Tolerance For Uncertainty Research Articles

Tolerance to uncertainty and career direction as predictive factors of nervous-mental stress in university students

Introduction. The relevance of studying the factors that cause neuropsychic stress is associated with the emergence of new challenges and dynamic changes in society that have a negative impact on the physical and mental well-being of a person. Increasing the level of tolerance to uncertainty and choosing an adequate career direction are a successful coping strategy in solving problems of neuropsychic stress (hereinafter referred to as NPS) of students. The purpose of the study is to study tolerance to uncertainty and career orientations of students with different levels of mental stress. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (N = 194), using diagnostic tools: «Nervous-mental stress scale (NPS)» by T.A. Nemchin, methodology «Study of career orientations» by E. Shein, «Uncertainty Tolerance Scale, MSTAT-I» by D. McLane, adapted by E. G. Lukovitskaya, E. N. Osina. To process the data, the following methods were used: descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, Student's t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient (r), regression analysis (step-by-step method). Results. In the sample of respondents, the career orientation toward «autonomy» and «service» predominates. Indicators of tolerance to uncertainty are at an average level. It was revealed that the sample of young people included students with high (22%), average (31%) and low (47%) levels of neuropsychic stress. Reliably significant differences were found in groups of students with high and low levels of neuropsychic stress in career orientations: respondents with a low level of mental stress are more focused on «challenge» (5,7 ± 1,9; p < 0,001) and «integration of lifestyles» (7,2 ± 1,3; p < 0,05). In groups of students with high and average levels of SPN, career orientations are negatively correlated with neuropsychic stress. In young people with a high level of NPI, the greatest contribution to increased stress is made by the indicator «attitude to uncertain situations» (R²=0,45). The prognostic parameter for students with an average level of NPI is the career orientation «integration of lifestyles» (R²=0,20). Career orientation «service» (R²=0,19) acts as a significant predictor of NPI in young people with low levels of mental stress. Conclusion. The results obtained may be of interest to researchers dealing with the problem of neuropsychic stress and the factors that cause it.

Self-regulation and Tolerance for Uncertainty as Resources for the Subjective Well-being of Modern Youth: A Cross-cultural Aspect

The study of the socio-cultural specifics of subjective well-being, its determinants and resources are an important task of modern psychology. The authors present the results of an empirical study, the purpose of which is to identify the features of the relationship between conscious self-regulation and tolerance for uncertainty and subjective well-being in young people of different ethnic groups. The study involved 1435 respondents aged 18-35 from five regions of Russia (Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Stavropol Territory, Moscow and the Moscow Region), belonging to the dominant ethnic groups in them. The design of the empirical study included an assessment of differences in indicators of subjective well-being, tolerance or intolerance for uncertainty and conscious self-regulation among various representatives of ethnocultural groups, as well as an analysis of the relationship between these indicators, in particular, using structural modeling. The results obtained confirm the influence of the cultural context of income on the level of subjective well-being. Less prosperous, as they consider themselves, are young people from ethnic groups where the socio-economic situation of the region does not provide opportunities for self-realization of the individual. The study has revealed two types of regulatory profiles: (1) a profile with a harmonious structure with a relatively pronounced general level of self-regulation, which is observed among the Russian respondents from Moscow and the Moscow region; and (2) a relatively accentuated profile, characteristic of Karachays, Circassians, Ossetians, and Russians (from the Stavropol Territory), expressed in the desire for a clear programming of their actions, their compliance with certain norms. It has been established that young people from the southern republics are less tolerant of uncertainty: they tend to solve problems in a situation of uncertainty in a ‘ready-made’ algorithm determined by traditions. Finally, the authors reveal the structure of relationships between the predictors of subjective well-being, which are presented in the form of models. The central place in these models belongs to conscious self-regulation and its basic cognitive-regulatory processes and personal-regulatory properties, which, both directly and indirectly, due to the mediator role of tolerance or intolerance for uncertainty, affect the subjective well-being of young people. The results of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of the ethno-regional specificity of the predictors of the subjective well-being of today’s youth and can serve as a basis for assisting in constructing interaction with representatives of other cultures and developing strategies for actively overcoming difficulties in a situation of uncertainty.

Examination of University Students' Perceptions of The Career Future in Terms of Tolerance For Uncertainty and Cognitive Flexibility

Examination of University Students' Perceptions of The Career Future in Terms of Tolerance For Uncertainty and Cognitive Flexibility

A mixed-methods program evaluation of the Alda Healthcare Experience- a program to improve healthcare team communication

BackgroundCommunication among interprofessional healthcare worker teams is critical to ensure a thriving and resilient workforce. We will evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the Alda Healthcare Experience (AHE), a novel medical improvisation (improv) workshop designed to improve interprofessional communication skills among healthcare professionals. The AHE workshop includes a two-hour experiential training workshop led by an improv specialist and a clinical co-facilitator. In July 2022 we began implementing the AHE workshop by training 18 clinical co-facilitators who will co-facilitate the workshops for 550 healthcare workers from five hospital departments at Stony Brook University Hospital over the course of a year and a half. Using mixed-methods, we will conduct an Effectiveness-Implementation Hybrid Design project that includes an outcome evaluation (effectiveness) and a process evaluation (implementation).MethodsOur outcome evaluation will assess the impact of the AHE workshop on short- and long-term improvement in interprofessional communication, stress, and professional fulfillment. The process evaluation component will examine programmatic, organizational, and individual facilitators or barriers to effective implementation of the AHE workshop. Qualitative methods will include dimensional analysis employing individual interviews of 20–40 AHE Project Participants, 5–10 Selected Informants, and all the clinical co-facilitators. Quantitative methods will use a quasi-experimental longitudinal design with an intervention group and surveillance of a control group (wait-list) and repeated assessments using validated instruments measuring communications skills, professional fulfillment, stress, burnout, uncertainty tolerance, and teamwork.DiscussionEffective and efficient communication within healthcare teams is fundamental to building team cohesion that, in turn, supports individual resilience and builds positive organizational culture. The AHE program is an innovative approach to improve interprofessional healthcare communication and reduce healthcare worker burnout. In addition to institutional buy-in, rigorous evaluations of medical improv programs are necessary as a critical step in making such programs scalable.Trial registrationN/A

Association of Tolerance of Uncertainty With Outcomes in a Quality Improvement Collaborative.

Tolerance of uncertainty may influence how physicians and other providers practice and make clinical decisions. We hypothesized that increased tolerance of uncertainty would be associated with an increased uptake of a quality improvement (QI) intervention. We examined tolerance of uncertainty using the Physicians' Reactions to Uncertainty Scale in the context of a national QI project in the Value in Inpatient Pediatrics network. The QI project aimed to increase exclusive isotonic fluid use and decrease laboratory draws. Exposure to the intervention was measured by using the stepped wedge design with sequential implementation across a diverse group of US hospitals. Multivariable analysis was conducted by using exposure to the intervention and tolerance of uncertainty as independent variables and exclusive isotonic fluid use or laboratory testing as the dependent variable. Of 106 participating hospitals, 97 contributed valid responses, with an overall mean reported tolerance of uncertainty of 3.39 (95% confidence interval: 3.27-3.50), with lower numbers on the 6-point scale indicating greater tolerance of uncertainty. Exposure to the QI intervention was significantly associated with exclusive isotonic fluid use (P <.001). Lower tolerance of uncertainty at baseline was associated with lower baseline isotonic fluid use and greater uptake of the use of isotonic fluids but not reduction in laboratory testing. Contrary to our hypothesis, lower tolerance of uncertainty was associated with greater uptake of the QI intervention for the outcome of isotonic fluids. This initial association warrants further study to evaluate how tolerance of uncertainty plays a role in quality improvement science.

INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE: CONCEPTS, STRUCTURE, PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT

The article deals with the issues of intercultural competence: concepts, structure, principles and methods of development. It reveals the definition of the concept of intercultural communication and reviews international approaches to defining multicultural competence and its components in modern pedagogy. The intercultural communication competence is considered as the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts that has numerous components that include motivation, self- and other knowledge, and tolerance for uncertainty. It is noted that effective intercultural communication is essential to preventing and resolving conflict, building networks, and creating a satisfactory work environment for everyone involved. The aim of the article is to clarify the factors influencing the level of mastering these skills. Also there was distinguished the categories of culture needed to be taken into account while conducting intercultural communication and practicing these skills, namely: context, individualism, formality, communication style, and time orientation. The author tries to find the answer to the question how can workplace intercultural competence be improved, enabling individuals and organizations to overcome intercultural communication barriers and achieve their goals within this global virtual space. There was provided some communication tactics and tips to promote effective communication in a culturally diverse environment: to keep an open mind; to have at least some knowledge of people’s cultural backgrounds; to practice active listening; to watch your nonverbal communication; to maintain a personal touch, etc. Intercultural communication requires an understanding that different cultures have different values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, attitudes, social mores, and thought patterns, thus, good intercultural communication skills require a willingness to accept differences these and adapt to them.&#x0D; Key words: intercultural communication; intercultural communication competence; multicultural environment; categories of culture.

Role of Decision-Making Styles and Intolerance of Uncertainty on Procrastination During the Pandemic

Decisional procrastination in university students is affected by several factors that could hinder its reduction and, among these factors, the styles of decision-making and the tolerance of uncertainty have been poorly investigated during the pandemic. This study analyzed the associations of procrastination with decision-making styles and intolerance of uncertainty in 209 freshmen of Degrees in Psychology at the University of Catania (Italy). The Decisional Procrastination Scale, the Decision-Making Styles, and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale were used. Results: 1) decisional procrastination is associated positively with doubtfulness, and proxy, but negatively with no problem style; 2) decisional procrastination is strongly related both to prospective and inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty; 3) decision-making styles (doubtfulness, and proxy) are positively related both to prospective and inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty; finally, 4) no problem style is negatively associated both with prospective and inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty. The expected results indicated that freshmen who procrastinate in their decisions during the pandemic are likely to use dysfunctional decision-making styles and are oriented toward the unacceptability of uncertainty.

Visualizing the Human Body Using an Artistic Approach.

This chapter describes an innovative approach to the cross-disciplinary study of anatomy and art to facilitate visualization of the human body. We draw upon the literature, together with our own experience of designing, delivering and researching a cross-disciplinary art and anatomy course, to indicate the critical elements of the approach that foster students' visualization of the anatomy of the human body.Visual arts have been linked with anatomy for centuries, but typically biomedical science has existed in a utilitarian relationship with art only used as an aid. In this chapter, we discuss the rationale underpinning a cross-disciplinary anatomy and art course and describe our experience of devising activities and assessment that create a stimulating and mutually beneficial environment for visualizing the experience and physicality of the human body. We describe the structure of the course which integrates art and anatomy to train students in the language of anatomy and visual representation, by engaging them in a process of attempting their own visual communication. The cross-disciplinary nature of our approach creates a unique social environment that offers a supportive environment for exploration and experimentation without fear of failure. Students' personal growth in resilience, tolerance for uncertainty and creativity prepares them for the inclusion of these values in their career.

Formation of Tolerance to Uncertainty as a Professional Quality of the Future Police Officer Personality

The article substantiates the relevance of the problem of forming tolerance to uncertainty in future police officers as a professionally significant quality of the individual, whose professional activity takes place in a socially aggressive environment in conditions of social, psychological and professional conflicts, which are characterized by a high level of uncertainty. In such cases, effective performance of official duties by police officers is possible only under the conditions of formation of conflict-related competence and tolerance for uncertainty as professional qualities of the individual. In this regard, the problem of training future police officers to work in conflict situations, the defining characteristic of which is a high level of uncertainty, is relevant. It is shown that one of the professionally significant personality qualities of law enforcement officers is tolerance for uncertainty. Therefore, an important task facing higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is the formation of tolerance for uncertainty in cadets as future police officers. The conditions under which the professional activity of law enforcement officers takes place determine the peculiarities of the organization and content of professional training of cadets. The concept of "uncertainty tolerance" and personality qualities, which are manifestations of uncertainty tolerance, are defined. The formation of tolerance to uncertainty as a professionally significant personality quality of the future police officer requires the formation of not only certain knowledge, abilities and skills, but also certain attitudes as components of the defined personality quality. The formation of abilities, skills and attitudes is facilitated by the performance of special exercises by cadets. One of the promising and effective methods of forming abilities, skills, and attitudes are trainings and classes with training elements. The results of an experimental study on the formation of tolerance for uncertainty in future police officers in the process of their professional training are presented. A statistically probable presence of positive dynamics according to most indicators in the experimental groups after studying a special course, writing term papers and creative works on the specified problem and conducting training was revealed.

Genomic uncertainty and genetic counsellors' professional authority.

Genomic tests regularly produce Variants of Uncertain Significance (VUS), mutations of which currently little is known but may turn out to be disease-causing. The communication of such variants in the United States is typically delegated to genetic counsellors. Based on in-depth interviews, we examined this communication as an indicator of the genetic counsellor's professional status: did they take a subordinate position by reporting out the results as provided by laboratories or did they assert professional authority by interpreting and possibly reducing the uncertainty of VUS results? We found that genetic counsellors put their professional spin on VUS results and they prepared patients for the full range of possible interpretations by normalising the existence of VUS results; intervened in the ecology of testing laboratories to stack the deck in favour of the expected results; and conducted their own research to reclassify a VUS. They marshalled organisational, technical, scientific and communication expertise to ease the sting of uncertainty but were ultimately limited by their role in the counselling encounter rather than in the basic research or laboratory community. We concluded that genetic counsellors use uncertainty to assert professional authority that interpreted genetic test results in light of the patient's symptoms and risk profile and uncertainty tolerance.

The Relationship between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Problematic Social Media Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Serial Mediation Model.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant interruptions to life certainty, and there has been a lack of research on the influence of uncertainty. The present research aimed to explore how intolerance of uncertainty, maladaptive coping strategies, and fear of missing out affect social media use in a Chinese community sample (N = 311) during the pandemic. Serial mediation analysis was applied, integrating the mediating role of maladaptive coping strategy and fear of missing out. Intolerance of uncertainty, maladaptive coping strategies, and fear of missing out was positively related to PSMU. Based on the mediation analysis, when age and gender were controlled, the direct effect of intolerance of uncertainty on PSMU was significant. The total indirect effect was also significant. The effect of intolerance of uncertainty on PSMU was mediated by maladaptive coping strategies and fear of missing out. Taken together, maladaptive coping strategies and fear of missing out played a serial mediating role between intolerance of uncertainty and PSMU. The findings imply that strategies to improve the tolerance of uncertainty, reduce fear of missing out, and relevant coping strategies could be potentially helpful in mitigating problematic social media use, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Faire de la tolérance à l’incertitude une compétence médicale

Uncertainty in inherent to every aspects of medical practice. As the concept of uncertainty in healthcare is still to explore, deciphering the determinants and the roots of this uncertainty would benefit from the insights of various disciplines, such as epistemology, sociology, mathematics, or philosophy. The urgent need to improve physician's ability to cope with uncertainty, has been recently highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, the concept of uncertainty tolerance has been proposed, and could serve as a relevant basis for approaching uncertainty, in medical education. Thus, we propose at first to discuss the uncertainty tolerance framework from Hillen et al. Then, from an educational perspective, we outline some avenues regarding how uncertainty tolerance could be thought, in a competence-based approach, and discuss several educational activities, which have proven efficient in promoting uncertainty tolerance among medical practitioners abroad.

Modelling the Trust Value for Human Agents Based on Real-Time Human States in Human-Autonomous Teaming Systems

The modelling of trust values on agents is broadly considered fundamental for decision-making in human-autonomous teaming (HAT) systems. Compared to the evaluation of trust values for robotic agents, estimating human trust is more challenging due to trust miscalibration issues, including undertrust and overtrust problems. From a subjective perception, human trust could be altered along with dynamic human cognitive states, which makes trust values hard to calibrate properly. Thus, in an attempt to capture the dynamics of human trust, the present study evaluated the dynamic nature of trust for human agents through real-time multievidence measures, including human states of attention, stress and perception abilities. The proposed multievidence human trust model applied an adaptive fusion method based on fuzzy reinforcement learning to fuse multievidence from eye trackers, heart rate monitors and human awareness. In addition, fuzzy reinforcement learning was applied to generate rewards via a fuzzy logic inference process that has tolerance for uncertainty in human physiological signals. The results of robot simulation suggest that the proposed trust model can generate reliable human trust values based on real-time cognitive states in the process of ongoing tasks. Moreover, the human-autonomous team with the proposed trust model improved the system efficiency by over 50% compared to the team with only autonomous agents. These results may demonstrate that the proposed model could provide insight into the real-time adaptation of HAT systems based on human states and, thus, might help develop new ways to enhance future HAT systems better.

Prediction of death anxiety through fear of COVID-19, neuroticism, behavioral inhibition system and uncertainty intolerance

Prediction of death anxiety through fear of COVID-19, neuroticism, behavioral inhibition system and uncertainty intolerance

Age aspect of the subjective well-being of modern youth

The subjective well-being problem in the context of the influence of uncertainty, the personal dispositions leading role and regulatory resources of modern youth is becoming an extremely significant task and a global challenge of modern society. The purpose of this study was to identify significant predictors of the subjective well-being of young people of different age groups. At the first stage, a comparative analysis of well-being predictors was carried out. The study involved 1435 respondents aged 18 to 35 years. The average age is 20.7. The study used: a Shamionov’s and Beskova’s method for diagnosing the subjective well-being of the personality; Morosanova’s “Self-regulation Profile Questionnaire - SRPQM 2020”; tolerance / intolerance to uncertainty questionnaire by Kornilova and Chumakova; short version of the Big Five Personality Questionnaire, MiniIPIP. For data analysis, one-way analysis of variance, regression analysis, and Student’s t-test were used. At the second stage, regression models of subjective well-being were built for four age groups and their comparative analysis was carried out. Subjective well-being, social-normative well-being, and uncertainty tolerance decrease between 16 and 24 years of age and rise again for the 25-35 age group (p&lt;0.01), except for uncertainty tolerance, which remains at the level of 22-24 age group (p&lt;0.0001). The universal predictors of subjective well-being according to the results of regression analysis were persistence β = [0,278; 0,505] and neuroticism β = [-0,318; -0,197]. With age, the structure of regression models becomes simpler: from 7 parameters for subjects aged 16-18 (R2 = 0.57) to three parameters for the sample of 25-35 (R2 = 0.58). The results obtained can be used in educational work with young people to create psychological conditions for a conscious active attitude to the surrounding reality through the development of the ability to consciously regulate one’s activities and behavior and develop a tolerance for uncertainty

불확실성에 대한 인내력과 사회불안의 관계

In this study, we investigated whether experiential avoidance and post-event rumination mediate the relationship between lack Intolerance for uncertainty and social anxiety. A self-reported questionnaire survey was conducted face-to-face and online with 459 university students, and the measurement tools were the Korean version of the lack Intolerance for Uncertainty Scale(IUS) and the shortened Korean version of the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire(MEAQ-24). The post-event rumination Questionnaire (PRQ), the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale(SIAS) and the Social Fear Scale(SPS) were used to measure social anxiety. The research results are as follows. First, lack of Intolerance for uncertainty, avoidance of experiential, post-event rumination, and social anxiety all showed a static correlation. Second, it was shown that experience avoidance and post-event rumination are single mediators in relation to lack Intolerance for uncertainty and social anxiety. Thirdly, due to the relationship between lack Intolerance for uncertainty and social anxiety, experience avoidance and post-event rumination were shown to be completely mediated in sequence. This study has implications in that it clearly revealed the avoidance and cognitive processes that individuals who lack the patience for uncertainty experience in the process of experiencing social anxiety. And based on the behavioral and cognitive characteristics revealed in the study, a follow-up study was suggested.

The Comparative Efficacy of Unified Transdiagnostic Protocol (UP) and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Protocol (MBSR) on Emotion Regulation and Uncertainty Intolerance in Infertile Women Receiving IVF.

Some emotional and social aspects of infertility affect the response of the infertile women to the treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of unified transdiagnostic protocol (UP) and mindfulness-based stress reduction protocol (MBSR) on emotion regulation and uncertainty intolerance in infertile women receiving IVF. Forty-five infertile women with symptoms of anxiety and depression were included in the study. They were randomly assigned in two intervention groups and one control group. The UP was performed for 10 sessions and MBSR was performed for eight sessions. All participants completed emotion regulation and uncertainty intolerance questionnaires at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. Both interventions had a significant effect on increasing patients' emotion regulation (p ≤ 0.05), but only unified transdiagnostic protocol had a significant effect on intolerance of uncertainty (p ≤ 0.05). Findings show that UP and MBSR have increased emotion regulation. Also UP could reduce the rate of uncertainty intolerance.

Easing the burden of dementia caregiving: Protocol development for a telephone-delivered mindfulness intervention for rural, African American families

BackgroundThere have been few interventions targeted for rural African American (AA) caregivers of persons with dementia despite their unique cultural, geographic, health-related and socio-economic needs, including relatively less access to—and willingness to engage with—formal supports and resources. One effective intervention, Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), has been found to be culturally acceptable in AA populations; however, no studies have assessed feasibility, acceptability and impact of an adapted mindfulness intervention targeting rural AA dementia caregivers. AimsThe purpose of this study is to 1) determine the feasibility and acceptability of a telephone-delivered mindfulness training intervention in decreasing caregiver burden among rural, AA, informal caregiving teams of people with dementia; 2) to explore the effects of the training on caregiver burden and relevant secondary outcomes for both caregiving team members, including emotional regulation, tolerance of uncertainty, emotional and physical health, family conflict within the informal caregiving team, and self-efficacy; and 3) to explore comfort with and willingness to adopt technologies to access mindfulness practices and existing caregiving educational resources. MethodsOur study utilizes a single-group, uncontrolled design to assess the feasibility and acceptability of telephone-delivered mindfulness training designed to alleviate burden for rural caregivers of AA individuals with moderate to severe dementia. A care partner—the person who provides additional help —is included in the intervention. The primary outcome is feasibility of the telephone-delivered mindfulness intervention as assessed by an 85% retention rate with completion of at least 6 of the intervention sessions. Pre- and post-participation interviews assess acceptability.

Optimizing the technology pathway of China's liquid fuel production considering uncertain oil prices: A robust programming model

Even though China has been increasingly producing liquid fuel from alternative resources in recent decades, crude oil to liquid fuel process (OTL) still has a dominant position in China's liquid fuel industry. Therefore, the uncertainty of oil prices would greatly impact this country's economic and environmental valuations of alternative liquid fuel technologies. The present study develops an optimization model to analyze the technology portfolio of the liquid fuel industry. Two significant elements constitute this model, namely, the deterministic optimization part and the robust model. They achieve the aims of minimizing the total cost and maximizing the tolerance of data uncertainty under an ellipsoidal uncertainty set. In addition, we also investigate the impact of the increase in carbon prices on the technology portfolio. The results show that alternative technologies will be rapidly developed from 2020 to 2050 under oil price uncertainty, especially coal to liquid fuel (CTL) technology, which can reduce the dependency on crude oil but can generate a large amount of carbon emissions. For reducing the CO2 emissions in the liquid fuel industry, carbon prices have been additionally considered in this research. The results show that the increase of carbon prices could substantially decrease CO2 emissions, but using carbon trading alone cannot achieve the peak of carbon emissions by 2030. Thus, various types of clean technologies, i.e., hydrogen, solar, and wind, should be widely used in energy systems.

Embracing Uncertainty: How literary writing helps us change our minds.

Creative writing and cognitive neuroscience can jointly illuminate how literary writing can change our minds by enhancing our tolerance for uncertainty. From my perspective as a novelist, I will show how literary writing hijacks the mechanisms of day-to-day perception and orchestrates cognition to facilitate vividness of (imaginary) experience and insight. Drawing on examples from my novel and other research, I will discuss the role of uncertainty and literary devices such as contradiction and paradox in stymieing habitual assumptions while inviting the reader’s sensory imagination and conscious awareness, thereby creating an open space for insight. I hypothesize that literary writing promotes a form of dual cognition that involves both sensory experience and detachment, is therapeutic, and may share some of the benefits of mindfulness.