Tissue In Children Research Articles

Comparison of FGF-8, FGF-10, FGF-Receptor 2, Androgen Receptor, Estrogen Receptor-A and SS in Healthy and Hypospadiac Children.

Samples from the foreskins of 20 children with hypospadias and 20 skin samples from children without hypospadias between the ages of 14 months and 12 years were taken during circumcision or hypospadias correction surgery for immunohistochemical (IHC) examination of these markers. In IHC examination, it was shown that ER-α, ER-β and AR receptors were more involved in the foreskin of children with hypospadias than in the fore-skin of without hypospadias children, and FGF-8, FGF-10 and FGFR-2 were lower (p<0.05). ER and AR uptake were higher in hypospadias tissue samples and FGF-8, FGF-10, and FGFR-2 uptakes were lower compared to without hypospadias children's tissue samples, and these factors were supported by affecting each other in the development of hypospadias. The limited number of studies on this subject in the literature and the contradictory results of the findings indicate that more research should be done on this subject in the future.

Intrathyroid Thymic Tissue in Children with DICER1 Syndrome.

Intrathyroid Thymic Tissue in Children with DICER1 Syndrome.

Helicobacter pylori-Associated Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Tissue in Children: A Multicenter Case Series.

Data regarding Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in children are lacking. We aimed to characterize the diagnosis, management, and outcome of H. pylori-associated MALT lymphoma in pediatric patients. A retrospective multicenter case series of the pediatric patients with H. pylori-associated MALT lymphoma who were diagnosed during 2010-2022. Five children, of them three females, were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 14.6 ± 2.4 years. The clinical presentation included abdominal pain (5/5), nausea (3/5), weight loss, night sweats, recurrent fever (1/5), and iron deficiency anemia (2/5). Endoscopic findings in both the stomach antrum and body included a fragile and hyperemic mucosa, large ulcers, extensive nodularity, and exudate. All the biopsies from the gastric mucosa were consistent with MALT lymphoma, and positive for H. pylori (by Giemsa stain). All the patients received triple therapy (amoxicillin, nitroimidazole, or a macrolide, and a proton pump inhibitor, for 14 days), and achieved H. pylori eradication. All had complete resolution of histological findings at the last follow-up. In one patient, the histology of MALT lymphoma persisted 12 months after H. pylori eradication, and only the 18-month-biopsy was free of residual disease. In this series of pediatric MALT lymphoma, complete resolution of disease occurred in all the patients, yet histological remission was delayed in one. This supports the importance of endoscopic follow-up.

The Impact of a CMV Infection on the Expression of Selected Immunological Parameters in Liver Tissue in Children with Biliary Atresia.

The pathogenesis of biliary atresia (BA) is still not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of selected immunological parameters in liver tissue in BA children based on CMV/EBV infection status. Eight of thirty-one children with newly diagnosed BA were included in this prospective study and assigned to two groups (I with active infection, II without active or past infection). All studies were performed on surgical liver biopsies. To visualize CD8+ T cells and CD56 expression, immunohistochemical staining was performed. The viral genetic material in the studied groups was not found, but CMV infection significantly affected the number of CD8+ lymphocytes in both the portal area and the bile ducts. The average number of CD8+ cells per mm2 of portal area in Groups I and II was 335 and 200 (p = 0.002). The average number of these cellsthat infiltrated the epithelium of the bile duct per mm2 in Group I and II was 0.73 and 0.37 (p = 0.0003), respectively. Expression of CD56 in the bile ducts corresponded to the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate of CD8+ cells. Our results suggest that active CMV infection induces an increased infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes, which could play a role in BA immunopathogenesis. Increased CD56 expression can be a sign of a newly formed bile structure often without lumen, suggesting inhibition of the maturation process in BA.

Effect of a Multicomponent Intervention on Hepatic Steatosis Is Partially Mediated by the Reduction of Intermuscular Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Children With Overweight or Obesity: The EFIGRO Project.

In adults, there is evidence that improvement of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) depends on the reduction of myosteatosis. In children, in whom the prevalence of MAFLD is alarming, this muscle-liver crosstalk has not been tested. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether the effects of a multicomponent intervention on hepatic fat is mediated by changes in intermuscular abdominal adipose tissue (IMAAT) in children with overweight/obesity. A total of 116 children with overweight/obesity were allocated to a 22-week family-based lifestyle and psychoeducational intervention (control group, n = 57) or the same intervention plus supervised exercise (exercise group, n = 59). Hepatic fat percentage and IMAAT were acquired by MRI at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Changes in IMAAT explained 20.7% of the improvements in hepatic steatosis (P < 0.05). Only children who meaningfully reduced their IMAAT (i.e., responders) had improved hepatic steatosis at the end of the intervention (within-group analysis: responders -20% [P = 0.005] vs. nonresponders -1.5% [P = 0.803]). Between-group analysis showed greater reductions in favor of IMAAT responders compared with nonresponders (18.3% vs. 0.6%, P = 0.018), regardless of overall abdominal fat loss. The reduction of IMAAT plays a relevant role in the improvement of hepatic steatosis after a multicomponent intervention in children with overweight/obesity. Indeed, only children who achieved a meaningful reduction in IMAAT at the end of the intervention had a reduced percentage of hepatic fat independent of abdominal fat loss. Our findings suggest that abdominal muscle fat infiltration could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of MAFLD in childhood.

Evaluation of DAP Values Obtained from Chest X-rays in Children under 12 Years of Age Referred to Educational Hospitals of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2020

Purpose: Dose Area Product (DAP) is a quantity for radiation risk assessment in diagnostic X-ray tests. Children's tissues are up to 10 times more sensitive to radiation than adults, and life expectancy is higher in children than adults, as well as a higher risk of hematopoietic and mass malignancies in them. Therefore, this study aimed to measure DAP values for X-ray fields adjusted by Birjand radio-technologists in chest X-rays of children under 12 years of age.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: 233 children from Birjand University hospitals who performed chest X-rays were included in the study. To collect data related to DAP, the DAP meter model KermaX® plus SDP was used. It should be noted that no intervention was performed in the patient's imaging method and at the time of radiation and measurement of the DAP values, there was no need for the patient's presence. In the end, the measured DAP values were compared with DAP values of other studies. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 at 5% error level using Analysis of Variance (Anova), t-test, and Pearson correlation tests.&#x0D; Results: Out of 233 patients who were included in the study, 134 males (57.5%) and 99 females (42.5%) participated in the study, it should be noted that there was no significant difference between the mean of DAP in male and female (p = 0.52). In our study, the average DAP was 5.78 ± 3.54 μGy.m2 and DAP values in the range of 0.55 μGy.m2 to 15.54 μGy.m2 that were higher than the average of other studies and there was a significant difference. There was a direct relationship between radiation field dimensions and DAP values so that as the dimensions of the radiation field increase, the DAP value increases. There was a significant difference between the mean DAP of the lowest and the highest age groups, lowest and the highest age groups, and lowest and the highest height groups of patients.&#x0D; Conclusion: In our study, it was observed that there is a significant relationship between patients' weight, age, and height, radiation field dimensions with DAP values. The amount of DAP in the present study was significantly higher than in other studies. The most important effective parameter in DAP is the radiation field size and if sufficient optimization is done in imaging parameters (kVp, mAS, field size), the DAP values will be greatly reduced.

Principles Of Treatment And Prevention Of Dental Tissues In Children In Ecologically Unfavorable Areas

The health of children and adolescents is of great medical and social importance, on which the present and future of the population depends. The formation of health is influenced by numerous factors, including the individual characteristics of the organism and climatic conditions [1,11,16]. Several studies have shown that the relative proportions of these factors vary depending on the specific conditions of each country, region, and even area.

Investigation of the suitability of new developed epoxy based-phantom for child's tissue equivalency in paediatric radiology

In this study, tissue equivalency (TE) of a newly developed epoxy-based phantom to 3–5 years child's tissue was investigated in paediatric energy range. Epoxy-based TE-phantoms were produced at different glandular/adipose (G/A) ratios of 17/83%, 31/69%, 36/64% and 10/90%. A procedure was developed in which specific amounts of boron, calcium, magnesium, sulphur compounds are mixed with epoxy resin, together with other minor substitutes. In paediatric energy range of 40–60 kVp half-value layer (HVL) values were measured and then Hounsfield Units (HU) were determined from Computed Tomography(CT) scans taken in the X-ray energy range of 80-120kVp. It is found that radiation absorption properties of these phantoms in terms of the measured HVL values related to linear attenuation coefficients (μ) are very well mimicking a 3 years child's soft tissue in case a ratio of 10/90%G/A. Additionally, the HU values of phantoms were determined from the CT scans. The HU = 47.8 ± 4.8 value was found for the epoxy-based phantom produced at a ratio of 10/90%G/A. The obtained HVL and HU values also support the suitability of the new epoxy based-phantom produced at a ratio of 10/90%G/A for a satisfactory mimicking a 3 years child's soft tissue by 5%. Thus they can have a potential use to perform the quality controls of medical X-ray systems and dose optimization studies.

Analysis of Mineral Density of Calcified Tissues in Children with X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets and Hypophosphatasia Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography Data

The purpose of the present cohort study was a quantitative assessment of the enamel, dentin, and alveolar bone mineral density (BMD) using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (HLHR) and hypophosphatasia (HPP) and a comparison with the data obtained from the control group. Methods and Results: The unrepresentative, non-random sample included 30 CBCT scans of children with genetically and biochemically confirmed XLHR (OMIM #307800) and HPP (OMIM: 146300, 241510, 241500, and 146300). X-ray examination and dental care were carried out in the Radiology Diagnostics Department and Pediatric Dentistry Department at Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after AI Evdokimov. The mineral density of calcified tissues (enamel, dentin, and alveolar bone) was evaluated using i-CAT Vision TM software options on reconstructed CBCT axial views. The images of all XLHR and HPP patients visualized large pulp chambers with prominent pulp horns extending to the dentin-enamel junction. The present study revealed poor alveolar bone mineralization in patients with HPP and XLHR. Analysis of CBCT scans showed a significant dentine hypodensity in XLHR patients, which may contribute to the emergence of multiple, spontaneous, periapical abscesses spreading rapidly in the jawbone. Conclusion: Data obtained could be used for planning dental treatment of patients with XLHR and HPP.

Effect of Propranolol on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake in Brown Adipose Tissue in Children and Young Adults with Neoplastic Diseases.

To evaluate the effectiveness of propranolol at mitigating FDG uptake in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of pediatric patients with known or suspected malignancies. PET/CT scans of 3 cohorts of patients treated from 2005 to 2017 were scored for the presence of FDG uptake by BAT at 7 sites: right or left neck/supraclavicular area, right or left axilla, mediastinum, posterior thorax, and abdomen/pelvis. Uptake was scored as follows: 0, none; 1, mild uptake < liver; 2, moderate uptake = liver; and 3, intense uptake > liver. Group 1 consisted of 323 patients (630 scans) who had no specific preparation to mitigate FDG uptake by BAT. Group 2 consisted of 345 patients (705 scans) who underwent only warming in an uptake room with a fixed temperature at 24°C. Group 3 consisted of 622 patients (1457 scans) who underwent warming. In group 3, patients 8years and older, 471 patients (1114 scans), were also pre-medicated with oral propranolol 60min before injection of FDG. Generalized estimation equation, using the logit link method, was used to model the relationship between the incidence of BAT score > 0, in any site, as a function of age, sex, seasonal effect, and body surface area (BSA). In patients aged 8years or older, the incidence of BAT uptake was 35-44% and declined to 15% with propranolol. BAT was most frequent in the neck (26%), axilla (18%), posterior thorax (18%), mediastinum (14%), and abdomen/pelvis (8%); BAT was less common in warm months (p = 0.001). No substantial benefit was shown with pre-injection warming alone. No significant effect was found for age, sex, or BSA separately. When BAT uptake was present, it was usually intense. Propranolol preparation minimizes FDG uptake by BAT and should be considered routine for pediatric FDG PET/CT cancer-related protocols in children, adolescents, and young adults.

Removal and use of paediatric tissue for research purposes: Legal and ethical issues in Australia.

Tissue samples may be collected from children in the course of their clinical care, or when they participate in research. Those samples may be stored in research biobanks. However, as the removal of tissue from children in Australia is regulated by State and Territory legislation, clinicians and researchers require an understanding of the regulatory framework. Removal of tissue from children for purposes not authorised under legislation can result in offences being committed. In addition, ethical issues arise from the collection and storage of children's tissue for research purposes. Tissue used for genomic research also brings additional risks to participants. This paper describes the current law, discusses its inadequacies and raises some of the key ethical issues that Australian researchers need to know. This paper focuses on the removal and use of paediatric tissue for research purposes only.

Ectopic Pancreatic Tissue In Children

Ectopic Pancreatic Tissue In Children

354 The IL-6, TNF-alpha, and TGF-ß Levels in Serum and Tissue in Children with Treated by Different Burn Dressings

354 The IL-6, TNF-alpha, and TGF-ß Levels in Serum and Tissue in Children with Treated by Different Burn Dressings

Does Obesity Affect the Ocular Choroid Tissue in Children and Adolescents?

Does Obesity Affect the Ocular Choroid Tissue in Children and Adolescents?

409 Evidence of Functional Brown Adipose Tissue in Children With Severe Burns

409 Evidence of Functional Brown Adipose Tissue in Children With Severe Burns

Argon Plasma Coagulation Combined with a Flexible Electronic Bronchoscope for Treating Foreign Body Granulation Tissues in Children's Deep Bronchi: Nine Case Reports

Deep bronchial obstruction in children caused by foreign bodies is a medical emergency frequently accompanied by the formation of granulation tissue in the airway mucosa, which is resected during removal of the foreign body. Argon plasma coagulation (APC), initially developed to achieve hemostasis in gastrointestinal bleeding during endoscopic procedures, is also used for interventional bronchoscopic therapies of malignant airway tumors. In this pilot study, we describe successful alternative resections of granulation tissues during foreign body removal by flexible bronchoscopy through concomitant APC applications in 9 children aged from 16 months to 4 years old.

Radiation Protection in Pediatric Radiology

The radiation risk is higher for children than for adults, as children's tissues have a higher cell division rate, and cells can be damaged during this process. Children's bodies also have a higher water content and therefore absorb more radiation, which can cause damage to their genes. There are radiation, which can cause damage to their genes. There are also differences in the location of particularly at-risk tissues such as hematopoietic bone marrow. In adults, 74% (spine ribs, pelvis) is located in the skeleton or the trunk, and only 9% in the extremities. In infants, 29% is located in the skeleton of the trunk and 35% in the extremities.In adults, 8% is located in the cranial bones; in infants, 27%. This means that infants have large proportions of hematopoietic bone marrow in all parts of the body, including the extremities and any radiograph irradiates a substantial proportion of the hematopoietic marrow. As radiation induced malignant lesions remain latent for years, children and adolescents are prone to experience them. JMS 2016; 19(1):39-40

802 Increased Expression of Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2 (LOXL2) Is Found in Hepatic Tissue of Children With Biliary Atresia

802 Increased Expression of Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2 (LOXL2) Is Found in Hepatic Tissue of Children With Biliary Atresia

Anthropometric Assessment of Sub-Cutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Children and Adolescents from Sofia and Smolyan (Bulgaria)

In the medical practice, the assessment of deep (visceral) adipose tissue is made mainly by MRI, computed tomography, densitometry and other methods, which are impossible to use in population studies. The aim of this investigation is to make a comparative anthropometric assessment of the quantity and specific age features in the development of the sub-cutaneous and visceral fat tissue during the time of growth in 9-16-year-old children and adolescents from the capital of the country and Smolyan town (Bulgaria). Analyzed data are part from two complex cross-sectional studies of 9-16-year-old students from Sofia and Smolyan, carried out respectively in the period 2001/2002 and 1998/2001. With a standard anthropometric methodology with each student were measured: height (m) body weight (kg) and waist circumference (cm). The quantities of subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue are defined by the regression equations of Brambilla et al. Results showed that between the boys from the two cities, there are no reliable differences in the quantity both of SAT and VAT in all age groups. During puberty growth spurt and after it, the girls from Smolyan have deposited VAT with greater intensity as compared with their Sofia peers. As a result, in the post-puberty age groups, the differences in this index with the girls were statistically reliable, to the benefit of the girls from Smolyan.The comparison of our results with analogous in foreign studies (obtained using the unique for Bulgaria equipment) shows that the referred anthropometric data can be used as a reliable indicator for the ratio between the two components of body fat in the scientific and clinical practice as well. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p369

Endoscopic and Histologic Analysis of Gastric Mucosa‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Children With Helicobacter pylori Infection

Nodular gastritis (NG) associated with Helicobacter pylori infection can occur commonly in childhood and is regarded to be benign without clinical significance. This study includes endoscopic and histologic analysis of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) to clarify the significance of NG on endoscopy in H pylori-infected children. Of the 758 children who underwent endoscopy, 80 were identified as having H pylori infection. These patients were divided into 3 groups based on endoscopic severity of gastric nodularity. Histopathologic grading of MALT and immunohistochemistry of CD3, CD20, cytokeratin, and Ki-67 were evaluated. On endoscopy, severe NG was observed in the antrum of 38 of the 80 subjects, mild NG in 27, and an absence of NG in 15. Density of H pylori and lymphocyte infiltration differed among the 3 groups (P=0.022 and P=0.025, respectively). Histological grading for gastric lymphoid infiltrates was compatible with grade 1 in 47 (58.8%), grade 2 in 21 (26.3%), grade 3 in 7 (8.8%), and grade 4-5 in 4 (5.1%) in the antrum. Degree of NG, density of H pylori, neutrophil activity, and gastritis score in the antrum varied with MALT grades (P=0.003, P=0.042, P=0.028, and P=0.006, respectively). Our study suggests NG may present as a significant gastric manifestation of childhood H pylori infection that indicates gastric MALT. Thorough histologic investigation may be useful in the evaluation of gastric MALT in children infected with H pylori that manifests as severe NG in the antrum.