages of implementation and supervision of cement concrete pavement road work, especially in ironing work. Palaran Toll Access Road Reconstruction Project using iron 32 mm for dowel rods with a length of 450 mm and a distance of 300 mm, iron 16 mm for tie bars with a length of 700 mm and a distance of 750 mm, as well as iron 12 mm for dowel fulcrum
 reinforcement and tie bar.

COST AND TIME ANALYSIS USING THE CRASHING METHOD ON THE PROBOLINGGO – BANYUWANGI TOLL ROAD PROJECT PEKET 2: STA 9+000 – 20+200

The government is building toll roads in various regions in Indonesia to realize economic acceleration and minimize economic inequality in society. However, based on facts on the ground, there are still many delays in toll road construction projects which are detrimental so it is necessary to take steps to accelerate the work. The aim of this research is to analyze the time and costs of accelerating the Probolinggo – Banyuwangi Toll Road construction project STA 9+000 – 20+200 using the Crashing Method. This type of research is quantitative research with the research subject being PT. Hutama Karya Indonesia (HKI) as the project implementing contractor. The research uses secondary data, namely the Draft Expenditure Budget (RAB), Schedule, weekly reports, and project costs for the completion of Toll Road construction work. The data collection method was carried out using observation and documentation methods. The research data analysis technique uses the Crashing. The results of research state: 1) On work on the Probolinggo – Banyuwangi Toll Road project Job STA 9+000 – 20 +200 job time can be accelerated to 311 days, which originally lasted 394 days. 2) Application of the Crashing Method to the Probolinggo Toll Road project– Banyuwangi STA Jobs 9+000 – 20+200 with critical path on public works, workplace cleaning, earthworks, drainage, sub grade, aggregate base layer, pavement, work others, traffic light lighting and electrical works, plazas Tolls, and work on toll facilities and toll gate offices can saving 115 days of work time with additions cost Rp. 72,941,450,191.64.

ENHANCING HIGH-SPEED PERFORMANCE: MODIFICATION OF BOOM BARRIER GATE WITH PUSH BRAKING SYSTEM FOR ETC APPLICATION

Congestion at toll roads has become a pervasive issue in contemporary times, predominantly manifesting at toll booths during the payment process. A noteworthy contributor to this congestion has been identified as the sluggish operational speed of boom gates. In response to this challenge, a modification strategy was implemented to enhance the operational efficiency of existing boom gates. The primary modification involved substituting the conventional electric motor with a more advanced Brushless DC (BLDC) motor boasting a power rating of 660 watts. Additionally, an innovative augmentation integrated a motorcycle disk brake system into the boom gate mechanism. Replacing the original electric motor's internal brake system with the disk brake system aimed to optimize the overall performance of the boom gate. The integration of the motorcycle disk brake system was further complemented by incorporating the push braking system (knoken braking system), serving as the actuator instead of the traditional motorcycle lever handle. This strategic substitution was instrumental in activating the disk brake function at the boom gate. During peak rush hours, the modified boom gate underwent rigorous testing at both the Ciawi and Kelapa Gading toll gates. Results from the trial activities unveiled a remarkable improvement in the boom gate's operational speed. Specifically, the opening speed demonstrated an impressive surge of 51 percent, catapulting from 548 ms to 265 ms. Similarly, the closing speed exhibited a commendable enhancement of 44 percent, elevating from 602 ms to 332 ms. Furthermore, the boom gate cycle per hour experienced a notable escalation, increasing by 25 percent from 356 to 449 cars per hour. These findings underscore the efficacy of the implemented modifications in ameliorating congestion issues at toll booths.

高速公路收费站通行能力测度研究

高速公路收费站通行能力测度研究

Road Safety Assessment of Banda Aceh - Krueng Raya (Krueng Cut - Baitussalam Toll Gate) Based on User Perception

The Banda Aceh-Krueng Raya Road is a national road and a major arterial road that plays a role in the economic growth of Aceh. The existence of this road is vital because it is the main access to the Sibanceh Toll Road (the end of the Trans Sumatra Toll Road) from urban areas and supports the smooth distribution of goods through the Malahayati seaport. Based on previous research, the cause of accidents on the Banda Aceh - Krueng Raya Road section is a combination of physical and environmental factors. This study aims to determine the geometric conditions and perceptions of motorists who have passed or live around the road section both before and after the Baitussalam Toll Gate became operational. The research used geometric surveys and distributed questionnaires to 290 respondents. The questionnaire data were processed using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) factor analysis modeling method using SPSS software. The results of the observation obtained road geometric conditions in most of the reviewed segments are not in accordance with road safety standards. Data analysis obtained factors that greatly affect the accident according to the perception of the driver is driving skills factor, potential damage and maintenance of road facilities factor, driving behavior and habits factor vigilance and concerns about traffic conflicts factor, and finally driving awareness factor.

Analysis of Toll Payment Based on Single Lane Free Flow at the Ngurah Rai Toll Gate in Realizing Transport Sustainability

Toll roads provide an alternative route to public roads, expediting travel through a network that requires fee payments. Recently, Asia introduced a radio toll payment system to alleviate congestion at toll gates. A more efficient toll payment system is needed. RFID stickers emerge as a cost-effective alternative. Their use is simple—affix them to the vehicle's front for scanning by RFID readers at SLFF toll gates. SLFF utilizes RFID for toll payments, aiming to embody sustainable transport implementation. The research method employed is quantitative, with field survey data collection. Findings reveal that Gate 3 stands out with a brief service time (0.6 seconds), lower fuel costs (366,171 Rupiah), and lower emission levels (CO gas 124%, HC gas 39094.7 ppm) compared to Gate 2. Gate 3's efficiency creates a superior user experience and potential significant fuel cost savings, making it a more efficient and sustainable choice for implementing the Single Lane Free Flow (SLFF) toll payment system.

Comparison Analysis of Service Performance Using Kruskal Wallis-Friedman Test to Minimize Waiting Time in Toll Gate System

The purpose of this study is to compare how well conventional, automatic, and OBU toll gates perform in terms of service. The author of this study employed two data collection techniques: primary data was gathered through interviews and field observations, and secondary data was obtained through a review of the literature. You choose which features and parameters are subject to change while the simulation is running. The system will be used to simulate how each algorithm performs in accordance with ideas and scenarios that have already been decided. Following the recording of the simulation findings, the verification step will be completed. On the basis of the outcomes of earlier data processing and analysis, the following conclusions are possible: In creating a toll gate model, two automatic toll booths spaced 60 meters apart from the toll gate were used as simulations to approximate the real thing. utilizing the Kruskal-Wallis-Friedman test computations to compare the performance of the toll gate service with six scenarios. The OBU-OBU scenario has the system's shortest waiting time, according to the computation findings. Conversely, the server utilities that are in use are traditional and traditional.

The impact of the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate on economic activities in the Jatiasih Sub-district

The JORR E1 (Cikunir-Jatiasih) toll road was was built with the primary goal of improving connectivity between the southern part of Bekasi City and neighboring regions. The construction and opening of the toll gate could yield a range of effects on the community, spanning from positive to negative impacts. This research aims to assess the impact of the Jatiasih toll gate’s operation on economic activities and their externalities based on public perception. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 102 residents of the Jatiasih and Jatimekar urban villages. A quantitative descriptive method with scoring analysis was employed for the analysis. The results indicated that the operation of the Jatiasih toll gate has significantly affected the economic condition of both the Jatiasih and Jatimekar urban villages. In the economic aspect, the operation of the toll gate has led to a considerable transformation of residential functions, with business activities being incorporated into residential properties. This integration has resulted in increased economic activities within a 1 km radius. However, it is important to note that the development of economic activities within this radius has generated negative externalities in the surrounding area. This research emphasizes the importance of monitoring economic activities to better understand economic situations and to facilitate policymaking geared toward sustainable development and management.

Performance Analysis of Ki Ageng Gribig Road Section from Malang - Pandaan Toll Gate Development Effect

Performance Analysis of Ki Ageng Gribig Road Section from Malang - Pandaan Toll Gate Development Effect

ANALISIS PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI KECAMATAN MOJOSONGO KABUPATEN BOYOLALI AKIBAT PEMBANGUNAN GERBANG TOL BOYOLALI

Boyolali is one of the districts in the Central Java province that is often passed when the flow of mudik or vacation. The existence of a toll gate in the region prompted the occurrence of land use changes in the area around the Boyolali toll gate. The change in land use in the Mojosongo district from 2011 to 2018 was dominated by the change from the use of land to the fields of 58,17 Ha and the change of the farm to settlements with an area of 78,88 Ha. The research method used is quantitative. The approach used is descriptive. Subsequently, the data collection used is an observation technique for testing the validity of image changes in land use and interpretation of image to find land use changes in the Mojosongo district. The result of this study is the change in land use that occurred in the district of Mojosongo and which was quite large in 2011 to 2018 that is, the transfer of land use function from agriculture to non-agriculture and the change of land function 2018 to 2022 occurred not so significant only the addition of the settlement area but not in the entire district.

DAMPAK PEMBANGUNAN HOTEL CIBINONG CITY MALL TERHADAP PERUBAHAN KONDISI SOSIAL DAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT RW 04 PAKANSARI CIBINONG

Cibinong City Mall is one of the largest and grandest shopping centers in Bogor, which is located in the Pakansari area, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java. Strategically located in the central government area of Bogor Regency and 2 kilometers from the North Sentul toll gate. This mall started operating in 2013. Cibinong City Mall (CCM), is preparing the next step in the construction of Harris Hotel, by appointing PT Adhi Persada Gedung (APG) as the main contractor in the construction project.. The selection of APG as the main contractor is based on the credibility of the BUMN company which has succeeded in constructing many buildings in Indonesia. The number of hotels is feared to have an impact on the social and economic conditions of the community. The objectives of this study are 1) To examine the socio-economic characteristics of the population in the area around the hotel construction 2) To examine the effect of hotel construction on socio-economic conditions in Cibinong District. The analytical method used is the technique of collecting data through surveys in the form of interviews to obtain primary data. The results of the interview explained that 1) The characteristics of the social and economic conditions of the people of Cibinong District in the near, medium, and far areas were not much different. The level of awareness of public education is high. This is indicated by the SMA/SMK level that dominates in each area for both parents and children. The number of people who state that the income they get every month is sufficient to meet their daily needs and tertiary needs, 2) The effect of hotel development on socio-economic conditions in Cibinong District has positive and negative impacts. The direct and indirect impacts are seen in economic conditions where the direct impact provides new jobs for the surrounding community for the hotel construction process.

Evaluasi Kebijakan Sistem Pembayaran Non Tunai Di Gerbang Tol Sentul Utara Ruas Jagorawi

Toll road users often complain about congestion problems that occur at entrance toll gates and exit toll gates due to the queue of toll road users in paying tickets using cash takes a long time, queues of congestion on toll roads cause losses for consumers in the form of wasted time, energy and vehicle fuel. This study aims to determine the results of the evaluation of the non-cash payment system policy at the North Sentul toll gate of Jagorawi Section. This research is a descriptive research using qualitative methods. The collection of 10 informants using Non Probabilita sampling techniques, the type is judgment sampling. Data were collected by triangulation techniques, namely observation, interviews and documentation. The informants in the study were North Sentul toll road users and North Sentul toll gate employees. Based on the results of research on the evaluation of cashless payment system policies at the North Sentul toll gate, it has not been able to overcome the existing problems. This cashless payment system policy is effective because it is considered safe, convenient and fast. However, on the other hand, this policy is said to be still ineffective because rider machines or payment machines often occur human errors while technicians to repair the machine are not standby

Optimizing Utilization by Using Promodel and Fmea Queue Methods at Toll Gates

PT Citra Marga Nusaphala Persada Tbk is a toll road company headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia. Until the end of 2020, this company holds concessions for five toll roads in Java Island. Looking at the queue report, it can be seen that there are still a large number of vehicle queues on the highest toll roads, namely 65 vehicles at 19.00-20.05 hours. Long queue lengths can affect customer dissatisfaction with the service system on the toll road so that it can be detrimental to the company, moreover the lack of maximum automatic machine work is the main factor in long queues. Of all the problems that occur can be solved using the queuing method and FMEA. The goal is to find out how to deal with queues on toll roads and find out how to deal with automatic machines working optimally. Based on the results that have been obtained, the company only opened 2 automatic substation machines. There are many obstacles that occur, including there are still queues due to the less than optimal machine work. So that this research was carried out to fix the problem that occurred by adding 1 automatic substation machine. The difference in the utilization rate is very large, namely 10.96% to 31.51%, with the result that the number of vehicles waiting is 0, meaning there are no vehicles queuing. The high RPN results from the results of the FMEA method make it the basis for the need for preventive maintenance measures to avoid total engine shutdown which results in long queues at toll exits. This action consists of providing maintenance workers who guard the substation to guard against machine problems by working 3 shifts and periodic checks starting from the system to its components.