Tl Crystals Research Articles

Bias and precision of SPECT-based 177Lu activity-concentration estimation using a ring-configured solid-state versus a dual-headed anger system

BackgroundThe aim was to compare bias and precision for 177Lu-SPECT activity-concentration estimation using a dual-headed Anger SPECT system and a ring-configured CZT SPECT system. This was investigated for imaging at 208 keV and 113 keV, respectively.MethodsPhantom experiments were performed on a GE Discovery 670 system with 5/8’’ NaI(Tl) crystal (dual-headed Anger system) and a GE StarGuide (ring-configured CZT system). Six spheres (1.2 mL to 113 mL) in a NEMA PET body phantom were filled with 99mTc and 177Lu, separately. Mean relative errors and coefficients of variation (CV) in estimated sphere activity concentration were studied over six timeframes of 10 min each for the two systems. For 177Lu, similar acquisitions were also performed for an anthropomorphic phantom with two spheres (10 mL and 25 mL) in a liver with non-radioactive background and a sphere-to-background ratio of 15:1. Tomographic reconstruction was performed using OS-EM with 10 subsets with compensation for attenuation, scatter, and distance-dependent spatial resolution. For the Anger system, up to 40 iterations were used and for the ring-configured CZT system up to 30 iterations were used.ResultsThe two systems showed similar mean relative errors and CVs for 177Lu when using an energy window around 208 keV, while the ring-configured system demonstrated a lower bias for a similar CV compared to the Anger system for 99mTc and for 177Lu when using an energy window around 113 keV. However, total activity in the phantom tended to be overestimated in both systems for these cases.ConclusionsThe ring-configured CZT system is a viable alternative to the dual-headed Anger system equipped with medium-energy collimators for 177Lu-SPECT and shows a potential advantage for activity-concentration estimation when operated at 113 keV. However, further consideration of the preservation of total activity is warranted.

Upcoming MSU cubesats for space weather and astrophysical research

The program of space exploration using small spacecraft, implemented at Moscow State University, involves the installation of a set of instruments for detecting energetic particles and gamma rays on cubesat satellites. Currently, cubesats equipped with DeCoR scintillation spectrometers designed to study space weather factors and astrophysical phenomena are operating in orbit. The use of two-layer scintillation detectors makes it possible to register gamma quanta and electrons separately, which gives the possibility to study the dynamics of radiation belts and electron precipitation simultaneously with solar and astrophysical gamma ray bursts in an experiment in a solar-synchronous orbit. The results of ground-based calibrations, as well as monitoring measurements in orbit using DeCoR instruments on cubesats launched in June 2023, demonstrate good opportunities for conducting the above-mentioned studies. In order to further improve the ability to conduct detailed studies of space radiation, MSU plans to use detector suites composed of two units: a position-sensitive detector based on the set of GAGG:Ce crystals and one detector-spectrometer based on the CsI(Tl) crystal. Computer modeling shows the possibility of implementing such a suite on small satellites. In 2024, it is planned to launch two satellites with prototypes of an enhanced instrumental suite in order to test the methodology of detailed measurements.

Upgrade of the NaI(Tl) crystal encapsulation for the NEON experiment

The Neutrino Elastic-scattering Observation with NaI(Tl) experiment (NEON) aims to detect coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) in a NaI(Tl) crystal using reactor anti-electron neutrinos at the Hanbit nuclear power plant complex. A total of 13.3 kg of NaI(Tl) crystals were initially installed in December 2020 at the tendon gallery, 23.7 ± 0.3 m away from the reactor core, which operates at a thermal power of 2.8 GW. Initial engineering operation was performed from May 2021 to March 2022 and observed unexpected photomultiplier-induced noise and a decreased light yield that were caused by leakage of liquid scintillator into the detector due to weakness of detector encapsulation. We upgraded the detector encapsulation design to prevent the leakage of the liquid scintillator. Meanwhile two small-sized detectors were replaced with larger ones resulting in a total mass of 16.7 kg. With this new design implementation, the detector system has been operating stably since April 2022 for over a year without detector gain drop. In this paper, we present an improved crystal encapsulation design and stability of the NEON experiment.

Development of a large NaI(Tl) detection system

A large NaI(Tl) detection system was developed to address the increasing demand for high detection efficiency and high energy resolution detectors across various applications. Through Geant4 simulation and experimental research, critical characteristics of the detector prototype were examined, encompassing energy response, energy nonlinearity, and energy resolution. Given the substantial impact of variations in Tl concentration and the complex process of photon propagation on the detection performance of large NaI(Tl) crystals, the detection efficiency and energy resolution with the radioactive source placed at different incident spots were studied to evaluate its spatial response uniformity. The results demonstrate that the detector's energy response range spans from 50 keV to 3 MeV with an energy nonlinearity of 1.5%. The developed large NaI(Tl) detection system achieved an overall energy resolution of 7.93%, along with excellent uniformity in its resolution and detection efficiency, satisfying the application requirements for large dimensions and high detection efficiency.

Design and application of a shipborne underwater radiation detector array for the monitoring of seawater radioactivity

A navigable online monitoring system for marine radioactivity was developed to cope with possible large-scale marine nuclear pollution incidents. This system used a NaI(Tl) detector array mounted on a ship to collect radioactive data across wide marine areas rapidly. High volume-efficiency aids the system in rapidly identifying radionuclides exceeding standard levels. This feature enables the system to monitor the seawater in a wide area within a shorter time and promptly detect marine nuclear pollution incidents. Monte Carlo simulations were used to optimize the number of NaI(Tl) crystals and the detector spacing for enhancing the volume-efficiency of the system. Three Φ3" × 6″ NaI(Tl) detectors and the mounting bracket with a fixed detector spacing of 30 cm were fabricated based on the simulation outcomes. The volume-efficiency for 137Cs of the system was around six times higher than that for the buoy-based monitoring system with a 3-inch NaI(Tl) detector. The theoretical volume-efficiency curve, which was calculated through Monte Carlo simulation, was verified in a standard liquid source. The minimum detectable activity concentration (MDC) for radioisotopes of the system under various radioactive measurement durations was discussed, such as the MDC for 137Cs for 5 min measurement was 0.152 Bq/L. Marine radioactivity measurement experiments were conducted in the sea near the Tianwan nuclear power plant in Lianyungang, China. The test results showed that the activity concentration of 40K was 11.4 Bq/L. The results of navigation monitoring were consistent with those of sampling and laboratory measurement, which verified the stability and accuracy of the system.

Measurement of the sodium and iodine scintillation quenching factors across multiple NaI(Tl) detectors to identify systematics

The amount of light produced by nuclear recoils in scintillating targets is strongly quenched compared to that produced by electrons. A precise understanding of the quenching factor is particularly interesting for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP) searches and coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) measurements since both rely on nuclear recoils, whereas energy calibrations are more readily accessible from electron recoils. There is a wide variation among the current measurements of the quenching factor in sodium iodide (NaI) crystals, especially below 10 keV, the energy region of interest for dark matter and CEνNS studies. A better understanding of the quenching factor in NaI(Tl) is of particular interest for resolving the decades-old puzzle in the field of dark matter between the null results of most WIMP searches and the claim for dark matter detection by the DAMA/LIBRA collaboration. In this work, we measured sodium and iodine quenching factors for five small NaI(Tl) crystals grown with similar thallium concentrations and growth procedures. Unlike previous experiments, multiple crystals were tested, with measurements made in the same experimental setup to control systematic effects. The quenching factors agree in all crystals we investigated, and both sodium and iodine quenching factors are smaller than those reported by DAMA/LIBRA. The dominant systematic effect was due to the electron equivalent energy calibration originating from the nonproportional behavior of the NaI(Tl) light yield at lower energies, potentially the cause for the discrepancies among the previous measurements. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Measurements of low-energy nuclear recoil quenching factors for Na and I recoils in the NaI(Tl) scintillator

Elastic scattering off nuclei in target detectors, involving interactions with dark matter and coherent elastic neutrino nuclear recoil (CEνNS), results in the deposition of low energy within the nuclei, dissipating rapidly through a combination of heat and ionization. The primary energy loss mechanism for nuclear recoil is heat, leading to consistently smaller measurable scintillation signals compared to electron recoils of the same energy. The nuclear recoil quenching factor (QF), representing the ratio of scintillation light yield produced by nuclear recoil to that of electron recoil at the same energy, is a critical parameter for understanding dark matter and neutrino interactions with nuclei. The low energy QF of NaI(Tl) crystals, commonly employed in dark matter searches and CEνNS measurements, is of substantial importance. Previous low energy QF measurements were constrained by contamination from photomultiplier tube (PMT)-induced noise, resulting in an observed light yield of approximately 15 photoelectrons per keVee (kilo-electron-volt electron-equivalent energy) and nuclear recoil energy above 5 keVnr (kilo-electron-volt nuclear recoil energy). Through enhanced crystal encapsulation, an increased light yield of around 26 photoelectrons per keVee is achieved. This improvement enables the measurement of the nuclear recoil QF for sodium nuclei at an energy of 3.8±0.6keVnr with a QF of 11.2±1.7%. Furthermore, a re-evaluation of previously reported QF results is conducted, incorporating enhancements in low energy events based on waveform simulation. The outcomes are generally consistent with various recent QF measurements for sodium and iodine. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Investigation of scintillation properties of a CsI(Tl) crystal at low temperature for dark matter search

The Korea invisible mass search (KIMS) experiment used CsI(Tl) crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to detect signals from weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) at room temperature. It is expected that combining CsI(Tl) crystals with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) will enhance the detection performance. However, SiPMs must operate at low temperatures to reduce the dark count rate. In this study, we examined the temperature dependence of CsI(Tl) crystal properties, including light yield, α/β ratio, decay time, and pulse shape discrimination, before integrating it with a SiPM. The CsI(Tl) crystal was placed in a low-temperature chamber with a radiation source, and scintillation photons were detected by a PMT positioned outside the chamber. The response of CsI(Tl) to α-particles and γ-rays was examined across temperatures ranging from 10 K to 300 K.

Identification of the Structure of Liquid–Gas Flow in a Horizontal Pipeline Using the Gamma-Ray Absorption and a Convolutional Neural Network

Knowledge of the liquid–gas flow regime is important for the proper control of many industrial processes (e.g., in the mining, nuclear, petrochemical, and environmental industries). The latest publications in this field concern the use of computational intelligence methods for flow structure recognition, which include, for example, expert systems and artificial neural networks. Generally, machine learning methods exploit various characteristics of sensors signals in the value, time, frequency, and time–frequency domain. In this work, the convolutional neural network (CNN) VGG-16 is applied for analysis of histogram images of signals obtained for water–air flow by using gamma-ray absorption. The experiments were carried out on the laboratory hydraulic installation fitted with a radiometric measurement system. The essential part of the hydraulic installation is a horizontal pipeline made of metalplex, 4.5 m long, with an internal diameter of 30 mm. The radiometric measurement set used in the investigation consists of a linear Am-241 radiation source with an energy of 59.5 keV and a scintillation detector with a NaI(Tl) crystal. In this work, four types of water–air flow regimes (plug, slug, bubble, and transitional plug–bubble) were studied. MATLAB 2022a software was used to analyze the measurement signal obtained from the detector. It was found that the CNN network correctly recognizes the flow regime in more than 90% of the cases.

Application of wavelet transform in anti-Compton phoswich detector for gamma spectrum

The response of an anti-Compton phoswich detector to gamma rays was investigated using Monte-Carlo method, and the pulses from different crystal cases, including gamma deposition only in the LaBr3(Ce) or CsI(Tl) crystal and coincidence in both crystals, were analyzed. A novel pulse discrimination method for gamma deposition events based on wavelet transform analysis, called SSD (Scale Shape Discrimination), was developed in this study. Compared to the traditional PSD (Pulse Shape Discrimination) method, SSD has the advantage of transforming one-dimensional pulses in the time-domain into two-dimensional time-frequency spectra, providing the more useful features for pulse discrimination. The performances of the Compton suppression and Full-energy peak loss using PSD and SSD methods was studied. The results show that the Compton suppression factor IPSD = 5.12 and ISSD = 5.32, and FEP loss factor PLPSD = 0.0554 and PLSSD = 0.0587. Meanwhile, the influences of the cutoff values for pulse discrimination on the results of I and PL with different method were analyzed.

Conceptual design and simulated performance of the Barrel part of gamma array for the experimental terminal at HFRS of HIAF

The Barrel of γ array, consisting of 640 CsI(Tl) crystals and covering a polar angle range from 36.4° to 135.6°, has been designed for the experimental terminals at High energy FRagment Separator of High-Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility in Huizhou. Together with the existing Endcap, consisting of 1024 CsI(Tl) crystals and covering a polar angle from 15.6° to 36.4°, at the External Target Facility in Lanzhou to form a new γ array, it is expected to meet the experimental requirements for in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy technique. A Monte Carlo code based on Geant4 was implemented to study the performance of the new γ array. Taking into account the Doppler correction and the intrinsic energy resolution of the detector, the energy resolution is 5.4% (FWHM) for the Endcap and 9.8% (FWHM) for the Barrel when the energy of the emitted γ-ray is 1 MeV in the Center-of-Mass frame with the beam energy of 500 MeV/u (beam velocity β = 0.759). The full-space photopeak efficiency is greater than 40% when the energy of the emitted γ-ray is less than 5 MeV in the Center-of-Mass frame and the beam energy is less than 700 MeV/u (β = 0.821). Such performance can satisfy most of the physics requirements for in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy experiments.

Novel Detector Configurations in Cone-Beam CT Systems: A Simulation Study

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has emerged in recent years as an adequate alternative to mammography and tomosynthesis due to the several advantages over traditional mammography, including its ability to provide 3D images, its reduced radiation dose, and its ability to image dense breasts more effectively and conduct more effective breast compressions, etc. Furthermore, CBCT is capable of providing images with high sensitivity and specificity, allowing a more accurate evaluation, even of dense breasts, where mammography and tomosynthesis may lead to a false diagnosis. Clinical and experimental CBCT systems rely on cesium iodine (CsI:Tl) scintillators for X-ray energy conversion. This study comprises an investigation among different novel CBCT detector technologies, consisting either of scintillators (BGO, LSO:Ce, LYSO:Ce, LuAG:Ce, CaF2:Eu, LaBr3:Ce) or semiconductors (Silicon, CZT) in order to define the optimum detector design for a future experimental setup, dedicated to breast imaging. For this purpose, a micro-CBCT system was adapted, using GATE v9.2.1, consisting of the aforementioned various detection schemes. Two phantom configurations were selected: (a) an aluminum capillary positioned at the center of the field of view in order to calculate the system’s spatial resolution and (b) a breast phantom consisting of spheres of different materials, such that their characteristics are close to the breast composition. Breast phantom contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were extracted from the phantom’s tomographic images. The images were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) and ordered subsets expectation-maximization (OSEM) algorithms. The semiconductors acted satisfactorily in low-density matter, while LYSO:Ce, LaBr3:Ce, and LuAG:Ce presented adequate CNRs for all the different spheres’ densities. The energy converters that are presented in this study were evaluated for their performance against the standard CsI:Tl crystal.

NaI gamma camera performance for high energies: Effects of crystal thickness, photomultiplier tube geometry and light guide thickness.

Gamma camera imaging, including single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), is crucial for research, diagnostics, and radionuclide therapy. Gamma cameras are predominantly based on arrays of photon multipliers tubes (PMTs) that read out NaI(Tl) scintillation crystals. In this way, standard gamma cameras can localize ɣ-rays with energies typically ranging from 30 to 360keV. In the last decade, there has been an increasing interest towards gamma imaging outside this conventional clinical energy range, for example, for theragnostic applications and preclinical multi-isotope positron emission tomography (PET) and PET-SPECT. However, standard gamma cameras are typically equipped with 9.5mm thick NaI(Tl) crystals which can result in limited sensitivity for these higher energies. Here we investigate to what extent thicker scintillators can improve the photopeak sensitivity for higher energy isotopes while attempting to maintain spatial resolution. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we analyzed multiple PMT-based configurations of gamma detectors with monolithic NaI (Tl) crystals of 20 and 40mm thickness. Optimized light guide thickness together with 2-inch round, 3-inch round, 60×60 mm2 square, and 76×76 mm2 square PMTs were tested. For each setup, we assessed photopeak sensitivity, energy resolution, spatial, and depth-of-interaction (DoI) resolution for conventional (140keV) and high (511keV) energy ɣ using a maximum-likelihood algorithm. These metrics were compared to those of a "standard" 9.5mm-thick crystal detector with 3-inch round PMTs. Estimated photopeak sensitivities for 511keV were 27% and 53% for 20 and 40mm thick scintillators, which is respectively, 2.2 and 4.4 times higher than for 9.5mm thickness. In most cases, energy resolution benefits from using square PMTs instead of round ones, regardless of their size. Lateral and DoI spatial resolution are best for smaller PMTs (2-inch round and 60×60 mm2 square) which outperform the more cost-effective larger PMT setups (3-inch round and 76×76 mm2 square), while PMT layout and shape have negligible (<10%) effect on resolution. Best spatial resolution was obtained with 60×60 mm2 PMTs; for 140keV, lateral resolution was 3.5mm irrespective of scintillator thickness, improving to 2.8 and 2.9mm for 511keV with 20 and 40mm thick crystals, respectively. Using the 3-inch round PMTs, lateral resolutions of 4.5 and 3.9mm for 140keV and of 3.5 and 3.7mm for 511keV were obtained with 20 and 40mm thick crystals respectively, indicating a moderate performance degradation compared to the 3.5 and 2.9mm resolution obtained by the standard detector for 140 and 511keV. Additionally, DoI resolution for 511keV was 7.0 and 5.6mm with 20 and 40mm crystals using 60×60 mm2 square PMTs, while with 3-inch round PMTs 12.1 and 5.9mm were obtained. Depending on PMT size and shape, the use of thicker scintillator crystals can substantially improve detector sensitivity at high gamma energies, while spatial resolution is slightly improved or mildly degraded compared to standard crystals.

Response of LaBr2.85Cl0.15:Ce, LaBr[formula omitted]:Ce and NaI:Tl crystals to fast and thermal neutrons

This communication reports the measurement of direct response for fast and thermal neutrons of a newly marketed scintillation crystal LaBr2.85Cl0.15:Ce, along with the widely used LaBr3:Ce and NaI:Tl crystals. It continues our investigation on the possible utility of LaBr2.85Cl0.15:Ce crystal for the detection of high-energy γ-rays and neutrons. This is the first report of the neutron response of the LaBr2.85Cl0.15:Ce crystal. The neutron response was measured for the three detectors using a calibrated Am-Be source, which emits both neutrons and γ-rays. To eliminate the events due to the interaction of the 4.4 MeV γ-ray emitted from Am-Be, the γ-ray response of all three crystals was simulated using the Monte Carlo simulation toolkit GEANT4. Events due to 2.22 MeV γ-ray produced by the capture of thermal neutrons in the paraffin moderator were also eliminated with the aid of simulations. In addition, the response due to fast neutrons was also simulated using GEANT4 and compared with the measured spectrum. This is the first report of the simulation of fast neutron response of LaBr2.85Cl0.15:Ce using GEANT4. The fast neutron detection efficiency of the three detectors has been obtained from the measured spectra.

The CaloCube calorimeter for high-energy cosmic-ray measurements in space: Response of a large-scale prototype to protons

Direct observation of cosmic rays nuclei is currently limited to energies of the order of hundreds of TeV. In order to extend these observations to higher energies, detectors capable of operating in space with high geometric factor and energy resolution are needed. In particular, highly performing calorimeters based on the CaloCube design can allow to carry out cosmic ray measurements in the PeV energy region. The CaloCube R&D project foresees the installation in space of a homogeneous and isotropic calorimeter composed of cubic scintillator crystals arranged to form a cube of about tons weight, with a high acceptance and capable of detecting particles coming from any direction. A prototype, composed of 5 × 5 × 18 CsI(Tl) crystals, has been tested on high-energy particle beams at CERN SPS accelerator and the results relative to the calorimeter response to protons are reported in this document.

Scintillation properties of [formula omitted]:[formula omitted] crystals grown by Cz, EFG and Bridgman methods with a multifunctional melt growth furnace

Cs3Cu2I5:Tl is a novel scintillator boasting high density, a substantial light yield, and excellent energy resolution, making it promising for applications in gamma-ray spectroscopy. In this paper, we developed a multi-functional melt growth furnace capable of convenient configuration for the Czochralski (Cz), Edge-defined Film-fed (EFG), and Bridgman methods. We successfully grew Cs3Cu2I5:Tl crystals using the Cz, EFG, and Bridgman methods, yielding crystal sizes of Φ15 mm, Φ12 mm, and Φ30 mm, respectively. The obtained crystals exhibit satisfactory crystalline quality, although they are susceptible to cracks during the cooling, cutting, and polishing processes. Samples are taken from the crystals to undergo analysis to investigate their optical and scintillation properties. Findings indicate that our Cs3Cu2I5:Tl possess a large Stokes shift of 175 nm with nearly no spectral overlap between the PLE and PL spectra. The radioluminescence emission peaked at 505 nm, accompanied by a scintillation decay time of 828 ns. The samples exhibited a commendable energy resolution of 4.8% at 662 KeV and a high light yield of 83000 ph/MeV when coupled with a PMT. This study validates the viability of employing CZ and EFG methods for the growth of Cs3Cu2I5:Tl crystal, in addition to showcasing the Bridgman method for the growth of centimeter-scale Cs3Cu2I5:Tl crystals.

Characterization study of NaI(Tl) γ-summing spectrometer

The accurate information regarding the β-decay half-life, feeding pattern from the neutron-rich nuclei have utmost importance in the field of nuclear waste management from the fission reactors as well as correct understanding about the r-process nucleosynthesis in stellar sites. The low capture cross-section measurements are also considered as major task by experimental nuclear astrophysicists. These kinds of measurements are really difficult with conventional high-resolution gamma spectroscopy techniques due to less efficiency of the detectors. For this purpose, we have an almost 4π γ-summing NaI(Tl) spectrometer at SINP, Kolkata. It is basically a cylindrical shaped detector with six sectors of NaI(Tl) crystals read by 6 photomultiplier tubes (PMT) at one end. The detailed characterization of the spectrometer via experiment using laboratory standard sources and GEANT4 simulation model to interpret all the interesting properties will be presented here in this paper.

Characterization and performance of SiPM-CsI(Tl) detector for low-energy [formula omitted]- and X-ray spectroscopy

In this study, we coupled the low background CsI(Tl) crystal to a SensL J-series 60035 SiPM and detected low-energy γ and X-rays from Cobalt (57Co) and Iron (55Fe) radioactive sources. A distinct and well-resolved 5.9 keV X-ray peak was observed from the 55Fe source. The 6.4 and 14.4 KeV X-ray peaks from the 57Co source were measured and found to be very well separated from the background as well. Based on the SiPM single photoelectron peak mean value, the light output of CsI(Tl)+SiPM detector and absolute light yield of CsI(Tl) was calculated down to 5.9 keV. After correcting the reflectivity, and crosstalk factor the Absolute light yield was estimated to be 55 ± 3 ph/keV. The detector light output in terms of photoelectron per equivalent energy was calculated to be 13 ∼16PE/keVee. Furthermore, measurements of energy resolution and non-proportionality were done all the way down to the X-ray region. According to our findings, the SiPM coupled to CsI(Tl) could be an excellent detector for lower energy experiments such as dark matter searches and can be used in the study of neutrino physics as well as other high energy physics experiments.

Simulation and background characterisation of the SABRE South experiment

SABRE (Sodium iodide with Active Background REjection) is a direct detection dark matter experiment based on arrays of radio-pure NaI(Tl) crystals. The experiment aims at achieving an ultra-low background rate and its primary goal is to confirm or refute the results from the DAMA/LIBRA experiment. The SABRE Proof-of-Principle phase was carried out in 2020–2021 at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), in Italy. The next phase consists of two full-scale experiments: SABRE South at the Stawell Underground Physics Laboratory, in Australia, and SABRE North at LNGS. This paper focuses on SABRE South and presents a detailed simulation of the detector, which is used to characterise the background for dark matter searches including DAMA/LIBRA-like modulation. We estimate an overall background of 0.72 cpd/kg/hbox {keV}_{hbox {{ee}}} in the energy range 1–6 hbox {keV}_{hbox {{ee}}} primarily due to radioactive contamination in the crystals. Given this level of background and considering that the SABRE South has a target mass of 50 kg, we expect to exclude (confirm) DAMA/LIBRA modulation at 4~(5)sigma within 2.5 years of data taking.

Sensitivities for coherent elastic scattering of solar and supernova neutrinos with future NaI(Tl) dark matter search detectors of COSINE-200/1T

We investigate the prospects for measuring the coherent elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering of solar and supernova neutrinos in future NaI(Tl) dark matter detection experiments. Considering the reduced background and improved light yield of the recently developed NaI(Tl) crystals, more than 3σ observation sensitivities of the supernova neutrino within the Milky Way are demonstrated. In the case of the solar neutrino, approximately 3σ observations are marginal with a 1ton NaI(Tl) experiment assuming an order of magnitude reduced background, five photoelectron thresholds, and 5-year data exposure.