Tn Addition Research Articles

PSXII-8 The effect of tannins extract associated to two levels of urea in the supplement of grazing Nellore steers on ruminal microbial richness and diversity estimators

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of tannins extract (TN) associated to two levels of urea (UR) in the supplement of grazing Nellore steers on ruminal microbial richness and diversity estimators. The study used eight Nellore steers (293 kg ± 5.6 BW), rumen cannulated grazing Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu distributed in a double Latin square 4 x 4 (four experimental periods and four supplements). Steers were supplemented at 3 g/kg BW with soybean meal, corn, mineral mix and two levels of UR (3% or 5%) associated or not to TN (SilvaFeed-ByPro at 0.7 g / kg). On d 26 of each experimental period, samples of ruminal content were collected after supplementation (+3h), V3/V4 regions of 16SrRNA gene was sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq. Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME v.1.9.1) were used to filter reads and determine Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and Alpha_diversity.py in QIIME was used to calculate ACE, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices. Richness and diversity estimators were compared between UR level and TN addition using a Friedman test and a Dunn’s post-hoc test using R. Sequencing produced 709,456 reads from16 samples. After trimming, the median number of reads was 81,005 per sample with good’s coverage median of 0.98. There was no effect of UR levels on the indexes of richness ACE (2487.4), Chao1 (2497.3), diversity Shannon (8.95) and Simpson (0.990) (P > 0.05). TN addition in the supplement increased ACE (2478.7 to 2483.1) and Chao 1 (2495.3 to 2507.9), had no effect in the diversity Shannon (8.93) and reduced Simpson index (0.993 to 0.990) (P < 0.05), suggesting higher microbiome growing and a more efficient rumen due to lower numbers of metabolic pathways. Higher richness and lower diversity indexes suggest that TN may improve the rumen microbiome growing and efficiency in grazing steers.

구조 최적화에서 적응 시뮬레이티드 애닐링의 냉각변수에 대한 연구

컴퓨터 성능의 향상으로 통계학적 최적화기법이 구조설계최적화에 시도되고 있다. 통계학적 최적화 가법 중 시뮬레이티드 애닐링 기법도 구조 최적화 분야에 적용되기 시작하였다. 시뮬레이티드 애닐링, 불쯔만 애닐링, 패스트 애닐링, 어댑티브 시뮬레이티드 애닐링을 적용하여, 트러스 구조물의 최적화에 적용시켜 목적함수를 향상시키고 함수계산량을 감소시키도록 하였다. 특히 알고리즘 중에서 수렴성과 목적함수의 우수성을 구현하기 위하여 어댑티브 시뮬레이티드 애닐링의 냉각스케줄의 냉각변수를 다양하게 적용하여 트러스 구조물을 최적화하였다. 또한 볼쯔만 애닐링과 어댑티브 시뮬레이티드 애닐링을 복합한 냉각스캐줄로 10부재와 25부재 트러스 구조물의 최적화도 수행하여 보았다. The increase of computing power makes stochastic optimization algorithms available in structural design. One of the stochastic algorithms, simulated annealing algorithm, has been applied to various structural optimization problems. By applying several cooling schedules such as simulated annealing (SA), Boltzmann annealing (BA), fast annealing (FA) and adaptive simulated annealing (ASA), truss structures are optimized to improve the quality of objective functions and reduce the number of function evaluations. In this paper, many cooling parameters have been applied to the cooling schedule of ASA. The influence of cooling parameters is investigated to find the rules of thumb for using ASA. Tn addition, the cooling schedule combined with BA and ASA is applied to the optimization of ten bar-truss and twenty five bar-truss structure.

The genus Mesophyllum (Melobesioideae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on the northern Pacific coast of North America

We have re-examined the types and representative collections of taxa previously associated with or closely related to the genus Mesophyllum in the NE Pacific. The following five species are distributed between the Aleutian Islands and southern California (La Jolla): M. aleuticum Lebednik, sp. nov., M. vancouveriense (including Litholhamnion phymatodeum f. aquilonium), M. conchatum, M. lamellatum and M. crassiusculum (Foslie) Lebednik, comb. nov. (including Lithothamnion aculeiferum). All species exhibit a predominantly coaxial arching hypothallium, superimposing growth of new lamellae, a cuticle that covers the terminal meristem, raised conceptacles, and simple (unbranched) spermatangial structures. The five species differ in the following characters: (1) growth form (M. lamellatum and M. conchatum occur mainly epiphytically with the larger part of their thallus unattached, whereas the other species grow mainly attached, adhering strongly to the substrate); (2) perithallial stratification(not seen in M. lamellatum); (3) size of subepithallial meristematic cells (distinctly longer than cells below in M. conchatum, M. lamellatum and M. crassiusculum); (4) epithallial cell shape (roundish to squarish in M. lamellatum and M. conchatum, but generally flattened in the other three species); (5) perithallial protuberances (present in M. vancouveriense and M. crassiusculum); (6) degenerating conceptacles (in M. aleuticum, M. conchatum and M. lamellatum); (7) embedded conceptacles (in M. vancouveriense, M. crassiusculum and M. conchatum); and (8) the pore cell morphology of multiporate conceptacles. Tn addition, we have observed dumbbell-shaped carposporangial chambers displaying peripheral development of carposporangia in four of the species and lunate (in transverse section) spermatangial mother cells in M. vancouveriense, M. conchatum and M. lamellatum; we suggest that these distinctive morphologies may be new characters in the taxonomy of the genus. Each species is formally described and its features are illustrated, tabulated and discussed. A dichotomous key is given, and we emphasize the need for further examinations to establish the reproductive structures of gametangial plants of M. crassiusculum, and the distribution of this species and M. lamellatum.

VARIABILITY OF STRATIFICATION IN SHALLOW TIDAL ESTUARY

A long-duration observation of stratification has been conducted in the Ohta Estuary. During the spring tide, the data demonstrate a semi-diurnal stratification cycle driven by tidal straining of freshwater-induced horizontal density gradient. The wind-driven current induced by a land and sea breeze brings about diurnal stratification cycle during the neap tide. During the neap tide, the change of stratification is mainly caused by the variation of surface density Tn addition to the short cycle of stratification, the spring-neaps mixing cycle and the variation of river discharge bring about the longer period of stability. The current profiler mooring observation shows that the velocity gradient during the ebb is larger than the flood velocity gradient. This results in the stronger tidal straining during the ebb tide. The well-mixed condition around the low water slack is associated with the small depth and strong tidal stirring.

Dialogue of Civilizations

This book arose from a series of conferences held as part of the Todalnstitute's research project, Human Security and Global Governance, initiated in 1996. The book's ambitious title matches its expansive structure. Aside from 16 chapters divided equally into Parts One and Two, there is a preface by Hans Kung, an introduction by the editors, and a lead chap­ter by Tehranian. Tn addition, the appendix cites a 15-item declaration by the peace scholars attending the Okinawa conference in 2000 to promote mutual respect and understanding among alt religious and secular tradi­tions of civility. Tehranian and Chappell's "Introduction" situates the need for dia­logue among civilizations in light of 9/11, which, they argue, presents both challenges to human security and a critical opportunity for the emer­gence of a new, just world order. The editors read 9/11 not as a lone act of insanity, but as an act that represents global resentment against how the world is run. They argue that unlike poverty in traditional systems that provide a social safety net, modern poverty in the "global fishbowl" is experienced as more humiliating and infuriating, because communication technologies make possible increased awareness of relative deprivation. In chapter I, "lnformatic Civilization: Promises, Perils, Prospects," Tehranian extends the introduction's claims that in the wake of the New World Disorder, we now have the opportunity to forge a global civiliza­tion fostered by dialogue, which itself is made possible by new technolo­gies. This section raises my hackles, for Tehranian's use of"civilization" vacillates between the singular and the plural. That is, should we think of "civilization" as a uniform, linear progression of human society based, as Tehranian argues, upon a mode of production, or should we think of"civ­ilizations" in terms of different cosmologies derived, for instance, from the world religions? ...

LOW COST APPROXIMATE ADDER SUBTRACTOR FOR FIR FILTER

The cost of the FIR filter depends on the cost of its components that are classified into three types namely buffer, multiplier and adder/subtractor.The adder/subtractor cover the most FIF. rilter components and any reduction in its cost means high reduction in the total cost of FIR filter. tn addition, FIR filters with pipeline multiplier the speed of FIR depends on the speed of adder/subtractor and any improvement in speed will result to increasing in the total speed of such filter.This paper shows a proposed method to increase the speed and reduce the cost of the adder/subtractor by neglecting the rotated carry output. This method reduces the accuracy of FIRfilter, in other words it adds small noise to the output of the filter, but the level of this noise is inversely proportional with the number of bits in data bus of FIR filter. Therefore this method will be used with midum noise output filters or with wide data bus (12-bits or more) FIR filter.

Solitudes in Leisure Research: Just the Tip of the Iceberg?

Jackson's study, comparing Canadian and American leisure research, shows some interesting differences between the two communities of researchers. While these difference do not represent completely separate solitudes, they do show that Americans are more likely to share their research (through publications and conference presentations) with other Americans and that Canadian are more likely to share their research with other Canadians.As Jackson points out, there are explanations for these tendencies towards parochialism, including differences in the relative sizes of the two communities, the relative number of outlets for research dissemination, and perceptions of the relative quality of journals. An additional set of factors, not mentioned by Jackson, is that there may be a natural tendency to publish close to home. This may be either because of familiarity with local academic and research organizations, and/or because research generated in one culture is believed to be (and indeed may be) of particular interest to others in that same culture.Despite these explanations for the preponderance of home-based research dissemination, the findings from Jackson's study do raise some concerns. In particular, they are an indication of a level of academic parochialism, which could have some negative consequences for the leisure research community as a whole. For example, they suggest that perhaps research findings may not be widely shared, that new knowledge and insights may not be effectively communicated, and that research may have a tendency to look towards their own local research communities for understandings and explanations of leisure phenomena. Thus breadth of understanding and vision within leisure studies may be somewhat limited.Of course Jackson's research, which looks only at numbers of publications and outlets for research dissemination, does not directly address these issues, nor the question of an inward orientation or narrow vision. Nevertheless, one of the intriguing aspects of his study is whether, and to what extent, his data are indicative of some significant problems in the leisure research field, which may be largely hidden. In other words, the findings of his study may be only the tip of the iceberg. Other issues that may constitute the hidden portion of the iceberg include the isolation of North American research from research in other parts of the world, intellectual or theoretical isolation, and isolation from other disciplines.The Isolation of North American Research?The fact that Jackson's research shows some significant differences between Canadians and Americans is particularly disturbing because of the relatively high level of interaction among North American leisure research scholars. Although many of us (perhaps especially Canadians) do perceive some fundamental differences between American and Canadian societies, there are also many similarities and avenues of connection, due, if nothing else, to geographic proximity. For example, although American are more likely to attend American rather than Canadian conferences, Americans certainly make up the largest contingent of foreigners at the tri-annual Canadian Congress on Leisure Research. This is also true of Canadians' attendance at American conferences such as the Symposium on Leisure Research. Tn addition, both Americans and Canadians are found on the editorial boards of North American journals located in both countries. Thus, if Canadian research and American research can be seen as two solitudes, the separation between North American researchers and those in other parts of the world can be expected to be much greater: solitudes within North America likely translate into considerably greater degrees of isolation worldwide.This is an issue that deserves further research as a follow up to Jackson's study. For example:- To what extent do North Americans publish in British, Australian or other non-North American journals? …

Tumor cell markers in uveal melanoma

Monoclonal antibodies to the melanoma-associated antigens HMB-45 and NKI/C3, and for S-100 protein were applied to archival tissue of 43 intraocular melanomas. Tn addition, the expression of the oncoproteins ras-p21 (ras 10) and mutated Ha-ras (E 184) as well as neu/erb-B2 (p185) were immunohistochemically evaluated. Incubation with antibodies to HMB-45 and NKI/C3 revealed consistently moderate to strong staining in all cases. Comparable ras-p21 immunostaining with normal epithelium observed in infiltrating components with a pronounced heterogeneous pattern, was particulary evident in epitheloid tumor cells. In melanomas of the spindle cell type B there was a tendency for patients with neu/erb-B2 positivity to have a worse prognosis. Using the chi-squared test for trend a significant correlation was found between S-100 reactivity, neu/erb-B2 amplification and the clinical outcome.

Developmentally Regulated Sensitivity of Trypanosoma brucei brucei to the Cytotoxic Effects of Human High-Density Lipoprotein

The bloodstream developmental stages of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei are lysed by normal human serum. The cytotoxic factor is a minor sub-class of human high-density lipoprotein termed trypanosome lyric factor (TLF). T. b. brucei rapidly develops resistance to TLF when incubated at 26°C under conditions which allow differentiation to the procyclic, insect midgut developmental stage. This in vitro differentiation system allowed us to correlate loss of TLF sensitivity with other parameters of differentiation to the procyclic form. The onset of resistance to TLF occurs within 2 hr after shifting bloodstream forms to differentiation conditions. TLF resistance is correlated with a rapid but transient decrease in protein synthesis by the parasite, is acquired prior to cell division at 26°C, and precedes the loss of variant surface glycoprotein. Tn addition, we found binding and uptake of TLF by established procyclic trypanosomes was reduced approximately fivefold relative to bloodstream trypanosomes and the TLF binding observed in procyclics was nonspecific. No TLF was bound to the procyclic flagellar pocket membrane and the procyclics failed to endocytose any of the surface-bound TLF. In contrast, bloodstream forms bind TLF via a flagellar pocket-localized protein and bound TLF is taken up;by endocytosis. These findings suggest that resistance of procyclic T. b. brucei to TLF-mediated lysis is due to a reduction in the endocytosis of TLF by this developmental stage of the parasite.

Additional Bird Nesting Records and Egg Masses for the Seward Peninsula, Alaska

neck, shoulder, and ribs; a broken right shoulder and a missing right foreleg; 70% of an upper canine recently broken off; and similar punctures in the muscle on the neck, right shoulder, and ribs. We did not find the missing foreleg and do not know how it was detached. Spacing between 3 apparent sets of bites were 9, 11, and 12 mm. We believe each M. americana was killed by a conspecific based on the internal injuries and the spacing of the punctures in the muscle. The distance between the tips of the 2 upper canines on 9 M. americana skulls averaged 11 mm (SD = 0.68, range = 1012 mm). The spacing of the punctures on the carcasses was too narrow for a larger predator. Canine spacing on 4 coyote (Canis latrans) skulls averaged 28 mm (SD = 1.06, range = 26-28 mm) and on 3 bobcat (Lynx rufus) skulls averaged 24 mm (SD = 2.34, range = 22-27 mm). Fishers (Martes pennanti) and foxes are not present in our study area. Tn addition, neither carcass had been eaten or cached. Although this phenomenon is rarely observed, it may be more common than previously thought because 2 of our 8 radio-collared males were killed within a 6-mo period. This mortality may be an important factor affecting M. americana populations in some areas.

Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia

Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia (Volumes I and II), edited by Darlene Clark Hine with Elsa Barkley Brown and Rosalyn Terborg-Penn. New York: Carlson, 1993. 1,530 pp., $195.00, cloth.By any standard, Black Women in America represents a major contribution to American historical scholarship. This ambitious two-volume work is far more than a collection of biographical profiles of accomplished Black women. With its 641 individual biographies and 163 articles on related topics, this remarkable and massive publication is a virtual celebration of the contributions of Black women to the African American community and to American life and culture.The biographies included are those of nationally recognized African American women of all periods of American history up to the present. Women of all professions and walks of life are profiled in vivid and memorable detail, including an astronaut, several nuns, a significant number of entrepreneurs, and scores of physicians, performers, writers, political activists, and educators, to mention only a few. Also documented are achievers in the less traditional fields in which Black women have engaged successfully such as aviation, military service, and world-class sports. Readers learn about Black women inventors, composers, bishops, band leaders, and a motion picture set designer. Legendary and symbolic female figures, including stereotypical images such as Aunt Jemima and Mammy, are also treated and their historical significance explained.Some of the information provided on Black women's involvement in organizations such as the American Teachers Association, the Association of Black Women Historians, the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History, and African American sororities and women's social action groups is very difficult to find elsewhere. Important movements of significance to Black women's history are also treated. These include the abolition movement, the suffrage movement, and the birth control movement as well as the civil rights and Black nationalism movements. Entries on places and institutions that have played important roles in the advancement of Black women appear throughout. There are also several articles on men who worked for Black women's rights or who were influential in Black women's organizations.Certain special features make this encyclopedia especially valuable to researchers and historical scholars. For example, bibliographies are provided with each entry, and a comprehensive bibliography is presented at the end of Volume II. Of special importance is the extensive listing of selected autobiographies by Black women. Tn addition to listing the usual secondary sources, the bibliographies in these volumes also include many less common primary sources such as letters, memoirs, family Bibles, scrapbooks, minutes of meetings, proceedings of conferences, oral histories, personal papers, and personal interviews. The volumes also list selected works, recordings, and videos for readers seeking more information. Another special feature is the group of appendices at the end of Volume II. These include a chronology of Black women in the United States and a listing of biographical entries as well as notes on editors and contributors. …

Three-Dimensional Structures of Uterine Elastic Fibers: Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies

We report findings that demonstrate for the first time that the structure of the elastic fibers of the uterus and cervix are characteristic to these tissues. Elastic fibers of the uterine corpus and cervix were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Elastic tissues were prepared from non-pregnant human uteri and pregnant rat uteri by three different methods: extraction from the tissue homogenates, in situ digestion by autoclaving of sliced tissue, and in situ formic acid digestion of sliced tissue. In addition, in situ formic acid digestion of the glutaraldehyde-fixed uterine wall of pregnant rats was done. Under SEM, the uterine elastic fibers revealed two distinct structures--fibrils and thin sheets of elastic membranes. Isolated fibers and membranes ranged in thickness from 0.1 to 0.4 micron which is thinner than aortic elastic lamellae (1-2.5 microns in thickness). These thin sheets of elastic membranes and elastic fibrils probably allow the uterus to maintain its elasticity without exerting excess pressure on the growing fetus. Formic acid digestion of fixed uterine walls of pregnant rats preserved the structural organization of elastic tissues near in vivo conditions. In these tissues, the fibers were arranged in a honeycomb structure made up largely of membranes, although sparse fibrils were present. These elastic, membranous sheets were arranged parallel to the plane of the uterine surface and interconnected with the threads of the membranes or fibrils. In the rat uterine wall, at least 12 parallel layers of elastic sheets were present. In contrast, at low magnification, the elastic tissues in the non-pregnant human uterus had no specific architectural arrangement and exhibited a sponge-like structure. Elastic fibers of the cervix were also made up of membranes and fibrils, and these fibers were organized into fishnet-like structures. These cervical membranes had fenestrations and pits with a diameter of 3-5 microns. In these studies, the concentrations of insoluble elastin in human uteri were found to be 1.38 and 1.32-1.41% of dry-defatted tissues for uterine body and cervix, respectively. The concentrations of total collagen were 38.8 and 64.3-72.4% of dry-defatted tissues for uterine body and cervix, respectively.

Release and metabolism of substance P in rat hypothalamus.

THE isolation and characterisation of the undecapeptide substance P from extracts of central nervous tissue has promoted renewed interest in the function of this compound in the central nervous system (CNS)1. Tn addition, the development of a sensitive and specific radioimmuno-assay2 and complementary immunohistochemical techniques3 has provided evidence for a differential distribution of substance P in the CNS4,5. Application of substance P to the spinal cord of neonatal rats has been shown to produce a potent depolarising action on motoneurones6. Elsewhere in the CNS iontopheric application of substance P elicits a characteristic neuronal excitation which although slow in onset is long lasting7–10. If substance P is to be considered as a neurotransmitter in the CNS, demonstration of its release from nerve terminals in response to physiological depolarisation is the next essential prerequisite11. We have therefore studied the release of substance P from rat hypothalamus, and have demonstrated a potassium-evoked and calcium-dependent release of immunoreactive material. In addition preliminary results suggest that metabolic degradation rather than tissue uptake is responsible for the inactivation of substance P after its release from brain tissue.

Ultraviolet emission lines in the spectrum of Procyon

THE Princeton instrumentation1 on the satellite Copernicus has been used to observe the F5 1V star, αCMi (Procyon). Tn addition to previously observed2 lines of Mg II, the Lyman-α line of H I (1,216 A), and the resonance lines of Si III(1,206 A) and O VI (1,032 A) have been observed for the first time in an F-type star. Figure 1 shows the observed lines, all of which exceed the two standard deviation level.

A method for simultaneous recording of the effects of sympathomimetic compounds on respiratory smooth muscles, on slow skeletal muscle, and on the cardiovascular system.

Abstract: Administration of histamine by inhalation to anaesthetized cats restricts the effect of this potent amine to the respiratory system. Tn addition to the relaxing effects from administered sympathomimetic drugs on induced bronchocon‐striction it is also possible to make simultaneous registrations from the soleus muscle and from the cardiovascular system by this method, without any interference from the systemic effect of administered histamine. The activity of iso‐prenaline on respiration and on the contractile response of the soleus muscle is described.

NEW EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

nal Medicine, has already had a distinguished career in internal medicine and has wide recognition for his contributions to his special field of internal gastroenterology. In particular, he has done outstanding investigative work in the field of hepatic disease. He received his MD degree at Stanford Medical School in 1944 in one of the accelerated war classes. At Stanford he had a somewhat foreshortened internship and first-year residency. He was in the army in Korea for two years and upon his return to the United States served as an assistant at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Following this, he worked for a year as a fellow in gastroenterology at the University of Pennsylvania and returned as resident physician at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1950. He remained there only two years, returning to California where he became assistant professor at the University of California Medical School early in 1953, as¬ sociate professor in 1957. Two entries in his career are recorded, his promotion to full professorship in internal medicine and his assumption of the deanship at the Uni¬ versity of California, School of Medicine in Los Angeles. Because of his strong clinical orientation, he has not let his administrative responsibilities, which are tremendous, pre¬ vent his regular participation in teaching rounds and in consultation. Tn addition to publishing some 75 scientific papers, Dr. Mellinkoff's skills have been recognized in his numerous editorial responsibilities, in¬ cluding connection with the American Jour¬ nal of Digestive Diseases, Practice of Medicine (Tice and Harvey), and Arqunhs dc Gastroentcrolgia. He is a member of a number of medical and scientific organisa tions and has been an officer in several.

Political Recruitment in Sarawak: A Case Study of Leadership in a New State

TN ADDITION to the ultimate objective of providing personnel for I governmental posts, the process of political recruitment provides information about the values of a society, the distribution of political influence and its fluctuations, and the process of policy formulation. Prior to the moment when any group gains political power, the field of potential political actors is narrowed by a continuing screening process. Dominant values of the society as a whole and those of individual groups largely determine the attributes required for initiation into roles culminating in a future leadership position. Factors such as religion, ethnic origin, social class and status, family name, etc. are crucial in the preliminary selection. By analyzing the background of political decision-makers we begin to understand the requirements for leadership in a particular culture and the factors which constitute political influence.' Considerable emphasis is placed upon the role of political recruitment in both Western and non-Western countries as an indicator of social change, since the character of leadership generally reflects the dominant values and power structures of society. As change occurs, the characteristics of a newly recruited leadership indicate which geographic, cultural, or economic groups are gaining or losing access to the political system and which values are becoming dominant for the society as a whole. If, for example, a society is engaged in a gradual but continuous process of industrialization and modernization, we would expect to see a change from purely ascriptive

Physiological effects & degradation of S,S,S-tributylphosphorotri-thioate by cotton leaves as shown by the P32 & S35 labeled compounds

The first organic thiophosphorus compound reported to induce and accelerate abscission was S,S,Stributylphosphorotrithioate (6, 14). Goyette (5) tested homologous trialkyl phosphorotrithioites and the corresponding trialkyl phosphates for abscissioninducing activity in the greenhouse and noted that only the former were active. Hall et al. (paper presented at the 134th National Meeting Am. Chem. Soc. Chicago, 1958, by W. C. Hall, F. R. H. Katterman, C. S. Miller, & F. A. Herrero) studied a wide array of phosphorus and sulfur containing compounds for abscission properties and confirmed Goyette's findings. Both groups of workers (5, & Hall et al.) concluded that the sulfur moiety was responsible for the defoliation response. Our study is primarily concerned with the effect of this defoliant on respiration and on the -SH groups of water soluble proteins in the leaf, since both have been shown to be influenced by other defoliants (7, 10). Tn addition, we studied the rate and manner of degradation of this defoliant in the cotton leaf before and during abscission.