TMs Test Research Articles

Relationship between Serum Magnesium Status and the Incidence of Preeclampsia at 8 Padang Primary Health Care

Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the main causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, with its etiology and pathophysiology not fully understood. Several studies have shown that magnesium plays an important role in preeclampsia. Magnesium plays a role in modulating endothelial function. Decreased serum magnesium levels in pregnancy can trigger endothelial dysfunction that has an impact on the occurrence of preeclampsia.Objective: Determine the relationship between serum magnesium status with incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women at 8 Padang Primary Health Care.Method: An observational analytic with cross-sectional design. Sampling was carried out using total sampling technique from research master data at 8 Padang Primary Health Care for period June 2019 – May 2020. The total sample was 45 pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s.Result: The serum magnesium status of pregnant women in the 8 Padang Primary Health Care was dominated by normal serum magnesium status (91.1%) and only 8.9% of pregnant women had preeclampsia. Fisher’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and the incidence of preeclampsia (p-value = 0,034).Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and preeclampsia (with overlook the factors of previous preeclampsia history, family history of preeclampsia, and magnesium intake during pregnancy). Hypomagnesemia status in pregnant women can exacerbate the occurrence of preeclampsia.

Relationship between Serum Magnesium Status and the Incidence of Preeclampsia at 8 Padang Primary Health Care

Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the main causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, with its etiology and pathophysiology not fully understood. Several studies have shown that magnesium plays an important role in preeclampsia. Magnesium plays a role in modulating endothelial function. Decreased serum magnesium levels in pregnancy can trigger endothelial dysfunction that has an impact on the occurrence of preeclampsia.Objective: Determine the relationship between serum magnesium status with incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women at 8 Padang Primary Health Care.Method: An observational analytic with cross-sectional design. Sampling was carried out using total sampling technique from research master data at 8 Padang Primary Health Care for period June 2019 – May 2020. The total sample was 45 pregnant women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s.Result: The serum magnesium status of pregnant women in the 8 Padang Primary Health Care was dominated by normal serum magnesium status (91.1%) and only 8.9% of pregnant women had preeclampsia. Fisher’s test showed that there was a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and the incidence of preeclampsia (p-value = 0,034).Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between serum magnesium status and preeclampsia (with overlook the factors of previous preeclampsia history, family history of preeclampsia, and magnesium intake during pregnancy). Hypomagnesemia status in pregnant women can exacerbate the occurrence of preeclampsia.

Job Allocation of Rajawali Mas Family Members Based on Miner’s Entrepreneurial Personalities and Myer-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

This research is conducted to allocate Rajawali Mas family members into a fit job position based on Miner’s Entrepreneurial Personalities and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This research uses a quantitative descriptive research design. There are three participants chosen in this study, including the first generation of Rajawali Mas, the second generation of Rajawali Mas who join the business, and an expert in human resource management and family business. The questionnaire and interview are used to collect the data. The result of the study found that each family member who joined the Rajawali Mas business has different characteristics of entrepreneurship. Based on the Miner’s Test, Rajawali Mas family members possessed different types of entrepreneur route, such as the Personal Achiever, the Real Manager and the Expert Idea Generator, including a complex entrepreneur which is possessed by the CEO. Based on the MBTI, Rajawali Mas family member personality ranged to ISTJ, ESTJ, ESTP and ISFJ personality.

THE INFLUENCE OF EXTENSIVE READING STRATEGY AND READING INTEREST TOWARD STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION OF ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMAN 1 TULUNG SELAPAN.

The objectives of the study are to find out whether or not(1) There is significant influence of extensive reading towards students’ reading comprehension between those who have height reading interest and those who have low reading interest at the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Tulung Selapan (2) There is significant influence of conventional reading strategy toward the eleventh grade students’ reading comprehension between who those have high reading interest and those who have low reading interest at the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Tulung Selapan. (3) There is significant influence of extensive reading strategy and conventional reading strategy towards the eleventh grade students’ reading comprehension between those who have high reading interest and those who have low reading interest at the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Tulung Selapan.(4) There is significant interaction effect of extensive reading strategy and reading interest on students’ reading comprehension at the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Tulung Selapan. This study used Saphiro-Wilk test and it used Levene's test in testing the homogenity. It was found that the significance value for homogeneity test (Levene’s test) was 0.021 which is lower than 0.05, therefore the data was not considered homogeny, so the writers took the equal variances not assumed on t-test. Next, the significance value for t-test was 0.000. It showed that there was a significant difference of extensive reading strategy and no treatment reading strategy on the eleventh grade students’ reading comprehension who have low reading interest because the sig. value was lower than 0.05. That means the null hypothesis (Ho3b) is rejected.

Effect of non-destructive edible coating materials and refrigerated storage on quality and shelf life of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) has high nutritional value but the high water content makes it susceptible to water loss and shrivelling, limiting the storage life. The present investigation was carried out at the post-harvest physiology laboratory of Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Himachal Pradesh in 2017–18 to evaluate the effect of various edible coatings on the quality of capsicum fruits. Comparative mean analysis by Tukey’s test (P<0.05) revealed that the coated fruits exhibited lesser variations in various physico-chemical characteristics during storage while, 50% and 25% starlight coating and 15% Aloe vera leaf extract resulted in delayed senescence and were effective in maintaining the postharvest quality of green bell pepper fruits.

We are in the Same Boat: Group Therapy as a Treatment for Psychological Distress in Dating Violence Survivors

Young adults are synonymous with the task of developing intimacy. This phase is inseparable from the problem of dating violence. This situation is a social stressor that causes a negative stress response commonly known as psychological distress. The purpose of this study is to provide treatment for 5 young adults who have experienced dating violence with online group intervention. The intervention design was carried out for seven 60-90 minutes sessions. The evaluation was done using observation, DASS, and BDI-II. Friedman’s test showed a significant result for depression (BDI-II, χ 2 F = 6.533, p = .038; DASS, χ 2 F = 6.533, p = .038) and anxiety (χ 2 F = 6.000, p = .050), and a non-significant result for stress (χ 2 F = 3.500, p = .174).

Nrf2 Dysregulation in Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BPD) are two of the most important mental disorders that greatly impact different aspects of life. These conditions imply heavy health and economic burden and are heterogeneous in nature. Inflammation is reported as the etiology of mental disorders. Nrf2 transcription factor plays a key role in the defense mechanisms against inflammation and oxidative stress. So, this study aimed to evaluate the expression level of Nrf2 in MDD and BPD patients and compared it with healthy control subjects. Materials and Methods: In this study, real-time PCR was conducted to evaluate the expression level of Nrf2 in 100 MDD and 100 BPD patients compared to 100 healthy control subjects. Statistical analysis conducted on GraphPad Prism 8 and SPSS21 included ANOVA, Tukey’s test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and odds ratio. Results: Results suggest a significant downregulation of Nrf2 in these conditions compared to the control group. ROC curve analysis demonstrates Nrf2 as a biomarker of these psychiatric disorders. Conclusion: The elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and downregulation of detoxifying enzymes were observed in MDD and BPD, which can be associated with the downregulation of Nrf2. Concerning its role in inflammatory response pathways, alternation of Nrf2 expression can be associated with the pathology of these conditions.

Modulation of experimental cystitis induced by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) JJ079 by homeopathic and isopathic remedies

Introduction: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most common agent involved in digestive and urinary tract infections (UTI). 
 Aims: The objective of this study was to explore whether homeopathic/isotherapic preparations could interfere with pathophysiological aspects of murine cystitis induced by E. coli in an experimental model.
 Materials and Methods: Balb/c female mice underwent urethral inoculation of E. coli (UPEC) JJ079 (urosepsis prototype) in a concentration of 7.5x1011 CFU/ml. The animals were divided into four groups: control group; group treated with hydro-alcoholic solution; group treated with biotherapic pure strain of E. coli and group treated with Cantharis 6cH. The drugs were prepared according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia and were administered orally, with free access to drinking water for two days after infection. After euthanasia, bladder and kidney were weighed and collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry analysis. The following markers were used: CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD79 (B lymphocytes), MIF, NK (Natural killer), VEGF-e (inflammatory mediators). Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA followed by the Fisher’s Test, p≤0.05 being significant.
 Results: ANOVA test revealed no significance in relation to the mean and standard deviation values. Fisher Test was used to analyze proportions differences. Cantharis 6cH and E. coli 30cH treatment significantly increased B lymphocytes in relation to T lymphocytes, NK cells and macrophages in bladder mucosae (p≤0.05). In renal pelvis, the medicines caused significant reduction of B lymphocytes in relation to T Lymphocytes and macrophages. VEGF-e cells reduction was seen in the pelvis in relation to phagocytes (p≤0.05). 
 Discussion and conclusion: B lymphocytes are able to differentiate into plasma cells, for the production of immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) are the group of antibodies produced in the immune response. Its function is to protect the mucous membranes, which form a protective barrier (bladder, for example). Since mucous membranes represent the main route of pathogens access to the body the protection provided by IgA is of paramount importance. Therefore, this study suggests that the studied drugs could interfere in the migration of B lymphocytes from pelvis to the bladder, so as to produce IgA. VEGF-e could stimulate the recruitment of inflammatory cells.

Outlier and Normality Testing of the Residuals for the Morgan-Mercer-Flodin (MMF) Model Used for Modelling the Total Number of COVID-19 Cases for Brazil

Traditionally, testing for outliers is performed by first creating a null hypothesis, H0, indicating that the suspected results do not differ significantly from those of other members of the data set, and then rejecting it if the likelihood of getting the experimental results is extremely low (e.g., p=0.05). Similarly, if H0 can be rejected, the questionable findings may be discarded as outliers as well. If H0 is retained in the data set, it is important to keep the dubious findings in the data set. In general, in nonlinear regression, the residuals of the curve must be normally distributed before any test for the existence of outliers is performed. This is often accomplished through the use of normalcy tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilks-Shapiro, D'Agostino-Pearson, and Grubb's tests, the latter of which checks for the presence of an outlier and is the subject of this study. Normality tests for residues used in general nonlinear regression revealed that the usage of the Morgan-Mercer-Flodin (MMF) Model used for Modelling the Total Number of COVID-19 Cases for Brazil was adequate due to lack of an outlier. The critical value of Z from statistical table for Grubbs’ test for a single outlier using mean and SD was 0.114 (n=50). The Grubbs (Alpha = 0.05) g value was 3.597. Individual Z value indicates that the residual with a value of -3 (row 3) was far from the rest and is deemed a significant outlier (p < 0.05). This outlier was removed, and subsequent Grubb’s test show the absence of other outliers. As the Grubbs’ test require for the normality of the residuals, several normality tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilks-Shapiro, Anderson-Darling and the D'Agostino-Pearson omnibus K2 test) were carried out and the results were found to conform to normality. In addition, a visual inspection of the model’s normal probability or Q-Q plot shows a nearly straight and appeared to exhibit no underlying pattern. The resulting histogram overlaid with the ensuing normal distribution curve also reveals that the residuals were truly random and that the model used was adequately fitted.

Testicle histomorphometry in senescence/senility under use of homeopathy

Aging is an extremely complex and multifactorial process. Over time, the elderly begin exhibiting signs of function reduction. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of homeopathic medicines on testicle histomorphometry in senescence/senility. The study was approved by the animal experimentation ethics committee of Santo Amaro University (07/2015). The rats (Wistar, all male, with 22-23 months of age were used) were caged with access to food and water ad libitum and 12-hour light cycle (7:00 am to 7:00 pm). The homeopathic medicines were prepared following the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. The animals were randomly distributed in 4 groups (n= 6): control; hydroalcoholic solution; Calcarea carbonica 30cH (Calc) and Baryta muriatica 30cH (Bar-m). 5 globules of the medicines were added to each water dispenser; the containers were changed twice per week along 40 days. All investigators were blinded to the allocation groups. After 40 days all the animals were euthanized and the testicles collected. Based on their width and length, the testicles’ volume was calculated by means of the ellipsoid formula. Slides were prepared and stained with PAS. Photographs were taken of the slides with 40x magnification under microscope; software Image J was used to measure the diameter of 50 seminiferous tubules per slide (animal), diameter of the parenchyma and lumen of each tubule. Statistical analysis was performed by means of ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test; the significance level was set to p≤ 0.05. Increase of the testicles’ volume, increased parenchymal diameter and decrease of the tubular lumen was found in groups Calc and Bar-m compared to controls and the group treated with hydroalcoholic solution (p ≤ 0.05). We conclude that the tested homeopathic medicines changed the testicle histomorphometry of animals in senescence/senility. 
 
 Keywords: Testicular histomorphometry, homeopathy, Calcarea carbonica, Baryta muriatica, Senescence/Senility

Topical Mastic Oil for Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized , Triple-Blind Controlled Trial

Background: The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of topical mastic oil, compared to placebo on treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD). Materials and Methods: Sixty-three patients with FD were included. Thirty-two subjects received the topical mastic oil (10 drops/TDS after meal) with massage and 31 patients received topical sesame oil with massage. Both groups received pantoprazole (40 mg daily) along with oil and massage. The severity of early satiation, postprandial fullness, epigastric pain and epigastric burning was assessed after 4 weeks using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) as well as frequency of symptoms. Satisfaction with the treatment was also assessed using a researcher-made questionnaire. Changes in the severity of symptoms were evaluated by Friedman’s test. Results: Mean and standard deviation of age of the subjects were equal to 36.95±13.64 and 50 (79.4%) patients were female. Both groups experienced a significant decrease in the severity of all the four symptoms (P<0.001). The percentage of decrease in the severity of early satiation was significantly higher in the mastic group than the control group (76.03±34.91% vs. 37.24±38.86%, P=0.003). No significant differences were found in the percentage of decrease in the severity of postprandial fullness, epigastric pain and burning between the study groups (P=0.05, 0.06, and 0.13, respectively). The frequency of symptoms was decreased similarly in both groups. Satisfaction with the treatment was reported to be significantly higher in the mastic group than the sesame group (P=0.01). There were no intolerable side effects in both groups. Conclusion: Mastic oil reduced early satiation better than the placebo. In addition, satisfaction with the treatment was higher in the mastic group than the sesame group. [GMJ.2021;10:e1965]

Test for Outlier and Normality of the Residuals for the Pseudo-1st Order Kinetic Modelling of Glyphosate Adsorption onto Palm Oil Fronds

Generally, in nonlinear regression, the residuals of the curve must be distributed normally, and residuals must be tested for the presence of outliers. This is normally done using normality tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilks-Shapiro and D'Agostino-Pearson and the Grubb's test, the latter test for the presence of an outlier, which is the focus of this study. Normality tests for residues used in general nonlinear regression revealed that the usage of the pseudo-1st order model in the fitting of glyphosate biosorption to palm oil fronds was adequate due to lack of an outlier. The Grubb’s test was applied to the residual results. The critical value of Z from statistical table for Grubbs’ test for a single outlier using mean and SD was 2.289 (n=10). The Grubbs (Alpha = 0.05) g value was 1.844. As the test statistic is lesser than the critical assigned value, no outlier was deemed present.

Morphological Variation of Blue Panchax (Aplocheilus panchax) Lives in Different Habitat Assessed Using Truss Morphometric

Blue panchax ( Aplocheilus panchax Hamilton, 1822) lives in broad ranges of habitat from open waters to closed waters, including at ex-tin mining pits in Bangka Island, Indonesia. Variable habitats might cause morphological variations due to different ecological factors. This study aimed to assess the morphological variation of blue panchax collected from different habitats using truss morphometric characters. Fish samples (70 individuals) were collected from abandoned ex-tin mining pits of different ages and a river in Bangka Island. Twenty-nine truss characters were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc with Dunn’s test . The results showed that almost all of the body parts of blue panchax found in ex-tin mining pits and rivers were significantly different (p-value < 0.05), except some truss characters of caudal peduncle . The post hoc of Dunn’s test showed a positive correlation between habitats and truss characters (adj. sig < 0.05). Some truss characters of killifish were different between ex-tin mining pits with different ages chronosequence, and some other characters were different between pits and river. This study provides the first data about the morphological variation of blue panchax in ex-tin mining pits of different ages. The data is valuable as a scientific basis of further utilization of ex-tin mining pits in the areas.

Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels and Uterine Fibroid Volume

Background: Tumor size is related to variations associated with molecular markers. In recent years, it has been reported that investigation of tumor volume has become very popular. Measurement of uterine fibroids volume is very important for treatment response.&#x0D; Objective: The aims of this study is to find the correlation of VEGF levels and uterine fibroids volume.&#x0D; Methods: Observational analytic study was carried out on 80 patients with uterine fibroids indicated myomectomy. Each sample was examined for VEGF levels and volume of myoma tissue post myomectomy was measured by using Archimedes' law. Correlation test using the Spearman test.&#x0D; Results: A total of 80 samples of patients were examined for VEGF levels and uterine fibroids volume. The median VEGF is 360 pg/mL, the median uterine fibroids volume is 325 ml. The Spearman’s test shows p values ​​(&lt;0.01) and r (0.999).&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between VEGF levels and uterine fibroids volume. The higher the VEGF level, the greater the volume of uterine fibroids.&#x0D; Keywords: VEGF, uterine fibroids volume, Archimedes law&#x0D; *Corresponding author: Rajuddin e-mail: rajuddin@unsyiah.ac.id dan Ronald_drozz@yahoo.com&#x0D;

Palmaris Longus Tendon Absence in Pre-Clinical Medical Students of Universiti Malaysia Sabah

Palmaris longus (PL) tendon is regularly used in reconstructive surgeries as a donor tendon because it is observed as an accessory muscle and has little practical use to the human hands. It is only found in mammals. For example, the orangutan has PL but it is absent variable in the higher class of apes such as gorillas and chimpanzees. The absence of PL in humans appears to be hereditary, but the genetic transmission is unclear. The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of PL tendon absence in pre-clinical medical students of UMS and to compare the lack between gender and ethnic groups. By using standard Schaffer’s test, we examined the presence or absence of PL tendon among the first and second-year medical students of UMS. Four additional tests, Thompson’s test, Mishra’s test I, and II, Pushpakumar’s tests were used to determine whether PL present or not. A total of 134 volunteers were examined, and 91.8% were right-handed, and 8.2% were left-handed. The overall absence (bilateral and unilateral) of PL tendon was 23.9%, whereas unilateral absent was 17.9%, and bilateral absent was 6.0%. The high prevalence of absence of PL tendon among females 25.5% compared to males 20.0%. Chinese and Indian have a higher incidence of PL tendon absence followed by Kadazandusun and Malay. In this study, there were different figures for each ethnic group. The prevalence of absence of PL varies depending on the populations.

Effect of iodine status on nutritional status of school-age children in artisanal and small scale gold mining area

Background: Nutritional status of school-age children is influenced by several factors, e.g., nutrition intake, hormone, and underlying disease. Mercury, as a pollutant from artisanal and small scale gold mining (ASGM), inhibits thyroxin production-metabolism regulating hormone. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of iodine status and nutritional intake on nutritional status of school-age children in ASGM area.Methods: Study design was cross sectional. There were two groups; case group was school-age children exposed by mercury from ASGM area from Sekotong subdistrict, and control group was school-age children in Narmada subdistrict. Sixty two children from ASGM were enrolled, and fifty two children from the Narmada subdistrict. Iodine status was assessed by measured urine iodine excretion using acid digestion method; nutrition intake assessed by using recall 24 hours; nutritional status by measured anthropometry. Correlation between nutritional and iodine status was examined by using Spearman’ test.Results: Nutritional status of case group found 45.1 % were stunted and 27.4 % were underweight. Control group found 13.4 %  stunted and 9.6 % underweight. Iodine status of case group: 3.9 % deficient and 68.6 % at risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, the control group was found that 3.8 % inadequate and 72.8 % at risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism. Iodine intake both groups were under RDA value that of the case group was 8.3 µg/day, and the control group was 11.5 µg/day. All nutrition supporting growth did not meet the RDA value. Spearman’s test result was p=0.56.Conclusion: Iodine status did not correlate with the nutritional status of children in ASGM area.

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON THE SURVIVAL, GROWTH AND IMMUNITY RATE OF JUVENILE SEA CUCUMBERS (Holothuria scabra)

Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is important species as food and medicine especially for Chinese market. It  is a stenohaline and osmoconforming organism with a low level of tolerance to salinity change. Salinity of the medium is one of the environmental factors that affect the physiology and survival of juvenile sea cucumbers. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of different salinities on the growth, survival and immunity rate of juvenile sea cucumbers (Holothuria scabra) and also determining the suitable salinity level for the optimal growth, survival and immunity rate of the sea cucumbers. This experiment  used a completely randomized design with 5 salinity treatments: 24, 29, 34, 39, and 44 ppt with 3 replications using fifteen30 L-fiber glass tanks. The juvenile sea cucumbers measured 4.4 ± 0.2 cm in total length and 5.6 ± 0.3 g in body weight. The juveniles were raised at 15 individuals/tank, fed with cultured fresh benthos once a day in the afternoon. Coelomate was taken from the sea cucumber juveniles from each tank  and used to determinie the immunity rate and also for the osmolality. The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test at 5% level of significance. The salinity of the medium significantly affected (P &lt; 0.05) the growth, survival rate and immunity rate of sea cucumber juveniles. The 24 - 34 ppt salinity can support survival rate up to 100%, high growth (6.47 – 7.10 g) and immunity rate (27 – 76 x 104phagocytic cell/mL), while the 44 ppt salinity has resulted in not only a low survival rate (55.6%), but also had a bad effect on osmolality (303 ± 3.5 mOs-mol kg-1), growth (3.12 ± 0.34 g), and immunity (209 x 104 phagocytic cell/mL).

Comparing the effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors versus Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Abstract:Introduction: Heart failure is a prevalent world wide. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are widely prescribed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the two drugs in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: This meta-analysis was performed on research articles on the drugs of heart failure patients in PubMed, ProQuest and EBSCO database published between 2008-2018. Pooled odds ratio (OR) are calculated using fixed and random effects models. Data were processed using Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3).Results: From total 209 articles, 10 studies met the criteria for systematic review. Meta-analysis result showed that there were no difference effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (RR = 1.73 [95% CI 0.88-3.40], p=0.11). Heterogeneity test for studies (Pheterogeneity = &lt;0.00001) showed variation of heterogeneous research. There is no publication bias on this study Egger’s test (p = 0.334) and Begg’s test (p = 0.180).Conclusion: This analysis confirmed there were no difference effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) versus angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Developing Indonesian version of childbirth self-efficacy inventory (Cbsei)-C32

Introduction: Women readiness and self-efficacy for pregnancy and childbirth is an important issue which usually assessed by using CBSEI-32 but currently no evaluation is ever conducted nor Indonesian version of this instrument ever developed to enhance subject understanding. Therefore, this study aimed to develop the Indonesian Language version of CBSEI (childbirth self-efficacy inventory) instrument.Method: A quantitative study was conducted by involving 73 pregnant mothers in their trimester III either as the primigravida or as multigravida. The selected respondents are those who lived in the working area or visited several health care centres in the area between July-August 2018. The content validity was tested by using Aiken V analysis and the construct validity was assessed using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s test. Finally, the reliability test was conducted using Alpha Cronbach.Result:  Analysis revealed that the Aiken V value of the instrument was in the range of 0.67-1 for the outcome expectancy and 0.75-1 for efficacy expectancy. 16 items in outcome expectancy showed KMO value &gt; 0.5 with MSA value between 0.648-0.957. Meanwhile, 16 questions in efficacy expectancy also had KMO value &gt; 0.5 with a MSA range between 0.798-0.937 respectively. The average values of the instrument validity for the outcome expectancy and efficacy expectancy were 0.740 and 0.726 respectively. Finally, Alpha Cronbach value for both outcome expectancy and efficacy expectancy was 0.94.Conclusion: According to the analysis, it can be concluded that CBSEI-C32 in Indonesia language version was valid and reliable instrument to be applied in pregnant mother in Indonesia.Â

Assessment of perceived service quality using servqual mod-el: a case study of Pakistan international airline (PIA) in-flight hospitality

The service industry is rapidly growing worldwide with latest and sophisticated tools and strategies for satisfaction of their ultimate customers. Provision of an exceptional service is the lifeblood of airline survival, with the airline’s mid-flight operations being the most crucial fragment of the whole service encounter. This study hence quantifies and weighs the perceived service quality against the desired service quality expected by the customers of Pakistan International Airlines during flight operations, through the 5 main dimensions of SERVQUAL exemplified by the 30 service attributes. The main objective of this study is to find out gap between perceived service quality and expected service quality.This research is quantitative in nature, Factor Analysis and one sample T-Test were used for analysis of data and close-ended questionnaires were used to collect the data from sample of 120 passengers who travelled through PIA at least once is last 12 months. According to the results shown by the Factor Analysis, 8 components were retained or extracted out of 30 variables; all the variables have high correlation with components as overall correlation measured by Factor Analysis is 0.804 which is excellent in the practice. According to KMO and Bartlett’s test, the sampling accuracy remained .857 which is quite good measurement. In addition to that, one sample T- test shows that variable Assurance scores 2.88 average mean perception out of 3.0 average mean expectation touches the expectations but not up to desire level of quality. However, other variables like responsiveness, Empathy, Reliability and Tangibility score 2.78, 2.67, 2.67, and 2.64 respectively.Average Mean Difference Gap (P-E) shows variable Assurance reveals low level of gap -0.12. However, this does not fill the quality gap of minimum 3.0 of Average Mean Expectation. This study exhibits tremendous service gap in other variables as Responsiveness -0.22, Empathy -0.33, Reliability -0.33 and Tangibility possesses -0.35 in terms of Average Mean Difference Gap.The necessity of this research study was deeply felt as a thin of number of passengers prefers PIA services. The service quality of PIA is diminishing with poor service strategies, insufficient facilities and lack of inflight hospitality measures for passengers; therefore, this research will help the key decision makers to identify the areas to improve, and take necessary remedial actions. Â