Tofu Dregs Research Articles

Sustainable pre-treatment of tempeh industry wastewater: Efficiency of vermifiltration in pollutant mitigation and compost production

This study investigated the efficacy of vermifiltration (VF) as a sustainable pre-treatment method for tempeh industry wastewater. Three lab-scale VF reactors using different earthworm feeds - cow dung (VF-1), tofu dregs (VF-2), and a combination of both (VF-3) - were used to evaluate their ability to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), and total suspended solids (TSS), as well as pH. VF-3 exhibited superior performance, achieving reductions of 94.51 % in COD, 95.59 % in BOD₅, and 88.59 % in TSS with maintaining pH values between 6.73 and 6.87. The resulting vermicompost (VC) had high nutrient content, particularly in the VF-3 reactor, with values of 7.66 % C-organic, 1.19 % nitrogen (N), and a C/N ratio of 10.33, phosphate (P) 1.65 %, and potassium (K) of 0.37 %. Additionally, significant earthworm growth was noted in VF-3, suggesting enhanced organic matter breakdown. These results indicate that VF technology not only effectively reduces pollutants in wastewater but also produces nutrient-rich compost, offering a dual benefit for sustainable wastewater management in the tempeh industry.

Analysis of the Effect of Sound Dampening on Ship Engines Based on Tofu Dregs Composite Material (Glycine Max (L) Merill)

Noise in the engine room of a ship is a significant problem that can affect the health and comfort of crew members. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of tofu dregs as a sound insulation material in the form of a composite of carbon black and talak duco. The research method included making composite specimens with variations in composition, followed by testing the sound absorption coefficient using the impedance tube method. The results showed that the specimen with 30% tofu dregs, 45% carbon black, and 25% talak duco produced the highest sound absorption coefficient of 0.24. These findings show that tofu dregs have potential as an environmentally friendly and economical sound insulation material and can be used to reduce noise in ship engine rooms. This study contributes to the development of natural fiber-based insulation materials in the maritime industry.

Studi Pengaruh Pemberian Bakteri Probiotik Komersial Terhadap Perubahan Kadar BOD dan COD Pada Air Limbah Tahu Dengan Perbedaan Interval Waktu Inkubasi 8 Jam

Environmental pollution has become a serious problem in the world, including in Indonesia. Tofu waste is waste from processing soybeans and consists of solid and liquid waste. Solid waste in the form of dirt left over from cleaning is usually called tofu dregs, while liquid waste is water resulting from washing tofu. Industry knows that disposing of waste directly into water bodies can pollute those waters, because it can lower the pH of the air and affect aquatic biota. Therefore, the industry knows that it must carry out processing first to prevent environmental problems. In this study, researchers used commercial probiotic bacteria to reduce BOD and COD levels in tofu wastewater. The research was carried out by testing in the laboratory and using statistical data with graphic methods which can provide a comparison of the water content of tofu waste before and after it was given. The action given in the research was a ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 water to tofu waste with commercial probiotic bacteria. Apart from that, researchers also added incubation times within each 8 hour interval, namely at 0 hours, 8 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours and 32 hours. The results of the research show that administering commercial probiotics can reduce BOD and COD levels in tofu wastewater. The most significant reduction occurred in a ratio of 1:3 in COD and BOD to 242.69 mg/lt and 148.00 mg/lt with an incubation time of 32 hours. This proves the commercial effect of probiotic bacteria to reduce BOD and COD levels so that it can help reduce environmental pollution, especially in the air.

Sensory and Chemical Characteristics of Seasoning Made from Tempe Gembus Flour with Sugar and Salt Added

Gembus tempeh flour contains high levels of glutamate which can be used as a flavoring. The aim of this research is to determine the sensory and chemical characteristics of the flavoring ingredients of tempe gembus flour. The formulation ingredient for this research product is tempeh gembus from tofu dregs from the Cibuntu tofu making industry. Flour is made by curing tempeh for 3 days at 35°C, then slicing and drying at 70°C for 2 hours, then grinding and sifting using 80 mesh. The formulation was determined through two stages of sensory testing. Phase I sensory testing included the Duo-Trio differentiation test and hedonic test, using two samples of tempeh gembus flour formulation and a commercial MSG product as a control. Preferences are assessed using the parameters of color, aroma, taste and overall rating. Analysis of data from the differentiation test results uses the Chi-square test, while analysis of hedonic test data uses the Mann-Whitney test. The results of the phase I sensory test were used as a control in the phase II sensory test and compared with the sugar-salt addition formulation with a ratio of tempe gembus flour, salt and sugar of 5:3:2. Chemical testing was carried out which included testing water content, salt content and protein content. The test results showed that the sample with added sugar and salt had a water content of 4.6%, a salt content of 22.56%, a protein content of 7.74%, and panelists preferred sensory properties compared to the control.

Utilization of Tofu Pulp Flour in Making Cookies

The research objective of what's unique about culinary tourism in Indonesia is not only the food aspect, but also the art and culture. Art and culture packages can be sold through the food. Some regions in Indonesia also make the tourism sector the backbone of the economy because it can bring positive flows to businesses in the service and food sectors. Cookies are popular type of snack food enjoyed by people of all ages, from children to adults, in both rural and urban areas. With this high import value, the utilization of other materials is necessary to reduce the use of wheat flour and produce flour that does not contain gluten so that it can be consumed by people with gluten intolerance, such as tofu pulp flour. Tofu pulp is actually a solid waste derived from the by-product of soybean pulp squeezed in tofu production. Tofu dregs are part of the soybean seeds that remain after filtering. So far, tofu pulp has not been optimally utilized by tofu producers, they just throw it away which can cause pollution. Although there are also tofu producers who have sold this solid waste, they sell it at a very cheap price. Meanwhile, the amount of tofu pulp itself is quite large because approximately 40% of the total tofu production is the result of solid waste. Solid waste of tofu production is actually not so detrimental when compared to its liquid waste because this solid waste can be reprocessed, into flour. Based on the explanation above, study will be conducted to replace the role of eggs in pound cake with tofu, making it suitable for all groups including vegans and those who have allergies to eggs. This research will focus on aspects of taste that include flavor, aroma, texture and appearance.

FEEDING STUDY OF TOFU WASTE FERMENTATION ALTERNATIVE IN THE BUSINESS CULTURE OF NILE TILAPIA FISH (Oreochromis niloticus) IN CILONGOK DISTRICT, BANYUMAS DISTRICT

This research aims to examine alternative feed made from tofu dregs to reduce production costs, especially feed costs by 10-20% in tilapia rearing businesses. In Kalisari Village, Cilongok sub-district, there is tofu dregs waste that has not been utilized. The nutritional content of tofu apas is crude protein 27.55%, fat 4.93%, crude fiber 7.11%, BETN 44.50%, Making fish food with tofu dregs can be done through a fermentation process with probiotics. This descriptive analysis method is used for qualitative data presented in the form of simple descriptions and tabulations such as tables, diagrams, graphs. The data collected is in the form of primary data and secondary data, primary data using the interview method, kuestionnaire using direct observation in the field while secondary data using literature study. The research was carried out in Cilongok District from 2 February to 2 May 2023. Based on the data analysis that has been carried out, it shows that providing alternative feed with a percentage of pellets and fermented tofu dregs (50%:50%) is 58.9% or worth Rp. 2,102,109,- (tarpaulin pool) and 59.8% or Rp. 2,181,909,- (ground pool). Then in ponds with cultivation treatment according to SNI and providing alternative feed with a percentage of pellets and fermented tofu dregs (75%:25%) of 50.2% or worth Rp. 1,475,109,- Use of fermented tofu dregs as alternative feed if converted on a scale A business with an average pool area of main actors/businesses in Cilongok District (190m2), can reduce production costs for feed production by IDR 866,805.- or 16.85%.

Nutritional Content and Acceptability of Vegetable Sausage as an Alternative Source of Protein and Fiber

Nutrition problems in Indonesia are still relatively high. SSGI results (2021) show that malnutrition is 17.1% and stunting is 24.4%. Lack of food consumption, especially protein, is one of the causes. Utilization of tofu dregs is still very low, as is banana blossom. Tofu dregs and banana blossoms have quite a high protein and fiber content. Tofu dregs and banana blossoms have the potential to become a high-nutrient food product that is suitable for consumption and has economic value. This research is a follow-up research from organoleptic tests, finding that vegetable sausages have organoleptic qualities that are no less than commercial sausages. This research aims to conduct laboratory tests for protein and fiber content and tests for the acceptability of vegetable sausages. This type of research is experimental, by design of two groups with control. Test acceptability with the method Visual Comstock by looking at leftovers. The acceptability test was conducted on 51 children in grades IV and V at SDN Pamitran-Cirebon who met the screening criteria. The treatment group consisted of 24 children, and the control group consisted of 27 children. Sample assignment was carried out randomly. Analysis of crude protein content using the IK-03/LAKP/SOP.10 method. Analysis of oil fiber content IK-13/LAKP/SOP.10. Analysis of the difference in receptivity test using the t-test of unpaired data. The research results showed that the protein content of vegetable sausages was (7.54%), slightly lower than commercial sausages (9.29%). The crude fiber content of vegetable sausages (3.48%) is higher than commercial sausages (2.10%). Vegetable sausages have the same acceptability as commercial sausages, with a good acceptability value of 100%. It has been proven that vegetable sausages can be used as an alternative food source of high protein and fiber at a relatively cheaper price.

Optimizing the Growth and Production of Pagoda Mustard Plants (Brassica narinosa L.) by providing Tofu Dregs Compost and Banana Peel Liquid Organic Fertilizer

The pagoda mustard plant ( Brassica narinosa L.) is a type of vegetable that is healthy nutritious, and easy to cultivate because it is classified as an annual plant with a harvest age ranging from 40 to 45 HST. This research aims to optimize the growth and production of pagoda mustard greens ( Brassica narinosa L.) by providing Tofu Dregs Compost and Banana Peel POC. The location of this research was carried out in the appropriate home environment area in Danau Balai A Village, Rantau Selatan District, Labuhan Batu Regency, and the Agrotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Labuhan Batu University. Research I used the two-factor Randomized Group Plan (RAK) research method with three replications. ANOVA variance analysis (variety analysis) was used to test the observation data statistically. Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was carried out at an α level of 0.05. The effect of giving banana peel POC and tofu dregs fertilizer in each treatment was not significantly different on the growth capacity of pagoda mustard plants. Based on the analysis of variance, POC treatment of banana peel waste had no significant effect on the number of pagoda mustard leaves aged 14 DAP, 21 DAP, and 28 DAP. POC treatment of Ambon banana peel waste had a significant effect on the number of pagoda mustard leaves at 35 HST and 42 HST.

Synthesis and Characterization of Ruminant Feed Based on Palm Kernel Cake Using EM4 Fermentation Method

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of cassava as an adhesive and the use of palm kernel meal as a concentrate and the addition of other ingredients on the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of food ingredients in the form of pellets. The animal feed was made by mixing palm kernel meal, tofu dregs, rice bran, and cassava with a percentage of (68,5 : 15,75 : 5,25 : 10,5)% and mixing molasses and EM 4 in a ration 1 : 1. The test samples were made by going through the stages of weighing, chopping, mixing, fermentation, drying, and molding into pellets. The results showed that the animal feed mixture had a specific gravity of 1.70 gr/mL, porosity of 29.05%, water absorption of 72.62%, pellet hardness of 4.85%, and brittleness with 4.92%. Animal feed pellets have a brownish color and a normal smell like the smell of animal feed pellets in general. The fermentation process was carried out for 8 days until it reached a maturity temperature of 38.44°C. Based on the proximate analysis, it was found that the animal feed contained 10.50% protein, 2.30% total fat, 22.80% crude fiber, 28.50% carbohydrate, 3.00% ash content and 32.90% moisture content. This animal feed pellet with palm kernel meal concentrate and cassava adhesive can be used as an alternative to cattle feed as an energy source feed, because it has a protein content of less than 20%.

Pengaruh Penambahan Ampas Tahu Dan Keong Mas (<i>Pomacea canaliculata</i>) Pada Ratro Pellet Komersil Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ikan Lele (C<i>larias gariepinus</i>)

The need for fish food is one of the essentials that can determine the level of success of the fish growth and development process. This research aims to analyze the effect of a combination of pelleted feed and animal feed on the growth and survival of catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The research was carried out for 60 days, at the Mataram University fish production and reproduction laboratory using an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications, namely: A: 100% commercial feed (control), B: Fish Pellets 50% + Golden Snail 25% + Tofu Dregs 25%, C: Fish Pellets 25% + Golden Snails 50% + Tofu Dregs 25, D: Fish Pellets 25% + Golden Snails 25% + Tofu Dregs 50% and E: Fish Pellets 34% + Keong Mas 33% + Tofu dregs 33%. Test parameters include absolute weight, absolute length, specific weight growth rate, specific length growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed utilization efficiency and survival and water quality. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan test. The results of this study showed that the best growth and survival of catfish was found in the treatment with 34% commercial feed, 33% golden snails and 33% tofu dregs (P4) with an absolute weight of 15.09 g, an absolute length of 7.05 cm , the specific weight growth rate was 3.86%/day, the length growth rate was 1.3%/day, the feed conversion ratio was 1.18, the feed efficiency rate was 85.91% and the survival rate was 73.33%. The proximate test results showed that the highest content was found in the treatment given 25% commercial feed, 50% golden snails and 25% tofu dregs (P2) with a dry content of 36.39%, crude fiber 10.86% and crude protein 31.48%.

Sorbitol-Based Biodegradable Plastics from Rubberized Cassava Starch and Tofu Dregs Starch

Sorbitol-Based Biodegradable Plastics from Rubberized Cassava Starch and Tofu Dregs Starch

Komposisi Nutrisi Maggot Yang Dibudidaya pada Media Berbasis Limbah Telur Infertil dan Ampas Tahu

This research aims to reveal information about the nutritional content of maggots cultivated using hatching egg waste as a feed medium. Carried out in two stages, the first stage involves rearing maggots using hatching egg waste and tofu dregs, while the second stage focuses on analyzing the nutritional content of maggots. The research involved five treatments and four replications, with controls P0 (100% tofu dregs), P1 (75% tofu dregs + 25% egg hatching waste), P2 (50% tofu dregs + 50% egg hatching waste), P3 (tofu dregs 25% + 75% egg hatching waste, and P4 (100% egg hatching waste). Each replication used one gram of BSF fly eggs, with tofu dregs and egg hatching waste being fed as much as 20 kg/biopond during rearing. The variables observed involved dry matter, ash content, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude protein. The results showed that P4 treatment produced maggots with the highest nutritional content, especially in terms of crude protein. In conclusion, the best food media was found in treatment P4, providing the potential to improve the nutritional quality of maggots as an alternative food source.

Pembuatan Pelet Ikan Bergizi Tinggi untuk Peternak Ikan di Kampung Lampaya dan Weuraya Kecamatan Lhoknga Aceh Besar

The service was carried out in Weuraya Village and Lampaya Village, Lhoknga District, Aceh Besar Regency with the target of fish farmer business groups. At first, the need for fish in Lhoknga and its surroundings only relied on fishing at sea by fishermen. Over time, the need for fish and employment for the community here eventually led to fish farming. Seeing the potential of fish farming that is getting better in this area, a group of people in this area took the initiative to form a fish farming business group located in Lampaya and Weuraya Villages, Lhoknga District, Aceh Besar. These two villages are located not far from the center of the Banda Aceh city market, estimated at about 25 km from the location of the farm which can be reached for approximately 1 hour drive. Determining the composition of fish feed ingredients is an important issue because not all compositions will provide the best results for fish growth. The high price of fish feed in the market with low protein content causes fish farmers to experience difficulties in cultivating fish. The objectives of this activity are first, to concoct their own animal feed from tofu dregs, snails or rice snails, wheat flour, rice bran, and coconut meal which are very widely available around Lhoknga. The second training was for the Lampaya and Weuraya fish farmer groups in Lhoknga sub-district to make fish feed. All members of the Lampaya and Weuraya fish farmer groups are involved in the two scopes of work above, so that these two groups will have the knowledge and skills to make quality and healthy fish feed for fish. From the results of the monitoring of the service team, it is clear that the high enthusiasm of the community can be measured by the crowd of socialization and training participants, as well as the many questions that arise during the practice of making fish pellets. At the end of the activity, the community has mastered how to make their own fish feed and can save 60% of the total cost

Produktivitas kalkun (Meleagris gallopavo) yang diberi pakan tambahan daun singkong dan ampas tahu dalam ransum

Turkey is one of the poultry commodities with the potential to be a source of animal protein for the community. Optimal turkey productivity must be supported by the provision of rations that in quality and quantity can meet the needs of the livestock, including by providing additional feed that is relatively cheap but has high nutritional value. This research aimed to determine the effect of providing additional feed with cassava leaves and tofu dregs in the ration on turkey productivity and to obtain the percentage of additional feeding with cassava leaves and tofu dregs in the ration that produces the best productivity. The method used experimental and Completely Randomized Design, 3 treatments, namely P1: giving 90% basal ration + 5% cassava leaves + 5% tofu dregs, P2: giving 80% basal ration + 10% cassava leaves + 10% tofu dregs, and P3: giving 70% basal ration + 15% cassava leaves + 15% tofu dregs, replicated 8 times, each replication consisting of 4 turkeys. The variables observed were ration consumption, body weight gain, and ration conversion. Data were analysed using ANOVA (0,05) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Based on the research results, providing cassava leaves and tofu dregs in the ration had a significant effect on turkey productivity. Providing additional feed with cassava leaves and tofu dregs as much as 5% in the ration produces the best ration consumption, body weight gain, and ration conversion, approximately 5,087.06 g/birds, 2,883.59 g/birds, and 1.80.

Pemanfaatan Ampas Tahu Menjadi Jajanan Kekinian Sebagai Usaha Untuk Pemanfatan Limbah Ampas Tahu Di Kelurahan Lewirato

Despite being rich in protein, fat, and water content, the utilization of tofu dregs remains limited, with entrepreneurs predominantly using it as animal feed, material for making "gembos" tempe, and crackers, which have not significantly contributed to the community's economic welfare. In the Lewirato district, tofu dregs are solely utilized as cattle feed, although its potential to be processed into value-added food products remains largely untapped. Therefore, the objective of this community service initiative is to provide training to the locals on how to process tofu dregs into products such as sponge cakes, okara sticks, and tofu dregs bread with improved packaging and branding. The implementation method encompasses initial surveys, program socialization, training sessions, and evaluation, with the aim of empowering the community to optimize the utilization of tofu dregs as trendy snacks that offer economic value addition.

The Effect of a Combination of Tofu Drugs and Maggot Flour (Hermetia Illucens L) as an Alternative Feed on the Growth of Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus Var)

Feed is a crucial thing to support the production and growth of catfish. Most catfish farmers still rely on commercial feed or factory feed. Meanwhile, factory feed prices are currently still relatively high. Maggots can be an alternative feed that meets the requirements as a protein source. Apart from Maggot, fish also need a source of vegetable protein such as tofu dregs which has the advantage of having chemical properties that are dominated by protein so that it can be used as an alternative feed ingredient. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of the combination of tofu dregs and maggot flour ( Hermetia illucens L) as an alternative on the growth of Sangkuriang catfish ( C. gariepinus var ) and to determine the percentage of the combination of tofu dregs and maggot flour ( Hermetia illucens L) that can provide the best growth influence on the growth of Sangkuriang catfish ( C. gariepinus var ). This research used an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments with 4 replications. The frequency of feeding is 2 times a day, namely morning and evening. Measurement of length, weight, viability and water quality, once every 15 days. The results of the research showed that there was a combination effect between maggot pellets and tofu dregs. The best combination percentage was in treatment D (25% tofu dregs + 75% maggot flour) with an average length and weight of fish of 3.86 cm and 6.24 kg with a survival rate of 100%.

Patterns of Pig Farms in Fakfak District, West Papua Province, Indonesia

In the lives of indigenous people in Papua, pigs are in first place as domesticated livestock. Keeping pigs is closely related to socio-cultural values ​​because they are used as matrimonial assets, determine social status, and are used in customary practices and cultural ceremonies. The study aims to find out the profile of farmers and their understanding of raising pigs. The research was conducted using a survey method on the population of pig farmers in Fakfak and Pariwari. Field data were collected from 20 pig farmers using a survey method based on a structured questionnaire. The data was tabulated and calculated using Minitab version 17 to get the mean and frequencies of each variable measured. The result showed that most of the farmers are of productive age with an education level of senior high school. The highest percentage of family members involved in raising pigs is 1-2 people per family. The pigs raised are Veredeld Duits Landvarkencross (VDL) breed pigs. Pigs are kept in pens made of stone walls. The feed given to pigs consists of tofu dregs, food stall waste, household waste, and forage (water spinach, sweet potato leaves, taro leaves). They are mated naturally with a litter size was only 3-4 per sow. They are healthy and growing well. In general, pig diseases that are often found are diarrhea, bloating, worms, and scabies. Raising pigs is only used as a side business for savings and sudden needs. Income is generated through the sale of live livestock (piglets or adult pigs) and pork.

Effect of Maggot‒Tofu Dreg Mixed Flours with Addition of Lysine on Formulation of Fish Feed to Accelerate the Growth of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Maggot flour, which contains high protein has potential in the development of fish feed. The focus of this study was to investigate the formulation of fish feed based on mixed flours (maggot and tofu dregs flours) with the addition of lysine to improve feed quality and feeding efficiency. The Pearson Square Method (PSM) was used in the formulation process of fish feed with a total protein target of 35%. The formulated fish feed was applied on tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). The fish weight and ammonia levels in the water were also measured to determine the effect of fish feed on water quality. The highest protein content (33%) was obtained from ratio of mixed flours of 3:1 (%(w/w)). The highest floatability value of fish feed was 194±2 sec. The optimum results for fish growth were obtained from mixed ratio of maggot flour and tofu dregs of 3:1 % (w/w). with the addition of 2 % (w/w) of lysine. The optimal growth rate of fish was 0.041 g·day-1 after 30 days of the experiment. While the level of ammonia in the water was not affected by the fish feed formulation or the addition of lysine in the fish feed. Thus, the amino acid lysine greatly influences the feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate so that it has the potential to accelerate the growth of tilapia.

Decision Support System for Selecting Tofu Dregs Suppliers Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method

The process of selecting suppliers can be simplified with the aid of a system that offers recommendations for optimal supplier choices. This research aims to develop a decision support system application to assist CV. TJIGOWEK in objectively selecting tofu dregs suppliers while enhancing effectiveness and efficiency in time management. The research methodology employed to facilitate supplier selection is the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The five fundamental criteria utilized as parameters include quality, quantity, pricing, service, and payment flexibility. The AHP method is employed to determine the weight of each criterion, ultimately generating the optimal alternative ranking. The findings of this study can serve as a valuable reference for making supplier selection decisions aligned with the company's predefined criteria.

The Effect of Giving Tofu Dregs and Manure on The Growth of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) Plants

Pakcoy is a variety of mustard greens whose leaves are used as a vegetable. Pakcoy mustard greens are also often called spoon mustard greens because their shape resembles a spoon. The aim of this research was to determine which factors and chemical combinations had the greatest influence on the growth of pak choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) plants. Experimental methodology was used in this research's quantitative approach. There were 24 samples used in this research experiment, which included 6 treatments and 4 replications. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used in data analysis for this study. The hypothesis testing process then continues using data from the prerequisite tests, namely ordinariness test and homogeneity test. The results showed that tofu dregs and manure had no effect on the total fresh weight of harvested plants, but did affect plant height and number of leaves at 2 WAP and 6 WAP observations.including the addition of soil and manure, has the best composition for growth in plant height and wet weight of the entire crop.The combination of soil, tofu dregs and manure is a good treatment for increasing the number of leaves.The plant height parameter observed at 2 WAP and 4 WAP in treatments P3 and P1 was the as it were parameter that was altogether diverse between each treatment, based on the findings of the BNT test.