Titanomagnetite Concentrate Research Articles

A Study of the Possibility of Producing Annealed and Metallized Pellets from Titanomagnetite Concentrate.

The current intensive development of steelmaking is being impeded by a scarcity of pure scrap. The potential to replace pure scrap with metallized raw materials that are naturally alloyed with vanadium and titanium, such as annealed unfluxed titanomagnetite pellets, could facilitate the achievement of key objectives in metallurgical development, particularly in the smelting of electric steel. The objective of this research was to produce annealed and metallized pellets from titanomagnetite concentrate under laboratory conditions, with the intention of further processing them as a commercial product in a blast furnace or as an intermediate product for the production of hot briquetted iron (HBI). The results demonstrate that pellets derived from titanomagnetite concentrate exhibit sufficient compressive strength (up to 300 kg/pellet) and a degree of metallization exceeding 90%, which aligns with the requirements for electric steelmaking. The suitability of pellets derived from titanomagnetite concentrate for use in both blast furnaces and metallization processes has been corroborated.

Efficient Recovery of Vanadium and Titanium from Domestic Titanomagnetite Concentrate Using Molten Salt Roasting and Water Leaching.

The traditional roasting technique using sodium salts in vanadium production has been disadvantageous due to the large consumption of energy and the emission of harmful gases. A modified process using molten salt roasting and water leaching to extract vanadium and titanium from domestic titanomagnetite concentrate was investigated. The roasting process was performed under optimal conditions: the weight ratio between the sample and NaOH of 1:1, the temperature of 400 °C, and the experiment time 90 min, and the conversion of vanadium could be maximized to 90%. The optimization of water leaching (at 60 °C for 90 min with a pulp density of 0.05 g/mL) could extract 98% of the vanadium from the roasted products into the solution, leaving titanium and iron remaining in the residue. Further purification of vanadium and titanium using the precipitation/hydrolysis process followed by calcination obtained the final products V2O5 and TiO2 with high purities of 90% and 96%, respectively. A potential approach with modification of the roasting stage using NaOH was proposed, which was not only efficient to selectively extract the value metals from the titanomagnetite but also eco-friendly based on the reduction in energy consumption and emission of harmful gases.

Reduction Roasting of the Crude Titanomagnetite Concentrate from the Gremyakha–Vyrmes Deposit with the Formation of a Titanium–Vanadium Slag and a Granulated Metal

Reduction Roasting of the Crude Titanomagnetite Concentrate from the Gremyakha–Vyrmes Deposit with the Formation of a Titanium–Vanadium Slag and a Granulated Metal

Processing of a Titanomagnetite Concentrate by Sorption Conversion

Processing of a Titanomagnetite Concentrate by Sorption Conversion

Effect of Humic Acid Binder on the Preparation of Oxidized Pellets from Vanadium-Bearing Titanomagnetite Concentrate

In order to pursue the goal of low-carbon ironmaking, a new type of humic acid (HA)-based binder was applied to the preparation of oxidized pellets from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite (VTM) in this work. Effects of the HA binder (or with limestone) on the balling, preheating, and roasting behaviors of VTM were comparatively studied with bentonite. The embedded features of each mineral phase in sintered pellets, especially the crystallization and growth state of hematite grains, were deeply investigated by XRD, optical microscopy, and SEM–EDS measures. The binder dosage can be cut down by 50% when HA was used instead of bentonite. Fine hematite grains in HA pellets evolved into plump interlocking grains with ~5% of limestone addition. Pseudobrookite and magnesioferrite spinel phase formed at the optimal sintering temperature of 1250 °C, which could hinder the crystallization of hematite and affect the strength of final pellets.

Properties of Red Sea Pillow-Basalt Titanomagnetite at Different Distances from the Crust

The magnetic properties and mineralogy of titanomagnetite in the Red Sea pillow-basalt at different distances from the contact surface with water were studied. It was revealed that the composition of titanomagnetite in the pillow basalt changes from the crust deep into the pillow: the titanium content in titanomagnetite increases, while the magnesium and aluminum content decreases. Titanomagnetite in the surface layer of pillow basalt (0–2 cm) is single-phase oxidized, with a maximum oxidation degree of 0.13, and at more than 3 cm from the crust has stoichiometric composition. According to the increase in magnetic susceptibility from 0.2 up to 1.8 × 10–2 SI, saturation magnetization from 0.026 to 0.895 A m2/kg and residual saturation magnetization from 0.014 to 0.296 A m2/kg, decrease in coercivity (Hc from 90 to 15 mT, Hcr from 153 to 20 mT), as well as by observations of electron and magnetic force microscopy, it is shown that the concentration of titanomagnetite in basalt and the grain size from single-domain state to pseudo-single-domain state increase with distance from the crust. The magnetic hardness of titanomagnetite grains was found to correlate with the maximum cooling rate of basalt. The NRM of basalt varies non-monotonically with distance from the pillow surface: up to a depth of about 3 cm its growth caused by the growth of titanomagnetite concentration was revealed, then a decrease caused by a decrease in the magnetic hardness of the grains. In spite of a rather strong variation of the magnetic properties in the 0–7 cm layer of pillow basalt, the experiments by the Thellier-Coe method for all layers showed close values of the geomagnetic field paleointensity (62.5–66.0 μT) with a high value of quality coefficient q (11–45). No regularity in the value of paleointensity with distance from the cushion surface was detected.

Recovery of Vanadium, Titanium, and Iron from Vanadium Titanomagnetite Concentrate Through Ammonium Sulfate Cascade Roasting with Potassium Pyrosulfate

Recovery of Vanadium, Titanium, and Iron from Vanadium Titanomagnetite Concentrate Through Ammonium Sulfate Cascade Roasting with Potassium Pyrosulfate

Statistically optimized sequential hydrothermal route for FeTiO3 surface modification: evaluation of hazardous cationic dyes adsorptive removal.

In the present study, the performance of facile hybrid sequential chemical treatments of titanomagnetite concentrate (TC), alkaline leaching, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) modification has been evaluated for the removal of crystal violet (CV), malachite green (MG), and methylene blue (MB) cationic dyes. The physical and chemical properties of samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. Moreover, dye removal in the batch system was investigated by evaluating adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration, pH of the solution, temperature, electrolyte concentration, adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at SDS concentration of 6mM, NaOH concentration of 9M, the temperature of 160°C, solid/liquid ratio of 4g/100mL, and the process duration of 24h. In the alkaline leaching process, forming the Na2TiO3 phase with sharp and high energy points can be improved the adsorption properties. Accordingly, the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency attained 19.84, 18.64, and 19.66mg/g and 99.21, 93.24, and 98.31% for CV, MG, and MB, respectively. Furthermore, the dye removal followed pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.9990) and Freundlich (R2 = 0.9970) models. The evaluation of thermodynamic parameters indicated the endothermic (∆H° = 110.91J/mol) and spontaneous nature (ΔG˚ < 0) of the adsorption process. This study concluded that the modified TC had a potential ability for application in textile wastewater treatment.

Reduction Roasting of a Titanomagnetite Concentrate with the Formation of a Titanium–Vanadium Slag Suitable for the Subsequent Recovery of Vanadium and Titanium

Reduction Roasting of a Titanomagnetite Concentrate with the Formation of a Titanium–Vanadium Slag Suitable for the Subsequent Recovery of Vanadium and Titanium

Mechanism of Sodium Carbonate-Assisted Carbothermic Reduction of Titanomagnetite Concentrate

Mechanism of Sodium Carbonate-Assisted Carbothermic Reduction of Titanomagnetite Concentrate

High-Efficiency Extraction of Fe, V, and Ti from Vanadium Titano-Magnetite Concentrate Based on Activated Reduction

High-Efficiency Extraction of Fe, V, and Ti from Vanadium Titano-Magnetite Concentrate Based on Activated Reduction

Utilization of Metallurgy—Beneficiation Combination Strategy to Decrease TiO2 in Titanomagnetite Concentrate before Smelting

Excessive TiO2 in titanomagnetite concentrates (TC) causes unavoidable problems in subsequent smelting. At present, this issue cannot be addressed using traditional mineral processing technology. Herein, a strategy of metallurgy-beneficiation combination to decrease the TiO2 grade in TC before smelting was proposed. Roasting TC with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) together with magnetic separation proved to be a viable strategy. Under optimal conditions (roasting temperature = 1400 °C, CaCO3 ratio = 20%, and magnetic intensity = 0.18 T), iron and titanium was separated efficiently (Fe grade: 56.6 wt.%; Fe recovery: 70 wt.%; TiO2 grade 3 wt.%; TiO2 removal: 84.1 wt.%). X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis were used to study the mechanisms. The results showed that Ti in TC could react with CaO to form CaTiO3, and thermodynamic calculations provided a relevant theoretical basis. In sum, the metallurgy-beneficiation combination strategy was proven as an effective method to decrease unwanted TiO2 in TC.

Carbothermic Reduction and Nitridation Mechanism of Vanadium-Bearing Titanomagnetite Concentrate

In this study, the carbothermic reduction and nitridation mechanism of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrate are investigated in terms of phase transformation, microstructure transformation, and thermodynamic analyses. The differences in the reaction behavior of titanomagnetite and ilmenite in vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrate, as well as the distribution characteristic of V in the roasted products, are emphatically studied. It is observed that the reaction sequences of titanomagnetite and ilmenite transformations into nitride are as follows: Fe3−xTixO4→Fe2TiO4→FeTiO3→M3O5→(Ti, V)(N, C); FeTiO3→M3O5→Ti(N, C). The reduction of M3O5 to TiN is the rate-limiting step of the entire reaction, and metal iron is an important medium for transferring C for the reduction of M3O5. Titanomagnetite is faster to convert into nitride than ilmenite is, and the reasons for this are discussed in detail. During the entire roasting process, V mainly coexists with Ti and seems to facilitate the conversion of titanium oxides into (Ti, V)(N, C).

Correction to: Efficient Preparation of Blast Furnace Burdens from Titanomagnetite Concentrate by Composite Agglomeration Process

Correction to: Efficient Preparation of Blast Furnace Burdens from Titanomagnetite Concentrate by Composite Agglomeration Process

Rotary Kiln Reduction of Titano-Magnetite Concentrate

A series of reduction test runs were carried out in a laboratory rotating tube using -3mm concentrate, which was magnetically separated from a titano-magnetite ore, and high ash thermal coal supplied from Mozambique. The effect of temperature, residence time and coal to concentrate ratio (C/Fe stoichiometric ratio) on the degree of iron metallisation was studied during the runs and the results indicated that above 70% high level metallisation degree could be obtained under the conditions of 1.5 times stoichiometric coal addition at 1150 °C for 2 hours. Following the success of bench scale tests, pilot plant (semi-industry scale) operation were conducted in a Φ1500×12500 (mm) rotary kiln for direct reduction of iron (DRI). A total of 78t concentrate was processed in a 17 day campaign. Although various problems occurred during the first few days trial, the operation of rotary kiln gradually turned relatively stable, and metallisation degree of DRI reached 50%~60% in the stable stage with fuel and reductant coal addition of the amount of concentrate is 50% (about 1.5 times of stoichiometry). The pilot plant test achieved satisfactory direct reduction of mixed -3mm titano-magnetite concentrate and high ash thermal coal without pelletizing process, with kiln operating parameters of 1150 ~1200°C temperature and not less than 3 hours residence time in hot zone.

Efficient Preparation of Blast Furnace Burdens from Titanomagnetite Concentrate by Composite Agglomeration Process

Titanomagnetite concentrate is difficult to agglomerate by the traditional sintering process (TSP). In this study, the agglomeration properties of titanomagnetite concentrate were studied using the composite agglomeration process (CAP). It was shown that, by adding 40 wt.% pelletized feed, an excellent sinter with yield of 74.33%, a tumbler index of 58.93%, and productivity of 1.65 t (m2 h)−1 were achieved, which were increased by 11.72%, 12.03%, and 37.16% compared with TSP, respectively. Meanwhile, for CAP, the solid fuel consumption was only 43.87 kgcoke/tproduct and the reduction disintegration index of RDI+3.15 was 73.53%. They were decreased by 6.34 kgcoke/tproduct and increased by 24.31%, respectively. The better product quality was mainly attributed to a larger proportion of calcium ferrite and silicoferrite of calcium and aluminum group minerals formed in CAP, which restrained the negative effect of perovskite on agglomeration in association with the matrix feed with ultra-high basicity. The results showed that CAP is an efficient method for agglomeration of titanomagnetite concentrate.

Activation of peroxydisulfate by natural titanomagnetite for atrazine removal via free radicals and high-valent iron-oxo species

Natural titanomagnetite, a potential catalyst, was used as a peroxydisulfate (PDS) activator for the removal of atrazine (ATZ) in water for the first time. The surface Fe(Ⅱ) and Fe(III) of titanomagnetite was certified as the active components by XRD and XPS analyses. ATZ removal showed a strong dependence on the titanomagnetite concentration (0–10 g/L), PDS concentration (0–10 mM) and the initial pH (3.0–11.0) under experimental conditions. Quite different from the traditional heterogeneous PDS-activated processes, titanomagnetite/PDS system could remove ATZ via both radical and nonradical pathways. Here, both free radicals (SO4− and HO) and high-valent iron-oxo species were proved to be the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) by quenching experiments, EPR tests and UPLC/ESI–MS/MS analysis. The high-valent iron-oxo species, FeⅣO and FeⅤO, could be generated from the Fe(Ⅱ) and Fe(III) of the titanomagnetite via a nonradical pathway. In addition, the generated passivation layer after reaction was found via XPS analysis, which could block the function of Fe(Ⅱ) and Fe(III), hindering the generation of ROS. However, the catalytic activity of titanomagnetite could recover if passivation layer was removed by ultrasonic cleaning. Finally, ten intermediates of ATZ were measured by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and the degradation pathways of ATZ in titanomagnetite/PDS system were proposed with the Gaussian 09 results. This work helps to better understand the generation of high-valent iron-oxo species and re-evaluate the effect of high-valent iron-oxo species in the heterogeneous iron-based PDS-activated processes.

Effect of MgO and CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; as Additives on the Reduction Roasting and Magnetic Separation of Beach Titanomagnetite Concentrate

Effect of MgO and CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; as Additives on the Reduction Roasting and Magnetic Separation of Beach Titanomagnetite Concentrate

Transformation of Vanadium-Bearing Titanomagnetite Concentrate in Additive-Free Roasting and Alkaline-Pressure Leaching for Extracting Vanadium (V)

With a view to satisfying the requirements of environmental protest and efficient usage of resources, a novel process for efficiently extracting vanadium (V), titanium (Ti), and iron (Fe) from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrate was developed. In the new process, vanadium is pre-extracted by additive-free roasting under the air atmosphere and alkaline leaching technologies. In this paper, transformation of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrate in the roasting is investigated based on thermodynamic analyses and experimental discussion. Thermodynamic analyses show that oxidation of V(III) into V(V) would happen in the roasting experiment over the range of 327–1327 °C and vanadium-iron spinel phase (FeV2O4) can be oxidized more easily than magnetite (Fe3O4) when the temperature is higher than 861 °C. Experimental results show that some compounds (V2O5, Fe2Al4Si5O18, and Fe2SiO4) with low melting temperature were obtained by solid reactions at low temperature and melted as a binding phase at elevated temperature. Liquids were generated due to some chemical reactions or phase transformation reaction (Fe2V2O4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + liquid) at elevated temperature. Main phases of Fe2O3 and Fe2TiO5 are connected and sintered with the binding phases of the compounds with low melting temperature or the mixtures with low liquidus temperature. In addition, higher roasting temperature leads to higher vanadium leaching efficiency over the range of 800–1200 °C. However, over-burning would happen at 1250 °C, some of vanadium oxide was wrapped by silicate network, and the conversion of V(III) into V(V) was prevented from occurring. Therefore, the vanadium leaching efficiency decreased from 59.1% (Troa. = 1200 °C) to 57% (Troa. = 1250 °C).

Preparation of Direct Reduced Iron and Titanium Nitride from Panzhihua Titanomagnetite Concentrate Through Carbothermic Reduction-Magnetic Separation

A novel process for preparing direct reduction iron (DRI) and titanium nitride (TiN) from Panzhihua titanomagnetite concentrate is proposed. This process involves pelletizing, direct reduction roasting and magnetic separation. The effects of reduction temperature, coal dosage and reduction time on the phase transformation of composite pellets were investigated by X-ray diffraction. Results show that TiN formation proceeds less easily than metallic iron formation. Increasing the reduction temperature, reduction time and coal dosage can promote the transformation of titanium to TiN. Titanium was almost completely transformed into TiN under the conditions of 1300 °C reduction temperature, 26 wt % coal dosage and 90 min reduction time. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that near-spherical metallic iron particles with diameters from dozens of microns to about 300 μm were formed in the reduced pellets, whereas the TiN particles generally measured less than 10 μm. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results revealed that the TiN phase contains a certain amount of vanadium and carbon, and traces of other impurities. The reduced composite pellets under the optimum conditions were processed by grinding and subsequent magnetic separation. As a result, a DRI with 92.88 wt % Fe, 1.00 wt % Ti, and 0.13 wt % V was obtained, and the recoveries of Fe, Ti, and V were 92.85 wt %, 9.00 wt %, and 19.40 wt %, respectively. 91.00 wt % Ti and 80.60 wt % V were concentrated in the rough TiN concentrate.