Toggle Pin Research Articles

Fibulae of the Southern Levant During the Iron Age II: Chronology, Inter-Regional Connectivity and Performance

ABSTRACT The fibula appeared in the Levant during the late second millennium bce and gradually replaced the toggle pin as the common accessory to fasten clothing. In this contribution, we trace the dissemination of fibulae in the southern Levant, pinpointing its chronology, the development of local variants and significant locales of consumption. The analysis of site-specific case studies suggests that the fibula was worn first by elites of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah as part of a new fashion, and became popular among the members of the colonial society under the Assyrian empire.

Treatment of coxofemoral dislocation and short oblique mid shaft tibial fracture by modified toggle pin technique with locking compression plate method in a dog

Treatment of coxofemoral dislocation and short oblique mid shaft tibial fracture by modified toggle pin technique with locking compression plate method in a dog

Haemato-biochemical evaluation of toggle pin technique in dogs for the repair of coxofemoral luxation

Haemato-biochemical evaluation of toggle pin technique in dogs for the repair of coxofemoral luxation

Evaluation of fabricated toggle pin with metal wire stabilization for treatment of hip luxation in dogs

Evaluation of fabricated toggle pin with metal wire stabilization for treatment of hip luxation in dogs

Comparison of Three Different Suture Materials for Toggle Pin (TP) Technique in Induced Hip luxation in Dogs

Comparison of Three Different Suture Materials for Toggle Pin (TP) Technique in Induced Hip luxation in Dogs

Evaluation of the treatment of traumatic coxofemoral luxations in dogs using toggle pin technique

This study was performed on 11 dogs diagnosed with traumatic coxofemoral luxation. The direction of the luxations, the operation details, postoperative complications, and radiographic evaluation were recorded during the study. The study utilized the toggle pin technique, which provided open-reduction techniques for the treatment of coxofemoral luxations. Polyester multifilament braided sutures with commercial toggle pins were employed in three cases, whereas toggle pins obtained from Kirschner wire and monofilament nylon suture material were performed in eight patients. Clinical and radiographic monitoring of postoperative lameness, complications, pain, and infection were assessed and recorded for comparison. Postoperative reluxation was observed in two cases in which multifilament braided polyester suture material was performed without other complications. In the cases without reluxation, it was noted that the animals used their limbs comfortably on the 1st postoperative day, and their lameness scores were 0 on the 7th postoperative day. As a result of the findings, the toggle pin technique using monofilament nylon suture could effectively treat coxofemoral luxations in dogs.

One-Step Laparoscopic Abomasopexy for Left Displacements of the Abomasum in Pregnant Cattle: A Retrospective Study

Although technical descriptions have been published, the applicability of left-flank laparoscopy for the surgical correction of left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) in pregnant cattle has not yet been fully assessed. This study aimed to investigate the postoperative performance of one-step laparoscopic abomasopexy for the correction of LDA during late pregnancy. Fifteen pregnant Holstein cattle with LDA were treated with one-step laparoscopic abomasopexy between days 259 and 274 of gestation. This technique was performed in a standing position. Under endoscopic observation via trocars introduced from the left flank, the animals underwent a surgical procedure to place the bar part of a toggle-pin-suture (TPS) device into the lumen of the abomasum through a long cannula. A suture of a TPS device was secured to the ventral abdominal wall by using a long applicator. No cases experienced postoperative complications, and all had a normal delivery on postoperative day 17.4 ± 4.9. Three of the 15 animals exhibited foot diseases and mastitis after calving. The reproductive performance was recorded during lactation periods, showing a service conception rate of 2.9 ± 1.2 and 110.5 ± 39.1 open days. The one-year survival rate was 60% (9/15). The positive postoperative results demonstrate the benefits of one-step laparoscopic abomasopexy in pregnant bovine cases with LDA.

Typological Study of Metal Pins in Northwestern Iran Based on the Bayazid Abad (Bayazi Awa) Archaeological Assemblage

ABSTRACT The Bayazid Abad hypogeum has yielded a remarkable assemblage of artefacts, 120 of which were metal pins of various categories, dating from Middle Bronze Age II to Iron Age II. This collection shows a widespread typological affinities with other areas of the Near East. The pins (mostly so-called “toggle pins”) have a strong affinity with the forms which most commonly occur in the Levant and Mesopotamia, which suggests that the use of toggle pins starts in the Middle Bronze Age and persists until the end of the Late Bronze Age. Comparison of the pins dated to Iron I and II shows strong connections with examples from neighbouring sites, although all present uniquely localised forms and details of manufacture.

Diyarbakır Arkeoloji Müzesi’nden Bir Grup Takı

In this article, we present a selection of previously unpublished metal jewellery (decorative pins, fibulae, bracelets, neck rings, and earrings) housed at Diyarbakır Museum, where they were acquired by requisition or purchase. The objective of this study is to evaluate these jewellery items with common characteristics as a group and to provide a chronological assessment based on comparative typological analysis in reference to ancient Near Eastern jewellery. This contribution furthers our knowledge about the archaeological record of the Upper Tigris basin in southeast Turkey, where Diyarbakır province is located. All categories of jewellery items examined in this study show typological variability in sub-types and exhibit stylistic diversity. The majority are made of bronze, while fewer are gold-plated or made of gold, silver or iron. Jewellery items vary in terms of manufacturing technology, as well: toggle pins are produced by lost wax (cire pérdue) technique; fibulae and bracelets are made by casting; and earrings and metal neck rings are made by hammering. Decorations are executed as incised patterns in linear style. Figurative adornments of toggle pins, fibulae, bracelets, and neck rings bear testimony to the high level of craftsmanship that their makers had achieved. These artefacts from Diyarbakır Museum, like most known jewellery in the archaeological record, must have been used as grave offerings or worn as items of personal adornment, amulets or accessories for garments. Based on comparative analysis, the 47 jewellery items in Diyarbakır Museum examined here are dated to the Early and Middle Iron Age.

NATURAL HISTORY OF A BRONZE AGE JEWEL FOUND IN CRETE: THE MALIA PENDANT

The unique gold pendant found at Chrysolakkos, Malia, Crete, in 1930 has been variously interpreted, and usually is said to represent a pair of bees. This vague interpretation is discussed, and it is pointed out that the three discs that are suspended from the pendant closely resemble the fruits of a native Cretan herb, Tordylium apulum. Megascolia maculata, a member of the order Hymenoptera, is proposed as the model for the insects. Like a gold toggle pin, also from Chrysolakkos, the pendant demonstrates that Cretan goldsmiths were capable of creating aesthetically pleasing work by paying close attention to the local flora and fauna and used examples as the models for their unique jewellery

Plate-rod associated to the toggle pin method in dog femur

The current work aims to report the use of rod-plate system associated with toggle pin method for correction of comminuted femoral diaphyseal fracture with craniodorsal coxofemoral dislocation on the same limb in a dog. The dislocation was corrected through installation of the toggle pin method, in which the femur's round ligament is replaced with a thick resistant thread, capable to pattern the round ligament's functions. The osteosynthesis was operated with a blocked bone plate, size 3.5 mm and an intramedullary pin of 2.5 mm, a system known as rod plate, used to treat large fracture gaps. The denoted system offers good stability and support for biological osteosynthesis. The animal was evaluated on its 10th postoperative day along with the removal of the stitches. The patient was walking normally and, according to the tutors, already leaning on the limb on the first day after surgery. It can be stated that the coupling of these methods ensured an adequate early return of limb function in the postoperative period. When necessary, the two techniques can be used together, since the principles and indications of each are respected.

Hard to pin down – clothing pins in the Eastern Delta of Egypt and their diffusion in the Middle Bronze Age

So-called ‘toggle pins’ are a common find, not only in the Middle, but already in the Early Bronze Age. When found in tombs, they can accompany males and females and the common opinion is that they held together a burial shroud, or specifically the garment of the deceased. The first metal toggle pins appear in the Chalcolithic Period, mainly in south-eastern Anatolia. They became common in Syro-Mesopotamia from the middle of the Early Bronze Age onwards. Most of the earliest examples are unperforated, but a few perforated specimens are attested already from the end of the 4th millennium BCE. Clothing pins were introduced into the southern Levant at the end of the Early Bronze Age, but perforated pins are few in number, getting common only at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age and are then widely diffused in the region until the end of the period. Plain pins and pins with cylindrical heads and ribbed decoration are the most common types at Tell el-Dabʿa and the rest of the Eastern Delta, where pins do not show as much variety as those from the southern Levant. In all, forms are quite comparable and spread across a wide area, which is not astonishing as the shape is designed for a specific practical use. Nonetheless, distinct forms, decorations or materials might point to a common cultural background of the owners, especially as clothing pins are an entirely non-Egyptian type of object.

Metal procurement, artefact manufacture and the use of imported tin bronze in Middle Bronze Age Cyprus

Four hundred and fifteen Middle Bronze Age metal artefacts from Lapithos in Cyprus were examined using a portable ED-XRF analyser (pXRF). The results show a higher than expected presence of non-local tin and a small number of leaded bronzes and copper-zinc alloys. A more detailed analysis suggests the use of particular alloys for some artefact types, most notably high-arsenic and high-tin bronze for plain pins and toggle pins, as well as recycling and mixing practices not previously considered for this period on Cyprus. It would appear that Lapithos was engaged in the production of metal artefacts and that imported tin bronze and high arsenic copper ores from the Limassol Forest region, on the other side of the island, were available to local metalsmiths in significant quantities. Lapithos' location on the north coast, the sheer quantity of metal found at this site and the presence of imports also suggest that it was involved in the maritime metals trade which linked southeast Anatolia to the Aegean and the Cyclades in the first half of the 2nd Millennium BC.

Evaluation of Modified Techniques for Toggle Pin Repair of Coxofemoral Luxation in Dogs: A Cadaveric Study

The primary objective was to assess acetabular articular cartilage damage when an acetabular tunnel is drilled by passing the drill bit through the femoral tunnel. The second objective was to assess the success rate of passing the toggle through the femoral and acetabular tunnels in a single manoeuvre using a toggle delivery device. Open bilateral coxofemoral luxations in 16 canine cadavers were repaired by toggle pin technique by a surgical resident (n = 8) and a diplomate surgeon (n = 8). In one hip of each cadaver, the acetabular tunnel was drilled through the femoral tunnel and the toggle was passed in a single manoeuvre using the delivery device. In the contralateral hip, the tunnels were drilled separately, and the toggle was passed through each tunnel separately (resident) or in a single manoeuvre (surgeon). Pelves were examined for acetabular cartilage damage and toggle placement. Cartilage damage did not occur with independent drilling of the acetabulum but occurred in 6/16 hips in which the acetabulum was drilled via the femoral tunnel. Successful deployment of the toggle was obtained in 24/24 hips in which the toggle was passed through the femoral and acetabular tunnels simultaneously using the delivery device, regardless of how the acetabular tunnel was drilled. Drilling the acetabular tunnel through the femoral tunnel risks damaging the acetabular cartilage. Success was consistently obtained when passing the toggle through the femoral and acetabular tunnels simultaneously using the toggle delivery device.

The Egyptian Community in Avaris During the Hyksos Period

Papyrus Rhind and other papyri which were kept and even written or copied in Avaris suggest strongly that the Hyksos employed Egyptian scribes and perhaps even schools of scribes. It is possible that these scribes were employed during the Hyksos Period from the former centres of Egyptian administration, but it is also possible that they were recruited from the Egyptian community in Avaris, which implies that these people were able to keep their Egyptian identity and Egyptian standards of language, culture and writing. This article investigates to what extent the Egyptian community living in Avaris before the settlement of Western Asiatic immigrants was able to keep its identity and under which conditions they were able to survive in Avaris, especially after the takeover by the 15th Dynasty, the Hyksos. The answer to this question is a challenge for archaeology and a test for recognising ethnic markers. Without the possibility of finding papyri because of poor preservation conditions of organic matters, it was still possible to identify the survival of the Egyptian community within the limits of the old walled settlement of the Middle Kingdom at cEzbet Rushdi. It is a quarter where no intramural inhumations – a typical ethnic marker of Near Eastern settlements of the Middle Bronze Age – could be found. On top of this evidence, the area without inhumations was extended to the south beyond the original borders of the town during the Hyksos Period. The neighbouring living quarters have, however, intramural inhumations and at the same time provided finds of the toggle pin – a part of Canaanite dress. The toggle pin was entirely missing in the quarter thought to be inhabited by the Egyptian community.

Minimally Invasive Arthroscopic-Assisted Reduction with TightRope® for Coxofemoral Luxation in a Korean Water Deer(Hydropotes inermis argyopus)

A Korean water deer was rescued with non-weight-bearing lameness of the right hind limb. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed a craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation. The cause of the right coxofemoral luxation (CL) was unknown. We performed minimally invasive arthroscopic-assisted reduction with toggle pin fixation (mini TightRope ® ). Craniodorsal CL in the water deer was reduced and stabilized successfully. At 60 days after admission, the water deer was successfully released back into the wild. This minimally invasive surgical technique can be used to correct coxofemoral luxation in wild animals.

Effects of the Ultra-Dispersed Nano-Diamond Additive on the Grease Boundary Lubrication Performance in the Reciprocating Journal Bearing Test

This study analyzes the tribological performance of the test results of the journal bearing wear tester designed for the simulation of the toggle pin motion in the plastics injection molding machine. Grease with or without the addition of ultra-dispersed nanodiamond (UDD) particles were all tested in the durability tests. It showed that the grease with UDD additive could effectively extend the life of grease more than twice as long as the grease life without UDD additive in the reciprocating heavy-load and low-speed journal bearing tests.

Modified Knowles toggle pin technique with nylon monofilament suture material for treatment of two caudoventral hip luxation cases

The coxofemoral joint is the most commonly luxated joint in dogs and cats. Coxofemoral luxations are generally craniodorsal; caudoventral coxofemoral luxations are relatively rare occurrences and may be accompanied by fracture of the greater trochanter. The aim of our study was to report the results of a modified Knowles toggle pin application in two caudoventral hip luxations for which closed reduction had not been achieved. Medical records of dogs and cats, which had been presented at our institution between September 1999 and October 2007, were reviewed for cases of coxofemoral luxation. In total, the case records of 67 cats and 147 dogs were found. Of these cases, there was one cat and one dog with caudoventral coxofemoral luxation. For both cases, the toggle pin technique was the method of treatment. The cat had a good clinical recovery within three days after surgery. The dog, which also had a cruciate ligament rupture in the same limb and medial patellar luxation in the contralateral limb, was presented with severe lameness and pain approximately two and a half months after surgery, at which time fracture of the femoral head was diagnosed. Functional recovery was achieved after a femoral head and neck ostectomy had been performed.

Comparison of a Suture Anchor and a Toggle Rod for Use in Toggle Pin Fixation of Coxofemoral Luxations

The mechanical characteristics of toggle rods and Bone Biter anchors inserted through the medial acetabular wall for toggle pin repair of coxofemoral luxations were compared in 16 canine cadaver pelves. No differences were detected in maximum load to failure, displacement at failure, or energy to failure between the two constructs. Toggle rod constructs failed primarily by breakage of the suture at the rod eyelet. All of the Bone Biter anchor constructs failed when the anchors pulled through the medial acetabular wall.

One-step laparoscopic abomasopexy for correction of left-sided displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows

Four adult dairy cows in which a diagnosis of left-displaced abomasum (LDA) had been made underwent a 1-step laparoscopic abomasopexy (LA). The technique was performed with each cow positioned in dorsal recumbency. Two laparoscopic portals were created in the right paramedian area to identify the abomasum and direct insertion of the steel trocar and cannula into the abomasal lumen. A stainless steel toggle pin (with 2 lengths of suture attached to its midpoint) was inserted via the cannula into the abomasal lumen while the excess suture material remained exterior to the abdomen. The abomasum was deflated, and the excess suture material was withdrawn up to a preset marker on the suture to position the abomasum adjacent to the body wall. The suture was then tied to secure the abomasum in place. By use of this 1-step LA technique, LDA was successfully corrected in all 4 cows. The procedure is minimally invasive and allows viewing of the abomasum for correct positioning and fixation; it can be accomplished with the speed associated with the blind roll-and-tack technique. The 1-step LA technique may reduce the incidence of complications associated with traditional laparotomy and the blind roll-and-tack technique and could be a useful alternative procedure for the treatment of LDA in dairy cows.