Token Economy Research Articles

Efektifitas Token Ekonomi untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca pada Anak

Reading skills play a vital role in everyone’s life. By ages 5-6, children should ideally begin recognizing early writing indicators, having already started learning grammar and developing a vocabulary of around 3,000 words. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a token economy system in enhancing children’s reading skills. This research is quantitative, employing an experimental approach. The intervention method used here is the token economy system, in which researchers apply an observation guide to monitor and adjust subjects’ behaviors to align with desired reading behaviors. The findings from this intervention show a rapid improvement in the subject's early reading skills. The child was able to identify and point to letters independently, differentiate between letters on their own, name words in pictures, and break down words independently. This study concludes that the token economy system is effective in improving children’s reading skills.

Impact of Black Swan Events on Ethereum blockchain ERC20 token transaction networks

The Ethereum blockchain and its ERC20 token standard have revolutionized the landscape of digital assets and decentralized applications. ERC20 tokens are programmable and interoperable tokens, enabling various applications and token economies. Transaction graphs, representing the flow of the value between wallets within the Ethereum network, have played a crucial role in understanding the system’s dynamics, such as token transfers and the behavior of traders. Here, we explore the evolution of daily transaction graphs of ERC20 token transactions, which sheds light on the trader’s behavior during the Black Swan Events – 2018 crypto crash and the COVID-19 pandemic. By using the tools from network science and differential geometry, we analyze 0.98 billion of ERC20 token transaction data from November 2015 to January 2023. Our analysis reveals an increase in diverse interaction among the traders and a greater adoption of ERC20 tokens in a maturing Ethereum ERC20 financial ecosystem after the Crypto Crash 2018 and the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the crash and the COVID-19 pandemic, most traders interacted with other traders in an isolated or restricted manner, with each trader focusing solely on either buying or selling activities. However, after the crash and during the pandemic, most traders diversely interacted among themselves by participating in both buying and selling activities. In addition, we observe no significant negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on user behavior in the financial ecosystem.

Behavioral Management in the Rehabilitation of a Person with Severe Mental Illness: The Path Less Travelled

In severe mental illness (SMI), such as schizophrenia, rehabilitation begins immediately. Aside from the token economy, there is limited literature on behavioral modification (BM), which is a crucial aspect of rehabilitation for person with severe mental illness (SMI). We demonstrate the implementation and effectiveness of BM for one year in managing behavioral difficulties in a person with SMI. The direct observation method and the ABC functional analysis model were used for evaluation. Management, such as reinforcement and punishment, was implemented. Pre- and postassessments revealed a considerable decrease in problematic behaviors. This article also highlights the obstacles faced while managing the case and caregiver burden in rehabilitation. In persons with SMI, the application of BM enhances the patient’s functionality and reduces the caregiver burden.

Behavioral analysis on children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and other evidence-based methods are used in behavioral analysis for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in order to comprehend and alter behaviors by recognizing their causes, effects, and precursors. Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT), Functional Behavioral Assessments (FBA), and Discrete Trial Training (DTT) are three important approaches that work together to improve adaptive behaviors, social skills, and communication. To maintain consistency across contexts, interventions use visual aids, token economies, and positive reinforcement; they also involve parents and caregivers. Cognitive, linguistic, and social outcomes are all positively impacted by early and intense behavioral treatments, according to the research. To successfully assist the specific needs and development of children with ASD, a tailored, ethical, and interdisciplinary approach is necessary.

Token economies: Evidence‐based recommendations for practitioners

AbstractToken economies are among the oldest and most successful teaching programs in applied behavior analysis. Despite a rich history of basic and applied research on token systems, there remains a research‐to‐practice gap. Our aim in this paper is to bridge this gap between research and application, by providing evidence‐based recommendations and practical guidelines for application of token reinforcement methods. The recommendations in Part 1 are for building a token economy from the ground up, in learners without a history of token reinforcement, whereas those in Part 2 are concerned with existing token economies without regard to how they were established. Although token economies have proven generally effective across a range of settings and populations, they could be even more effective when based on the latest research and theory. Thus, apart from specific recommendations, we hope to show the benefits of an integrated evidence‐based approach to the application of token reinforcement principles in educational and clinical settings.

The Effect of Token Economy on Managing Aggression in Adults and Adolescents with Mental Disorders: A Recent Review

Context: Individuals with mental illness may exhibit aggression due to psychological instability. The Token Economy is a behavioral approach that aims to achieve desired changes by using tokens as reinforcements. Objectives: This study investigates the effectiveness of token reinforcement in reducing aggressive behavior in mentally ill patients and identifies the factors that enhance the effectiveness of the Token Economy program. Evidence Acquisition: A search for studies was conducted in the databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science using several keywords, including "Contingency Management," "Token Reinforcement," "Token Economy," "behavioral disorder," "mental disorder," "aggression," "violence," "disruptive behavior," and "challenging behavior." The search focused on articles published from 2003 to 2023 that included the implementation of token reinforcement in various settings for managing aggression. Results: A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. After reviewing these studies, several factors were identified as responsible for the program's effectiveness. The Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies and the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (2011) were used to evaluate the studies. Of the 12 studies, two were rated as strong quality, one as moderate, and nine as weak quality. Additionally, three studies were classified as level 2, one as level 3, and eight as level 4, indicating significant methodological limitations. Conclusions: Generally, 9 studies supported the effectiveness of the Token Economy in managing aggression in adults and adolescents with mental illness. This approach can be useful in the modern rehabilitation and education of individuals with aggressive behavior. We recommend further studies with higher methodological quality to examine the generalizability and transferability of the results.

Blockchain for local communities: an exploratory review of token economy aspects

Blockchain for local communities: an exploratory review of token economy aspects

Increasing the Duration of On-Task Behavior in Children with Borderline Intellectual Functioning through Shaping Techniques

This study aims to investigate and apply behavior modification principles, specifically using shaping techniques, to increase the duration of on-task behavior in children with Borderline Intellectual Functioning (BIF). The techniques used include antecedent control, reinforcement through token economy, and providing prompts to the participant. This study uses a single-subject design conducted over a total of 22 intervention sessions. The participant in this study is an 8-year and 7-month-old boy with BIF. The results of the study indicate an increase in the average duration of on-task behavior from 19 minutes in the initial measurement (pre-test) to 64 minutes in the final measurement (post-test) and 54 minutes in the follow-up measurement. It can be concluded that behavior modification principles, specifically using shaping techniques, can help to improve on-task behavior duration in children with Borderline Intellectual Functioning.

Application of Behaviorist Theory in Classroom Instructional Reforms

The aim of this study was to investigate the application of behaviourist theory in classroom instructions, focusing on effectiveness and challenges. Data were collected from public school teachers in Sargodha, Pakistan, using a mixed-method approach. The data analysis highlighted that the majority of teachers are familiar with Classical and Operant Conditioning principles. The findings indicated that behaviourist strategies such as token economies, behaviour contracts, and reinforcement are effective in managing classroom behaviour, improving student engagement and enhancing student academic performance. However, challenges such as inadequate teacher training, extrinsic and intrinsic motivation balancing, and consistency in implementation were noted. Recommendations include improved teacher training, clear behavioural expectations, and increased administrative support to optimize the use of behaviourist strategies in classroom instructions.

DRA dengan Token Ekonomi untuk Menurunkan Perilaku Makan yang Menyimpang: Sebuah Studi Kasus pada Anak

Children of homeless people often experience various issues, one of which is eating behavior problems. Eating food from trash cans is a common eating behavior problem encountered. Therefore, an intervention is needed to reduce this issue. This case study aims to test the effectiveness of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) with token economy in reducing eating behavior problems. Assessment is conducted through interviews, observations, and psychological tests, while the intervention is carried out over nine sessions. The results of the intervention show a decrease in the behavior of taking food from trash cans. In addition to replacing old behavior with more adaptive behavior, the role of attention from adults around them is one of the main contributors to the effectiveness of the intervention.

Validation of Value-Driven Token Economy: Focus on Blockchain Content Platform

This study explores the architectural framework of a value-driven token economy on a blockchain content platform and critically evaluates the relationship between blockchain’s decentralization and sustainable economic practices. The existing literature often glorifies the rapid market expansion of cryptocurrencies but overlooks how underlying blockchain technology can fundamentally enhance content platforms through a more structured user engagement and equitable reward system. This study proposes a new token economy architecture by adopting the triple-bottom -line (TBL) framework and validates its practicality and effectiveness through an analytic-hierarchy-process (AHP) survey of industry experts. The study shows that the most influential factor in a successful token economy is not profit maximization but fostering a user-centric community where engagement and empowerment are prioritized. This shift can be expected to combine blockchain technology with meaningful economic innovation by challenging traditional profit-driven business models and refocusing on sustainability and user value.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOKEN ECONOMY IN IMPROVING CONCENTRATION AND REDUCING DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOUR AMONG AUTISTIC STUDENTS

Inattention refers to behaviors that disrupt the learning process due to a lack of focus on learning activities. This study was conducted to identify the efficacy of applying token economy to improve attention spans and manage disruptive behaviours in autistic students. This is a experimental research and uses A-B-A-B, where A denotes the baseline phase and B signifies the intervention phase, the study included an eight-year-old autistic girl and two nine-year-old autistic boys as participants. Data were collected for observation at the school for four weeks, which involved first baseline phase, first intervention phase, second baseline phase and second intervention phase. Data collection involved a four-week observation at the school, encompassing periods before, during, and after the intervention, and was presented in the form of a linear graph depicting the effectiveness of the token economy. The results of this study indicate that the use of token economy enhanced autistic students' motivation in paying attention and reduced behavior problems. Overall, this study shows token economy is a form of intervention which is effective in improving attention spans of autistic students. Disruptive behaviours may be reduced at the same time overcome by maintaining a consistent token economy with continuous reinforcement over an extended period, along with the full cooperation of parents and other teachers.

Technology and Discipline: Examining the Use of Apps for Classroom Behavior Management

Background/Context: In thousands of classrooms throughout the United States and internationally, behavior management apps have become an integral part of schools’ discipline machineries. Such apps are designed to help teachers enforce rules, especially when it comes to rewards and punishments within school token economies. To understand how these apps are beginning to shape and reshape schooling, research is needed that sheds light on the values and beliefs underpinning their use. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze three schools’ discipline practices involving behavior management apps. Our two research questions focused on the paradigms underpinning schools' discipline models and on the influence of these paradigms on schools’ app uses. Our investigation is informed by the scholarship on classroom management, as well as key concepts from Foucault’s (1977) Discipline and Punish. Research Design: This qualitative, comparative case study drew on data gathered at three urban schools. In total, 34 interviews were conducted with campus administrators and teachers. Within-case portraits described paradigms and practices at each school, and cross-case analyses addressed patterns across the schools. Findings: Schools’ behavior app uses were underpinned by differing school discipline paradigms. Although all three schools saw behavior apps as fostering orderly classroom environments, schools’ practices were underpinned by differing sets of values and beliefs (e.g., accountability/social control; neoliberalism; positivity and fun). In this way, the look and feel of app practices, and, ultimately, schools’ overarching discipline systems, also varied. Conclusions: This study examines a widespread, yet understudied, educational technology. By problematizing the values and beliefs underpinning teachers’ behavior app practices, the present study invites scholars and practitioners to question how rewards, punishments, and relationships manifest in schools. In doing so, it highlights opportunities to join with students, parents, and other stakeholders in broader conversations about schooling and discipline.

Intervention for Learner Engagement using Token Economy among National Language Classrooms in Tamil Primary Schools

This research is aimed to know the effect of the application of the token economy method on National Language learning motivation. The experiment was set as the research method. The variables in this study were the token economy method as an independent variable, learning motivation as the dependent variable, and learning achievement as the control variable. The subjects used in this study were Year Three students in four Tamil Primary Schools in the District of Larut Matang Selama, in the state of Perak. Based on the descriptive analysis, it is found that in general, before undergoing modification, the experimental variables had a low motivation in learning the National Language. After undergoing the modification, it was noted that the variables in the Token Economy program have higher learning motivation compared to the same variables before the Token Economy program.

Blockchain for social good: A review of applications in humanitarian aid and social initiatives

Blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary force with the potential to address pressing social challenges and transform traditional paradigms in humanitarian aid and social initiatives. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the diverse applications of blockchain in fostering social good, particularly in the realms of humanitarian aid and social initiatives. The decentralized and transparent nature of blockchain offers a paradigm shift in the way charitable organizations operate and deliver aid. Smart contracts on blockchain enable transparent and tamper-resistant transactions, ensuring that resources are allocated efficiently and reach intended beneficiaries. The elimination of intermediaries reduces the risk of corruption and ensures a more direct and accountable flow of funds. In the context of humanitarian aid, blockchain facilitates the creation of decentralized identity systems, ensuring secure and verifiable identities for displaced populations. This aids in the efficient delivery of aid, as well as financial inclusion for those without access to traditional banking services. Moreover, blockchain enhances supply chain transparency, enabling the tracking of donations from inception to distribution, reducing fraud and ensuring the authenticity of goods. Social initiatives, too, benefit from blockchain's transformative capabilities. Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) enable communities to collectively make decisions and manage resources. This fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment among participants, promoting sustainable social development. Additionally, blockchain-based token economies incentivize positive behaviors, encouraging individuals to contribute to social causes in meaningful ways. Despite these promising applications, challenges such as scalability, regulatory uncertainties, and technological literacy remain. This paper calls for continued research and collaboration to unlock the full potential of blockchain for social good, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions that can address the unique challenges faced by humanitarian and social initiatives.

Unraveling the crypto market: A journey into decentralized finance transaction network

The explosive growth of decentralized finance (DeFi) has revolutionized the accessibility and functionality of financial services. To gain valuable insights into this evolving ecosystem, analyzing transaction data using network analysis methodology proves to be highly effective. Network analysis allows us to uncover intricate relationships, patterns, and communities within the DeFi market by examining participant transactions. We model nodes group representing actors or wallet addresses, and edges represent transactions between wallet addresses. This study focuses on three prominent DeFi token-based Ethereum protocols: DAI, UNI, and WBTC. We analyzed 5,802,742 transaction data spanning from January 2022 to January 2023 of those three tokens. Using network topology metrics, we uncover market size, average transaction of each wallet address, market density, and reachability (diameter). We also detect the presence of transaction clusters and grouping quality using the modularity metric. At last, we employ centrality calculation to identify the most important wallet address and their role in the market. We gain insight by comparing those three tokens and reveal valuable insight into patterns and relationships, network dynamics, decentralized nature, and the presence of intermediaries in the token economy market. Our objective is to uncover hidden dynamics and trace asset flows, which can provide valuable information to market participants, regulators, and innovators seeking to optimize the DeFi infrastructure, ensure stability, and mitigate risks. Leveraging the power of network analysis offers the potential to shape the future of DeFi by enhancing efficiency, security, and accessibility, thereby fostering financial inclusion and empowering individuals and businesses globally.

Token Economy to Reduce Aggressive Behavior in Adolescent with Intellectual Disabilities

Aggressive behavior is often found in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). Aggressive behavior arises due to low cognitive capacity so that the ability of individuals with ID to understand situations or the environment has limitations on the other side. The process of understanding the situation and realizing how to respond is very important so that individuals can adapt well to the environment. On the other hand, realizing adaptive behavior in individuals with ID is quite difficult. This research attempts to give an overview of the token economy to reduce aggressive behavior in hitting, shouting, and countering. This study aims to look at the effectiveness of token economy in reducing aggressive behavior in adolescents with ID. The research method used was single case experimental design. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and psychological tests. Pretest and posttest were carried out on aggressive behavior before and after the treatment. The results of the token economy treatment showed a decrease in aggressive behavior on the subject as a whole (calculated based on a behavioral checklist), both in hitting (formerly 6 to 0), shouting (formerly 9 to 0,2), and countering behavior (formerly 6 to 0.2). There was a decrease from 24 to 3 based on the CBLC score after the treatment. Thus, it can be concluded that the token economy has proven effective in reducing aggressive behavior in adolescent with intellectual disabilities.
 Keywords: aggression, intellectual disability, token economy

Neurobehavioural rehabilitation of dysexecutive syndrome following traumatic brain injury - a narrative review of management

Background: 
 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to >200,000 hospital admissions in the UK annually. Frontal lobes are frequently affected, leading to a sequela of symptoms affecting behaviour, emotions, and cognition; a cluster of symptoms referred to as dysexecutive syndrome (also known as frontal lobe syndrome). People who survive this, experience long-term sequelae and require long-term support through neurological rehabilitation. The UK has robust guidelines on the medical/physical aspects of rehabilitation following brain injury. However, these guidelines mention little information on the management of neurobehavioural problems following TBI. The aim of this review is to determine what the evidence-based neurobehavioural management of patients with dysexecutive syndrome following TBI is in the UK.
 
 Methods: 
 A systematic review of articles using MEDLINE, EMBASE (1974 – present) and Web of Science was conducted. Search terms included frontal lobe syndrome, dysexecutive syndrome, traumatic brain injury, neurorehabilitation, neurological rehabilitation, neurological management, behaviour therapy and behavioural management. Additional references were sourced from the search results and author NH, a medical director within a hospital catering to people with brain injury.
 
 Results: 
 168 results were obtained. 21 articles remained following exclusions: 19 original articles and 2 reviews. Interventions mentioned included: behavioural psychotherapy, memory training, feedback, awareness interventions, goal management training, social skills training, work placements, problem solving training, metacognitive skills, token economy and response cost. Interventions were utilised using a person-centred approach, however, generally there was a lack of consensus as the most effective one. Only 2 studies considered the long-term outcomes of rehabilitation.
 
 Discussion:
 Successful rehabilitation of dysexecutive syndrome post-TBI involves using a person-centred approach, to determine which intervention will target the problem of concern to the patient. Few papers address behavioural rehabilitation of dysexecutive syndrome post-TBI. Further research is required to determine the most effective and beneficial interventions for patients in both the short- and long-term.

Penerapan Teknik Token Ekonomi Untuk Mengurangi Perilaku Agresif Siswa di SMA Cokroaminoto Tamalanrea Makassar

The purpose of this study was to find out 1) a description of the aggressi behavior of students at SMA Cokroaminoto Tamalanrea Makassar 2) an overview of the implementation of token economy counseling to reduce student aggression behavior at SMA Cokroaminoto Tamalanrea Makassar 3) The token economy technique reduces the aggressive behavior of students at SMA Cokroaminoto Tamalanrea Makassar. This study used quantitative research with a single subject experimental research type. The subjects of this study were 2 students, who were determined by the target behavior which was measured continuously. Data analysis in this study used descriptive analysis and visual analysis. The results of this study indicate that the level of aggressive behavior of BL and S students before being given treatment is in the high category and after being given treatment is in the low category. 2) The application of economic token strategies for students encompasses a total of seven phases. 3) Implementing the token economy method has the potential to decrease the hostile conduct exhibited by students enrolled at SMA Cokroaminoto Tamalanrea Makassar.
 
 Keywords: Token Economy: Aggressive Behavior

Training of Trainer Kasipang (Psychoeducation of Pro-Environmental Behavior) on Guidance and Counseling Teachers in Banjar Regency

One way to overcome and prevent that can be done to increase student awareness and shape pro-environmental behavior is through the learning process with psychoeducational methods. Psychoeducation is not carried out directly to students, but is taught to teachers through the "KASIPANG" Training of Trainer program. This program aims to equip teachers with knowledge and skills in forming pro-environmental behavior in students because teachers play an important role in shaping student behavior in schools. The Training of Trainer program is carried out through lectures, discussion and role-playing methods. The teachers who participated in the training were given the material on ways to form pro-environmental behavior with 3 techniques as research that had been done before, namely Psychoeducation of Pro-environmental Behavior, Symbolic Modeling and token economy. Based on the results of the evaluation, it was found that 92% of participants were satisfied with the services provided, 92% of participants considered that the presenters had good mastery of the material, 91% of participants considered satisfied with the activities carried out and 97% of participants were satisfied with the facilities provided. In addition, based on the follow-up, it was found that 100% of the participants expressed an increased understanding of pro-environmental behavior, pro-environment behavior change techniques through modeling and token economy.