Tissue Injury In Group Research Articles

Phytochemical Contents of Salvia grossheimii SOSN. Species Extract and Its Protective Effect on Alcohol-Induced Fatty Liver in Rats

Background: Researchers are interested in finding new agents with natural sources to cure oxidant-induced diseases. Objectives: The study aimed at determining the antioxidant potential and protective effect of S. grossheimii extract against alcohol-induced fatty liver. Methods: This experimental study was performed in Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. In 2016 - 2017. The sample size was determined to include 22 male Wistar rats (150 - 200 g) using Morgan’s table. In total, 18 rats were divided into three different groups to receive (1) 1 mL water daily (control), (2) 1 mL alcohol daily (alcohol group), and (3) 1 mL extract (500 mg/kg) and alcohol daily (alcohol + extract). Tissue and blood samples were obtained to determine the protective effect of S. grossheimii extract against alcohol-induced fatty liver by histological and biochemical examinations. The antioxidant activity of the extract was also assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results: The extract possessed stronger antiradical activity (IC50: 0.102 ± 0.002 mg/mL) than Vitamin C (IC50: 0.162 ± 0.009 mg/mL). The histological studies found liver tissue injury in group 2 and biochemical examinations indicated significantly lower (P < 0.05) total protein content (0.205 ± 0.002 mg/g.W.t) and superoxide dismutase (42.11 ± 0.18 U protein/min) enzyme tissue activity than group 1 (TP: 0.236 ± 0.003 mg/g.W.t and SOD: 62.22 ± 0.90). In addition, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than group 1. Also, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum enzyme levels (314.33 IU/L) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in alcohol-treated animals than in group 1 (152.33 IU/L). However, these injuries were remarkably lower (P < 0.05) in animals treated by the extract (group 3). Conclusions: The results demonstrated the strong pharmaceutical activity of S. grossheimii extract to apply as a new antioxidant agent, especially for the treatment of fatty liver.

Use of oral screen for preventing soft tissue injuries associated with use of arch bars: a prospective randomized clinical study.

The purpose of the present study was to access the efficacy of oral screen in protection of arch bar-induced soft tissue injury after achieving maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). This study is a randomized clinical trial. The study sample was derived from the population of patients who required MMF and reported from January 2017 to December 2017. A total of 60 patients in whom application of an Erich arch bar was indicated for MMF were selected for the study. The patients were divided into two groups. In group I, only MMF was done; however, in group II, oral screen was used after MMF. The patients were assessed for soft tissue injury, pain, and maintenance of oral hygiene. All parameters were compared statistically using the chi-square test and Student's t test. The soft tissue injury in group I (73.33%) was greater than that in group II (3.33%). The pain was worse in group I than in group II. The mean value of plaque index in group II is 1.20 and in group I is 2.89. It signifies that plaque deposition was more in group I. Soft tissue injury and pain were less, as well as oral hygiene maintenance is better in patients who used oral screen after the placement of Erich arch bars.

Low-energy shock wave preconditioning reduces renal ischemic reperfusion injury caused by renal artery occlusion.

To evaluate whether low energy shock wave preconditioning could reduce renal ischemic reperfusion injury caused by renal artery occlusion. The right kidneys of 64 male Sprague Dawley rats were removed to establish an isolated kidney model. The rats were then divided into four treatment groups: Group 1 was the sham treatment group; Group 2, received only low-energy (12 kv, 1 Hz, 200 times) shock wave preconditioning; Group 3 received the same low-energy shock wave preconditioning as Group 2, and then the left renal artery was occluded for 45 minutes; and Group 4 had the left renal artery occluded for 45 minutes. At 24 hours and one-week time points after reperfusion, serum inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), creatinine (Cr), and cystatin C (Cys C) levels were measured, malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney tissue was detected, and changes in nephric morphology were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, serum iNOS, NGAL, Cr, Cys C, and MDA levels in Group 3 were significantly lower than those in Group 4; light and electron microscopy showed that the renal tissue injury in Group 3 was significantly lighter than that in Group 4. One week after reperfusion, serum NGAL, KIM-1, and Cys C levels in Group 3 were significantly lower than those in Group 4. Low-energy shock wave preconditioning can reduce renal ischemic reperfusion injury caused by renal artery occlusion in an isolated kidney rat model.

Reperfusion strategy after regional ischaemia: comparative study of reperfusion conditions and compositions.

We investigated the effects of pressure, temperature and additives on aortic root reperfusion success. Cardiopulmonary bypass and heart arrest were initiated in mongrel dogs and sudden uncontrolled normothermic (group 1), pressure controlled substrate enriched normothermic (group 2a), pressure controlled unmodified normothermic (group 2b) and pressure controlled unmodified tepid (group 3) reperfusion compared. In group 1, the first cardiac rhythm was ventricular fibrillation, but dogs in the other groups showed spontaneous sinus rhythm. Recovery times were significantly longer and cardiac output levels significantly decreased in group 1 compared with the other groups. Prolonged lactate production and oxygen uptake failure were observed in group 1 compared with the other groups; oxidative stress markers and microscopic studies confirmed significant tissue injury in group 1. All parameters were similar between groups 2a, 2b and 3, indicating that low reperfusion pressure in the first 2 min is the most effective component of reperfusion.

Influence of extensive muscle injury on fracture healing in rat tibia.

The treatment of tibial fractures associated with severe soft tissue injury remains a challenge. The objective of our experiment was to ascertain the influence of standardized muscle injuries on fracture healing in a nailed rat tibial fracture model. We hypothesized that a severe crush injury of leg muscles might not be as deleterious to fracture healing as total loss of a large muscle segment. A randomized study in male Wistar rats with a diaphyseal osteotomy. Three separate, but complementary experiments were done in 51 rats. The first experiment involved 30 rats randomly assigned to three increasingly severe soft tissue interventions in a nailed tibial osteotomy model. The second experiment involved 14 rats divided into two groups to study blood flow measurements of the muscle envelope after soft tissue injury. Seven rats were used in the third experiment to provide biomechanical data and dimensions of the rat tibia. The protocol for the first experiment was intramedullary nailing after a middiaphyseal osteotomy of the left tibia. In group A, the soft tissue injury was minimal, while the muscles in the anterolateral compartment were crushed in group B. Resection of the anterolateral compartment muscles, resulting in only skin coverage at the fracture site, was performed in group C. The fibular nerve was resected in all three groups so that the animals were non-weight bearing on the operated extremity. At 4 weeks, the healing bones in each group were studied clinically, radiographically, and biomechanically. Radiographs in two planes revealed a clearly visible fracture line in the three intervention groups at 4 weeks. The callus area following muscle resection in group C was significantly reduced compared with the minimal soft tissue injury in group A. Biomechanically, resection of the anterolateral compartment muscles in group C reduced maximum bending load and fracture energy compared with fractures with minimal soft tissue injury in group A, while bending rigidity and fracture energy was reduced compared with muscle crush in group B. No difference in mechanical characteristics was detected between the healing bones in groups A and B. This animal study indicates that crushing of the leg muscle envelope with reduced blood flow does not influence the quality of bone healing at 4 weeks to a significant degree. Resection of a large muscle segment impairs tibial fracture healing significantly.

THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF KUPFFER CELLS IN HUMORAL INJURY OF XENOPERFUSED RAT LIVERS12

The role of Kupffer cells in a hepatic xenograft rejection is still unclear. We investigated the effect of blocking Kupffer cells on xenogeneic humoral injury using rat livers as the xenoperfusion models. Rat livers were perfused with fresh human blood after pretreatment either with normal saline (group 1; n = 8) or with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) solution (group 2; n = 8). Tissue injury was evaluated by alanine aminotransferase release and histological examination. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production from rat livers was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and also examined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, Kupffer cells were isolated after pretreatment either with normal saline or with GdCl3 solution and incubated with human serum. Localization of human C3 and IgM was examined by immunofluorescence. Alanine aminotransferase release in group 2 was significantly higher than in group 1 (P = 0.015). Histological examination revealed more severe tissue injury in group 2. The mean TNF-alpha level was not significantly different between the two groups. In immunohistochemistry, TNF-alpha was positive primarily on vascular endothelial cells in both groups. Immunofluorescence of saline-treated Kupffer cells showed an uptake of human C3 in the cytoplasm, whereas no uptake was observed in GdCl3-treated cells. The uptake of human IgM did not differ between the two groups. These results suggest that Kupffer cells have a protective role in preventing xenogeneic humoral injury. Their ability to absorb xenogeneic complements may contribute to this protective mechanism.