Titanium Slag Research Articles

Viscosity of titanium slag in separating electric melting of a metallized mixture of perovskite and ilmenite concentrates

To assess the possibility of joint processing of ilmenite (FeTiO3) and perovskite (CaTiO3) concentrates using a duplex process involving solid-phase reduction of iron (metallization) and subsequent separating melting into pig iron and titanium slag, the properties of slag melts were studied. The crystallization beginning point (liquidus temperature) and the corresponding viscosity of titanium slag depend on its chemical composition. The increase in titanium oxides content results in increase of these properties, while the presence of iron and calcium oxides leads to their decrease. During the joint processing of ilmenite (IC) and perovskite (PC) concentrates, the CaO content in the slag can be adjusted by changing their PC/IC ratio, and the FeO fraction is determined by the degree of iron metallization during the preliminary reduction roasting of a concentrate mixture with a carbon reducing agent. To select the optimal PC/IC ratio the temperature dependences of the viscosity of model oxide melts of the TiO2–FeO–CaO–Al2O3–MgO system, similar in composition to the slags formed as a result of melting mixtures of perovskite and ilmenite concentrates within the range of PC/IC ratios equaling to 0.6÷1.4, and the metallization degree from 75 to 95% were determined. According to the results obtained, within the entire range of studied compositions and temperatures, the viscosity of slag melts does not exceed 0.8 Pa·s. That is to say, such slags will be sufficiently fluid at the tapping point if the melt temperature is higher than liquidus temperature — the crystallization beginning point. Increasing the PC/IC ratios when decreasing the metallization from 95 to 75%, results in a monotonous decrease in liquidus temperature and its corresponding viscosity from 1490 оC and 0.79 Pa·s up to 1270 оC and 0.17 Pa·s, respectively. It is recommended to use a charge containing equal mass fractions of concentrates (PC/IC equal to 1) at the consumption of carbon reducing agent based on metallization of 85% iron. In this case, slags with a relatively low iron oxide content (3.1%) will be fluid (0.38 Pa·s), and have liquidus temperature of 1400 оC which will allow carrying out top and bottom melt at operating temperatures of 1500–1550 оC.

Mechanical and Drying Shrinkage Performance Study of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Prepared from Titanium Slag under Different Curing Conditions.

This research investigates the effects of various curing regimes, the incorporation of titanium slag, and the utilization of quartz sand on the strength properties and shrinkage behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). By using low-heat silicate cement to prepare UHPC, this study conducted standard curing and steam curing, and comprehensively analyzed the macro and micro performance of UHPC under different curing conditions. The findings indicate that the application of steam curing markedly enhances the mechanical attributes of UHPC while efficiently decreasing its drying shrinkage. In the comparative tests, we found that the compressive strength of concrete that had undergone 2 days of steam curing was 9.15% higher than that of concrete cured for 28 days under standard conditions. In addition, under the same curing conditions, titanium slag sand had higher mechanical properties than quartz sand. Under standard curing conditions, the 28-day compressive strength of UHPC using titaniferous slag aggregate was 12.64% higher than that of UHPC using standard sand. Through the data analysis of XRD, TG, and MIP, we found that the content of Ca(OH)2 in the hydration products after steam curing was reduced compared to the standard curing conditions, and the pore structure had been optimized. The UHPC prepared with titanium slag sand has greater advantages in mechanical properties and drying shrinkage, and has a smaller pore structure than the UHPC prepared with quartz sand. Moreover, the use of titanium slag sand offers ecological and economic benefits, making it a more sustainable and cost-effective option for high-performance construction applications.

A Novel Fabrication of Hematite Nanoparticles via Recycling of Titanium Slag by Pyrite Reduction Technology.

An enormous quantity of titanium slag has caused not merely serious environment pollution, but also a huge waste of iron and sulfur resources. Hence, recycling iron and sulfur resources from titanium slag has recently been an urgent problem. Herein, hematite nanoparticles were fabricated through a pyrite reduction approach using as-received titanium slag as the iron source and pyrite as the reducing agent in an nitrogen atmosphere. The physicochemical properties of the hematite nanoparticles were analyzed using multiple techniques such as X-ray diffraction pattern, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The best synthesis conditions for hematite nanoparticles were found at 550 °C for 30 min with the mass ratio of 14:1 for titanium slag and pyrite. The results demonstrated that hematite nanoparticles with an average particle diameter of 45 nm were nearly spherical in shape. The specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size estimated according to the BET method were 19.6 m2/g, 0.117 cm3/g, and 0.89 nm, respectively. Meanwhile, the fabricated hematite nanoparticles possessed weak ferromagnetic behavior and good absorbance in the wavelength range of 200 nm-600 nm, applied as a visible light responsive catalyst. Consequently, these results show that hematite nanoparticles formed by the pyrite reduction technique have a promising application prospect for magnetic material and photocatalysis.

Phase equilibria in the low-TiO2 part of the CaO–MgO–SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2 system at a fixed MgO/CaO mass ratio of 0.2 and Al2O3/SiO2 mass ratio of 0.4

Adding titanium oxide has become a common practice in modern blast furnace operating procedures. The blast furnace slag is based on the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2 low titanium slag system rather than CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system. Phase equilibria in the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–TiO2 system in the low-TiO2 part have been experimentally determined by means of high temperature equilibration and quenching technique followed by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Introducing a small quantity of titanium-bearing materials can lower the liquidus temperature. The TiO2 content in the slag should be controlled below 4.6 wt%, otherwise it will enter the perovskite phase region where the liquidus temperatures increases rapidly. The compositions of the solid solutions corresponding to the liquidus have been precisely measured and should be utilized for developing the thermodynamic database.

Effect of SiO2/MgO ratio on the properties of diopside-based ceramics

Diopside-based ceramics were successfully synthesized by utilizing recovered extracted titanium slag, asbestos tailings, and quartz tailings as raw materials. The objective of this approach is to explore novel sources of raw materials for ceramic production and optimize the utilization of industrial solid waste. The effects of SiO2/MgO mass ratio (S/M) on the properties of the ceramics were studied by investigating the bulk density, bending strength, water absorption and corrosion resistance. The microstructure and crystallization process of the ceramics were analyzed by SEM-EDS and XRD. The results revealed that the increase of S/M is beneficial to the formation of low viscosity liquid phase, the promotion of ion migration and crystallization process, the decrease of sintering temperature, the decrease of water absorption and the increase of bulk density and bending strength of ceramics. In addition, the increase of S/M helps to increase the acid resistance of ceramics. The most optimal parameters (bulk density of 2.97 g·m−3, bending strength of 118.73 MPa, water absorption of 0.29 %, and acid resistance of 98.98 %, respectively) were achieved at the S/M of 2.50 and the sintering temperature of 1175 °C. The increase of S/M ratio also affects the phase reconstruction process. At lower S/M (1.75–2.08), Melilite is transformed into diopside, and at higher S/M (2.50–4.71), Melilite is transformed into diopside and anorthite. The present study aims to optimize the utilization of industrial solid waste (100 %), which not only protects the environment, but also provides a novel approach for resource recovery from such wastes.

Properties and microstructure of soil solidified by titanium slag-flue gas desulfurized gypsum-Portland cement composites as solidifiers

Using Portland cement for soil solidification has sustainability issues due to high energy-consumption and carbon emissions. An innovative approach suggests using titanium slag and flue gas desulfurized gypsum as substitutes for Portland cement for soil solidification. This study systematically evaluates the effects of titanium slag-flue gas desulfurized gypsum-Portland cement composite (TS-FGD-OPC composite) solidifier on the performance of solidified soils. The evaluation includes assessing the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), elastic modulus, moisture content, and leachate pH value. Additionally, the hydration process and microstructure development of the solidified soils are characterized through the XRD, TG-DSC, BET, and SEM tests. The results indicate that the although its compressive strength is much lower, TS-FGD-OPC composite can be used as soil solidifier. With the titanium slag content increase, the TS-FGD-OPC composite solidifier brings the solidified soils to have lower UCS, elastic modulus and leachate pH value, and higher plastic deformation and moisture content. However, to get the same UCS, the utilization of the TS-FGD-OPC composite solidifier can bring the significant reduction of the Portland cement consumption. At the same dosage, the TS-FGD-OPC composite incorporating 50 % titanium slag and 20 % flue gas desulfurized gypsum yields an UCS achieving up to 92.5 % of that in pure Portland cement solidified soil. This is attributed to the filling of pores between soil particles with hydration products and unhydrated particles, resulting in the densification of the solidified soils and the cohesion increase of soil particles. The findings confirm the feasibility of substituting Portland cement with titanium slag and flue gas desulfurized gypsum to prepare an effective and environmentally friendly soil solidifier, to reduce the demand for Portland cement in soil solidification.

The changing technology trends in processing titaniferous magnetite

ABSTRACT Titaniferous magnetite deposits are a significant source of vanadium for use in high-strength steel alloying and other chemical applications as well as producing titanium slag for the chloride production of titanium pigment. Ore beneficiation is practised to generate an iron-based mineral concentrate containing much of the vanadium with low combined silica and alumina levels of less than 4%. If higher than 4% increased sodium salt is used in roasting lower vanadium recovery is achieved. Typical processing problems encountered are fine liberation size, potential over-grinding of the magnetite, and variable response to magnetic separation as a result of the weathering profile. Magnetic separation is the standard route to produce iron vanadium concentrates. Salt roasting to extract vanadium followed by water leaching has been the standard processing route for many years and this locks up the remaining titanium in a glass phase. The cost of suitable sodium salts, availability of capital and increasing energy costs and energy availability are critical factors in determining the viability of aspiring vanadium producers. In this paper, factors influencing the recovery of vanadium are reviewed and emerging processing trends are explored. The growing demand for vanadium electrolytes in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) now adds another value-added product, which can assist vanadium project economics.

Effect of Cr2O3 on the break temperature and crystallization behavior of Cr-containing molten titanium slag

In the current study, the effect of Cr2O3 on the break temperature and crystallization behavior of Cr-containing molten titanium slag was investigated. The type, composition, and morphology of crystallized phase were analyzed by FactSage, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). It was found that the break temperature (TBr) of Cr-containing molten titanium slag tended to increase with the increase of Cr2O3 content. When the Cr2O3 content was 4 wt%, the TBr was 1470 °C. With the increase of Cr2O3 content, the Ti-containing phase began to appear at the temperature above the TBr. Moreover, the main crystallized phase that existed at the temperature below the TBr transformed from only anosovite to both anosovite and spinel, indicating that Cr2O3 promoted the precipitation of spinel. The rapid increase in viscosity was mainly determined by the precipitation of anosovite in the slag without Cr2O3. When the Cr2O3 content was 2 wt%, the increased precipitation amount of Ti-containing phase caused the abrupt change in viscosity. As the Cr2O3 content further increased to 4 wt%, the precipitation amounts of anosovite and spinel significant increased, which resulted in the sudden increase in viscosity. This study could provide theoretical support for the comprehensive utilization of Cr-containing molten titanium slag and sustainable development of titanium and chromium resources.

Feasible use of titanium slag in improving properties of low carbon fire-resistive cementitious composites at elevated temperatures

The dumping of titanium slag (TS) and fly ash (FA) could lead to the occupancy of abundant land resources and the pollution of air, soil and underground water. The meso-regulatory function of the lightweight and thermally stable porous TS makes it a feasible material as the fire-resistive cementitious composites (FRCCs). This paper proposed a novel low-carbon FRCC with favorable high-temperature resistance by using TS and FA. Then, the mechanical properties and mechanism improving the heat resistance were systematically studied. The results revealed that the addition of TS with proper quantity decreases the mass loss by 19.6% and degradation degree of mechanical strength by 31.8% after 800 ℃ heating. The thermally stable perovskite and akermanite phases in TS are conducive to improving the stability of mineral phases during high-temperature heating. Meanwhile, the porous structure of TS enhances the thermal insulation of FRCC, which postponed the mineral phase decomposition. In addition, the secondary hydration effect of FA consumes a large amount of Ca(OH)2, which effectively weakens the deterioration caused by the decomposition of Ca(OH)2 after 600 ℃ heating. Based on the CT results, the variations of internal pore structure including pore distribution, porosity, and fractal dimensions, were systematically analyzed. It is found that the TS particles can effectively optimize the internal pore distribution and limit the generation and deterioration of macro-pores. Moreover, the thermal damage model of the prepared FRCC was established by combining the pore structure deterioration degree and residual mechanical strength. Finally, compared with traditional fire-resistive fillers, the low carbon emission of the prepared FRCC was verified.

Selection and Economic Evaluation of Production Process for Titanium Slag Smelting in Yunnan

Given the significant titanium resources in Yunnan Province, discuss the economic viability of their development and utilization. This paper presents an overview of the titanium ore resources and the process of titanium slag smelting in Yunnan Province, examines the rationale for selecting a DC arc furnace for titanium slag smelting in Yunnan province. The process offers advantages such as high production capacity, comprehensive utilization of flue gas, energy efficiency, and low electrode consumption. It also assesses input, consumption, and benefits. The project delivers significant social and economic benefits with strong risk mitigation capabilities.

Optimization of hydrolysis process for acid-soluble titanium slag in titanium dioxide production and its impact on product quality

Optimization of hydrolysis process for acid-soluble titanium slag in titanium dioxide production and its impact on product quality

Using an economic method to prepare TiO2 from natural ilmenite for photodegradable dye removal

In this work, nanoparticles of ilmenite powder (47 nm) were prepared via ball-milling of natural ilmenite ore to enhance the specific surface area of particles. The photocatalytic activity of magnetically separable ilmenite nanoparticles was investigated in the degradation of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB). The Band gap of the ilmenite nanoparticles was calculated 3.05 eV. The photodegradation results show that ilmenite nanoparticles completely destruct MO and MB in 40 and 50 min under visible irradiation. In order to choose of optimum values of factors, the leaching process was optimized by applying a “Rotatable Central Composite Design” (CCD) technique. For preparing of required precursor, the grind ilmenite was crushed into small particles by ball milling method. In addition, in order to purifying the titanium slag, reduction process was carried out. Effective Factors on sulfuric acid process as follows leaching time, temperature, acid concentration and solid/liquid (S/L) ratio, were studied.

Diopside-like based ceramics prepared via one-step sintering of extracted titanium slag and coal fly ash

Diopside-Like based ceramics as the main crystalline phase (expressed as ‘Diopside’) were prepared via one-step sintering using extracted titanium slag (ETS) and coal fly ash (CFA) as raw materials. The effects of CFA content and sintering temperature on the crystal phase composition, microstructure, properties and crystallization kinetics were studied by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. According to the findings, the addition of CFA supplemented the deficiency of Si and Al in ETS and balanced the Ca/Al/Si molar ratio in the system. Moreover, at the CFA doping of 20 %, melilite was gradually transformed into ‘diopside’ at 800–1100 °C that further remained stable at 1160–1200 °C. ‘Despite’ the fact that the crystallization activation energy increased and the Avrami index was at its lowest level (1.75), the crystallization temperature was reduced, whereas the crystallization rate increased, causing the ceramic body and surface to crystallize and thereby improving the properties of ceramics. Sintering at 1180 °C for 1 h resulted in ceramics with ‘diopside’ as the primary crystal phase composition. The water absorption, linear shrinkage, bulk density, bending strength, and acid resistance were respectively 1.3 %, 13 %, 2.89 g cm−3, 141.8 MPa, and 97.36 %. Finally, ‘diopside’ possessed the higher acid resistance than melilite and anorthite.

Thin layer modeling the drying kinetics of titanium slag under microwave-assisted drying

High moisture content of titanium slag renders it unsuitable for producing titanium dioxide chloride and titanium sponge in industrial settings. Microwave heating were employed to investigate the impact of initial mass, microwave heating power, and initial water content on the drying process of titanium slag. The results demonstrated positive correlation between the average drying rate and these three variables. Titanium slag weighing 30 g, subjected to microwave heating power of 400 W, and possessing water content of 15 %, was fitted using Page, Wang, Singh, Two-term exponential, and Quadratic models. The findings unequivocally supported the superiority of the Page model in elucidating the microwave drying, which can also be extended to encompass other experimental parameters. By utilizing Fick's second law, the effective diffusion coefficient was computed, revealing an increase followed by subsequent decrease concerning initial mass, while increasing in tandem with microwave heating power and initial water content. Correlation analysis between activation energy and microwave power disclosed an activation energy of −9.94 g/W for the drying of titanium slag. This research provides a valuable reference for the drying of materials, facilitating the more efficient employment of microwave technology in drying metallurgical and chemical raw materials.

Characterizations of Fe2O3/TiO2 composites fabricated from titanium slag

In this study, Fe2O3/TiO2 composites were successfully fabricated by a simple approach for treating titanium slag with dilute sulfuric acid, followed by a ball-milling process and calcination at a temperature of 400-800 oC in air. The resultant Fe2O3/TiO2 composites were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The effects of the concentration of sulfuric acid and the calcinated temperature on the formation of the Fe2O3/TiO2 composites were investigated in detail. The obtained Fe2O3/TiO2 composite has a BET surface area, energy bandgap, and pH point of zero charge of 76.65 m2/g, 2,09 eV, and 8,45, respectively. Therefore, this as-prepared Fe2O3/TiO2 composite could be a promising and cost-effective adsorbent for the effective removal of heavy metals and photodegradation of dyes from an aqueous environment.

Electro-deoxidation behavior of Ca4Ti3O10 in molten CaCl2-NaCl

Ca4Ti3O10 is one of the important minerals enriched by titanium-containing blast furnace slag. The electro-deoxidation behavior of Ca4Ti3O10 was investigated, and titanium metal was successfully prepared in molten CaCl2-NaCl by the FFC Cambridge process. Firstly, the band structure and state density of Ca4Ti3O10 were calculated by the first principle, and the bond-breaking trend was analyzed. Then, the reduction process of Ca4Ti3O10 and the preparation mechanism of titanium were carried out by electrochemical methods. Finally, constant voltage electrolysis experiments were conducted at 900 °C and a voltage of 3.2 V for different durations. The electrolytic products were characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, and XPS. The results revealed that the reduction process of Ca4Ti3O10 proceeded as follows: Ti4+→Ti3+→Ti2+→Ti+→Ti. The deoxidation path of the product after constant voltage electrolysis was observed as Ca4Ti3O10 → TiO2 → CaTiO3→ TiO2→ Ti2O3 → TiO → Ti2O → Ti. The whole deoxidation process can be divided into three stages: (I) the Ti-Ca bond in Ca4Ti3O10 is broken to form CaTiO3 and TiO2; (II) CaTiO3 and TiO2 are reduced from the surface of the cathode sheet inward to form a Ti-O solid solution; (Ⅲ) Ti-O solid solution is further deoxidized to form Ti metal. This method provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent electrolysis of titanium-rich slag, thereby contributing to developing a more sustainable and efficient method for extracting titanium from enriched titanium slag.

Utilization of titanium slag in cement grout for gamma radiation shielding: hydration, microstructure, mechanical properties and gamma-ray attenuation performance

The utilization of industrial waste materials for civil engineering structures has received massive attention in recent decades. In this work, the feasibility of using titanium slag to enhance the radiation attenuation properties of cementitious grout at the ages of 3 days and 2 years was studied. Titanium slag (TS) was incorporated as cement grout replacement at 0%, 10% 20% and 30%. Hardened blocks in dimension of 146×146×30mm were fabricated. The porosity of titanium slag was characterized while the phases in the raw materials as well as the fabricated grout were identified. The influence of the titanium slag addition on the grout hydration kinetics, density, compressive strength and porosity of hardened grouts was evaluated. The results show a decrease in density with the increase of titanium slag content as well as a decrease in compressive strength at curing ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. The slag also refined the microstructure, leading to a reduction in average pore diameter. Furthermore, the hardened blocks were subject to gamma-ray sources such as 137Cs (0.662 MeV) and 60Co (1.173 and 1.332 MeV) and the Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) and Half Value Layer (HVL) were evaluated. The results show that increasing curing age improves the shielding performance of the composite. At 30% replacement, the LAC improvement of the samples exposed to Co sources (1.173 and 1.332 MeV) at 3 days was 11.7% and 12.8% respectively while at 2 years, 9.9% and 9.8% improvement was obtained. Reduced HVL is obtained for an increase in replacement percentage and increased curing age. Therefore, this gives an indication of the possibility of developing low-density radiation shielding cement-based materials.

Technological research of process for producing titanium rich slag and complex titanium-containing ferroalloy

This paper demonstrates the results on the experimental smelting of the titanium rich slag and complex titanium-containing ferroalloy under the large-scale laboratory conditions that simulate industrial one. The technological researches of the process were performed on an ore-thermal furnace with 200 kVA transformer power. The titanium rich slag was produced from the low-grade ilmenite concentrate, i.e. the low TiO2 content and the high content of impurities. During the production of the high-grade titanium slag (TiO2 content: 75–80%), the impurity elements are transferred into the associated alloyed metal (cast iron). Thus, it can be used to smelt the steel. As a result, samples of titanium slag have been produced with the content of the main components, %: TiO2 – 80.2; Al2O3 – 4.5; SiO2 – 1.97; Cr2O3 – 1.3 and Fe2O3 – 9.87. Then, in metallurgical practice a complex titanium-containing ferroalloy was first smelted from the previously produced titanium rich slag using a carbothermic approach. The high-ash coal was applied as a carbon-bearing reducing agent. The ash was more 45%. As a result of tests, a pilot batch of the alloy was produced with the following chemical composition, %: Ti - 20–25; Si - 35–45; Al - 10–15; C - 0.2–0.5; P - no more than 0.08; and ferrum. The main component content in the produced alloy suggests that it can serve as an alternative to a mechanical mixture (FeSi45, aluminum shavings, low-percentage ferrotitanium) for steel alloying and deoxidation purposes.

Influence of Cr2O3 on the Viscous Flow Behavior and Structure of Cr‐Containing Molten Titanium Slag

Herein, the influence of Cr2O3 on the viscous flow behavior and structure of Cr‐containing molten titanium slag is investigated in this work. The melting and viscosity properties are studied by hemisphere method and rotating cylinder method, respectively. In addition, the structure of Cr‐containing molten titanium slag is investigated by Raman spectroscopy. It is shown in the results that the melting temperature and viscosity both increase with the increase of Cr2O3 content. The activation energy for viscous flow increases with increasing Cr2O3 content, which is in the same trend as viscosity. When the Cr2O3 content increases from 0% to 3%, the simpler 6‐coordinated Ti4+ and TiO44− monomer unit transformed into more complex O–Ti–O deformation and Ti2O64− chain unit. Furthermore, the fraction of relatively complex silicate structural units shows an increasing trend. Cr2O3 behaves as a network former and enhances the degree of polymerization of network structure, and the variation of Cr‐containing molten titanium slag structure is consistent with the increasing trend of viscosity.

Effect of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio on sintering behavior, crystallization behavior and properties of diopside-anorthite glass-ceramics

ABSTRACT Diopside-anorthite glass-ceramics were prepared by direct sintering with extracted titanium slag (ETS), coal fly ash (CFA) and quartz sand (SA), the effect of sintering temperature (1120–1180°C) and the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (1.85–2.63) on the phase transitions, physical characteristics and microstructure was examined by adding CFA (28.5–40%) and SA (0–12.5%) to ETS (60%). The results revealed that the sintering temperature and the ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 have a substantial impact on the sintering and processing properties of glass-ceramics. When the sintering temperature is lower than 1160°C, the sample sintering is incomplete, and when the sintering temperature is higher than 1170°C, the sample is prone to over-sintering and foaming. With the increase of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, anorthite content increases, while diopside content decreases. When SiO2/Al2O3 ratio is 2.13, 1160°C sintering 1 h, the better performance of diopside-anorthite-based glass-ceramics was prepared. The linear shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption and bending strength of the obtained glass-ceramics are 9.96%, 2.52 g/cm3, 0.943%, and 96.1 MPa, respectively. The results show that the prepared glass-ceramics are industrially applicable.