Tissue Erosion Research Articles

Selective depletion of neutrophils by a monoclonal antibody, RP-3, suppresses dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in rats.

Administration of dextran sulphate sodium to animals induces acute colitis characterized by infiltration of large numbers of neutrophils into the colonic mucosa, which histologically resembles human active ulcerative colitis. It has been reported that neutrophils and the reactive oxygen metabolites produced by them are involved in the progress of ulcerative colitis. This study was intended to clarify their roles by using this animal model. First, possible sources and species of reactive oxygen metabolites were determined using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence with addition of enzyme inhibitors and reactive oxygen metabolite scavengers. Next, to examine whether neutrophils and hypochlorous acid derived from them contribute to tissue injury, we administered RP-3, a monoclonal antibody capable of selectively depleting neutrophils, and taurine, a hypochlorous acid scavenger, to rats treated with dextran sulphate sodium. Addition of azide, taurine, catalase, superoxide dismutase and dimethyl sulphoxide into colonic mucosal scrapings significantly inhibited chemiluminescence production, but allopurinol and indomethacin had no effects. These results suggest that excessive hypochlorous acid, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical are generated by the inflamed colonic mucosa. Intraperitoneal injections of RP-3 significantly suppressed bleeding, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, chemiluminescence production and erosion formation. On the other hand, administration of taurine tended to inhibit bleeding and erosion formation to some extent, although it could not significantly suppress them. These data suggest that neutrophils play an important role in the development of this colitis and that hypochlorous acid might be one of the causes of tissue injury induced by neutrophils.

Identifiable Helicobacter pylori strains or factors important in the development of duodenal ulcer disease.

Helicobacter pylori is a primary pathogen as its presence in the stomach almost always is associated with a strong mucosal and systemic immune response. Putative virulence factors of H. pylori are numerous. In this article, we evaluate whether currently available evidence supports the existence of factors important in the development of duodenal ulcer disease. The evaluation is conducted by a review of the literature on H. pylori toxins and virulence factors. Most putative H. pylori virulence factors are present in all isolates examined, though some are present only in, or are expressed more intensively by, determined strains. Urease is the main virulence determinant of H. pylori. It generates ammonia from the gastric urea, which in turn injures the gastric mucosa either directly by forming ammonium hydroxide or indirectly by stimulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and inhibiting cell proliferation. Other enzymes (e.g., mucinase, phospholipases, alcohol dehydrogenase, neuraminidase) could promote tissue erosion and ulceration by destroying the integrity of mucus, by inducing lipid peroxidation, and the like. H. pylori strains that express the vacuolating toxin vacA and the associated protein cagA are called type I and are considered to be endowed with increased ulcerogenic and inflammatory potential. Exploration of the structure of the vacA gene has shown that the degree of toxicity is regulated at the molecular level. Type I H. pylori strains carry a 40-kb genomic fragment called cag that is absent from type II strains (vacA- and cagA-negative). cag is considered a pathogenicity island because it contains numerous genes that are highly homologous to virulence genes of classic bacterial pathogens and because it has been suggested that it is acquired through recombination events. CagA is part of the pathogenicity island. CagA-positive strains are more likely to be isolated from patients with duodenal ulcer and other severe digestive pathological processes. The use of simple serological tests to identify patients infected with type I H. pylori strains could help to calculate the risk of development of severe gastroduodenal diseases and, possibly, to prevent such severe diseases.

Radiological Manifestations of Madura Foot in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

A total of 29 patients with mycologically and histopathologically proven mycetomas were examined for radiological manifestations from April 1984 to March 1996. Twenty cases were actinomycotic mycetomas, while nine were maduromycotic mycetomas. Plain x-rays of the regions of interest were taken in all the cases and CT scan was performed on five selected cases to compare the findings. Soft tissue changes were observed in all the examined cases, while bony changes were observed in 16 (55.7%). CT scan is useful for showing soft tissue changes, erosion and destruction of bone in cases with an early infection only, which cannot be demonstrated in plain radiographs.

Studies and applications of NiTi shape memory alloys in the medical field in China

The biomedical study of NiTi shape memory alloys has been undertaken in China since 1978. A series of stimulating corrosion tests, histological observations, toxicity tests, carcinogenicity tests, trace nickel elements analysis and a number of clinical trials have been conducted. The results showed that the NiTi shape memory alloy is a good biomaterial with good biocompatibility and no obvious local tissue reaction, carcinogenesis or erosion of implants were found experimentally or clinically. In 1981, on the basis of fundamental studies, a shape memory staple was used for the first time inside the human body. Subsequently, various shape memory devices were designed and applied clinically for internal fixation of fractures, spine surgery, endoprostheses, gynaecological and craniofacial surgery. Since 1990, a series of internal stents have been developed for the management of biliary, tracheal and esophageal strictures and urethrostenosis as well as vascular obturator for tumour management. Several thousand cases have been treated and had a 1-10 year follow-up and good clinical results with a rather low complication rate were obtained.

Effect of cannula length on aortic arch flow: Protection of the atheromatous aortic arch

Atheromatous disease in the transverse aortic arch is associated with an increased incidence of perioperative stroke. In addition, tissue erosion in the aortic arch is caused by the high-velocity jet emerging from an aortic cannula during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), termed the "sandblast effect". To quantify this phenomenon, flow in the aortic arch was measured intraoperatively by epiaortic ultrasonography in 18 patients undergoing CPB. All were cannulated in the ascending aorta, 10 with a short (1.5 cm) cannula and 8 with a long (7.0 cm) cannula. The peak forward aortic flow velocities (mean +/- standard deviation) measured on the caudal luminal surface of the aortic arch were 0.80 +/- 0.23 m/s off CPB and 2.42 +/- 0.69 m/s on CPB (p < 0.001) for the short cannula and 0.53 +/- 0.20 m/s off CPB and 0.18 m/s on CPB for the long cannula. Thus, during CPB the peak forward aortic flow velocity with the short cannula was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than before CPB, whereas the long cannula produced a lower peak forward aortic flow velocity during CPB. Furthermore, Doppler examination revealed severe turbulence in the aortic arch in all patients with a short cannula. No arch turbulence, however, was seen in 7 patients with a long cannula, and only mild turbulence appeared in the remaining patient with a long cannula. These results show that use of a long aortic cannula results in a significant decrease in peak forward aortic flow velocity and turbulence in the aortic arch during CPB, which may reduce the risk of erosion or disruption of existing atheroma and ensuing embolic complications.

顎顔面欠損患者の一治療例 軟質材料による中空型栓塞部および発泡ポリウレタンエピテーゼの応用

It is necessary for the edentulous maxillofacial patient to improve not only the physical function and appearance but also psychological recovery. A case of maxillofacial prosthesis using new material for obturator is reported. The patient is 70-year-old man who received surgical resection of the left maxilla, including orbita and upper half of the ramus of the mandible, to remove a squamous cell carcinoma. In the post-operation course, he visited our clinic to restore mastication, articulation and esthetics. A maxillary prosthesis with a hollow type obturator using light-cured resin type soft lining material was fabricated. To recover the left facial defect, the epithesis using foaming polyurethane was fabricated. 15 months have passed since completion of treatment, however, there was no tissue erosion or bleeding in the supporting area of the maxillary sinus. Physical function was considerably improved and the patient was pleased with his esthetics.

Multicenter Trial in North America of Urolume Urinary Sphincter Prosthesis

We investigated the effectiveness and associated complications of treatment with an endoluminal urethral sphincter prosthesis in 153 spinal cord injury men (mean age 36 years, range 16 to 74 years) with urodynamically diagnosed detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia. These patients were prospectively treated with a urethral sphincter stent at 15 centers in North America. Followup ranged from 2 to 33 months. Voiding pressures averaged 76 ± 28, 42 ± 21, 44 ± 38, 35 ± 18 and 32 ± 20cm. water, respectively, before prosthesis insertion in 153 patients, and at 3 months in 123, 6 months in 114, 12 months in 98 and 24 months in 22. A significant decrease in voiding pressure was noted in the 22 patients at 24 months compared with matched preoperative data (80 ± 25cm. water, p = 0.03). The residual urine decreased from 181 ± 154ml. before insertion to 82 ± 93ml. at 24 months (p = 0.01). Maximum cystometric capacity remained constant, with a mean of 195 ± 158ml. before insertion to 248 ± 122ml. at 24 months (p = 0.17). No significant differences were apparent after 24 months of followup in any of the urodynamic parameters between 44 patients with and 109 without previous external sphincterotomy.Hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion, obstructive hyperplastic epithelial overgrowth and soft tissue erosion did not occur. No deleterious effects were observed on renal or erectile function. Of the patients 43 (28.1%) required 2 prostheses to bridge the external sphincter completely. Stent removal was required in 10 patients. Seven explantations were required for prosthesis migration, 1 for pain and urethral edema, 1 for inability to maintain a condom catheter, and 1 for nonepithelialization and secondary bladder neck obstruction. A total of 13 patients (8.5%) required a subsequent operation for bladder neck obstruction. Therefore, the sphincter prosthesis is an attractive modality for the treatment of external sphincter dyssynergia in patients with and without previous external sphincterotomy because of its ease of deployment and minimal associated morbidity.

Giant intrasacral schwannoma: an unusual cause of lumbrosacral radiculopathy

Sacral schwannoma is a rare lesion (23 reported cases) with a tendency to reach large proportions. Symptoms are back and leg pain, leg weakness, hypoesthesias, paresthesias, constipation, and incontinence. The peak incidence is between ages 30 and 50. Radiographs of the sacrum are abnormal in nearly all cases. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may reveal large lesions with bony erosion and involvement of the soft tissues. The treatment of this lesion is complete removal, which is curative.

Noninvasive recovery of acinar anatomic information from CO2 expirograms.

A numerical single path model of respiratory gas exchange with distributed alveolar gas sources was used to estimate the anatomical changes in small peripheral airways such as occur in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). A previous sensitivity analysis of the single path model showed that decreasing total acinar airway cross-sectional area by an area reduction factor, R, results in computed gas expirograms with Phase III steepening similar to that observed in COPD patients. From experimental steady state CO2 washout data recorded from six healthy subjects and six COPD patients, optimized area reduction factors for the single path model were found that characterize peripheral airway anatomy for each subject. Area reduction factors were then combined with measured functional residual capacity data to calculate the normalized peripheral airspace diameters in a given subject, relative to the airspace diameters in the generations of an idealized standard lung. Mean area reduction factors for the patient subgroup were 63% of those for the healthy subgroup, which is related to the gas transport limitation observed in disease. Mean airspace sizes for the patient subgroup were 235% of the healthy subgroup, which characterizes the increase in size and reduction in number of peripheral airspaces due to tissue erosion in emphysema. From these results, the air-phase diffusive conductance in COPD patients was calculated to be 32% of the mean value in the healthy subjects. These findings correlated well with standard pulmonary function test data for the patients and yield the recovery of acinar airway information from gas washout by combining the single path model with experimental measurements.

Transmolar pin and magnetic carrier for midfacial reconstruction: A clinical report

With previous prosthetic restorations of bilateral maxillary resections, tissue erosion and bleeding on the cephalic parts of the cavity have been caused by movement and pressure from the prosthesis. Retention of a prosthesis is a major determinant in its successful use. Physical and psychologic stresses are common when one is unable to use a prosthesis comfortably. The use of a musculocutaneous flap and an obturator prosthesis had provided near-immediate reconstruction of a massive midfacial defect. This method of reconstruction resulted in soft tissue replacement for appearance and functional rehabilitation of the upper lip while maintaining sound oncologic principles.

Erosion by soft drinks of rat molar teeth assessed by digital image analysis.

A digital imaging analysis (DIA) procedure for recording and assessing erosive changes on teeth was developed and evaluated against an older subjective method. Results after exposure of rats' teeth to various soft drinks showed that the DIA system was superior to the conventional method, with improved precision. The system provided a direct and highly sensitive means of quantifying the erosion of dental hard tissues by three different soft drinks, showing that it could be used to evaluate erosiveness and other dental damage. After 6 weeks' exposure to soft drinks in the diet, the area of intact enamel on the lingual surface of the first mandibular molar averaged 47% on apple juice, 27% on still orange and 6% on carbonated orange. The greatest exposure of dentine (36%) was on the still orange drink. Eroded enamel accounted for 72.5% of the tooth surface on the carbonated drink.

Differences in rumen bacterial degradation of morphological fractions in eight cereal straws and the effect of digestion on different types of tissues and mechanical properties of straw stalks

Eight different straw species were hand-harvested and dissected into internode, node within each internode height, leaf sheath and leaf blade. Each morphological fraction was analyzed separately for cell wall constituents and in vitro digestibility. Additionally, sections of internodes were analyzed for shear stress before and after in vitro digestion, and internode cell types were evaluated for histochemical reactions for lignin and degradation by rumen microorganisms using microscopy. In vitro digestibility of cell walls (IVDCW) varied widely between species and internode heights, ranging in values as follows: internodes, 10.3–52.3%; leaf sheaths, 27.8–75.8%; leaf blades, 46.6–81.7%. Acid phloroglucinol (AP) did not stain unlignified parenchyma in straw internodes, and these tissues were totally degraded. In this respect, AP was superior to diazotized sulfanilic acid in indicating recalcitrant cell types. No relationship of IVDCW to loss of entire tissue by microbial degradation (determined by scanning electron microscopy) was found. Lignified, thick cell walls of structural tissue in internodes of some straws were markedly colonized and eroded by microorganisms and, as a result, contributed substantially to total IVDCW of this plant fraction. In internodes, the reduction of shear forces after incubation with rumen microorganisms appeared to be related to microbial erosion of structural tissue. The shear stress of internodes and compression forces to crush nodes increased from upper to lower internodes.

Bulimia Nervosa Its Effect on Salivary Chemistry

Erosion of the dental hard tissues and enlarged parotid and submandibular saliva glands are commonly associated with bulimia nervosa. In 15 patients and controls, no significant difference was detected in the concentrations of potassium, chloride, calcium, urea nitrogen or albumin. There was also no evidence of olfactory dysfunction.

Disease caused by Nemesis robusta (van Beneden, 1851) (Eudactylinidae: Siphonostomatoida: Copepoda) infections on gill filaments of thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1758)), with notes on parasite ecology and life history

Thresher shark gill filaments infected with the copepod Nemesis robusta exhibited a diseased state. Tissue erosion seemingly associated with the rasping effects of various copepod appendages and feeding activity was evident. Host response to parasites was grossly seen as swollen and blanched zones about infected regions. Histologically the host response consisted of proliferated epithelial and underlying connective tissue layers surrounding the efferent branchial arterioles at the gill filaments' free distal tips. Copepod attachment close to secondary lamellae was associated with proliferation of both respiratory epithelium and epithelium between the secondary lamellae. Tissue proliferation partially or completely occluded interlamellar water channels and probably compromised respiratory efficiency by blocking water passage between secondary lamellae. The abnormal thickness of affected secondary lamellae probably further reduced respiratory ion exchange.

A method to study the interaction between intraocular lens loops and anterior segment vasculature

Gold-coated plastic casts of the anterior segment ocular microcirculation of the rabbit eye were studied by scanning electron microscopy to define the interaction between ciliary sulcus fixated intraocular lenses and the anterior segment vasculature. A detailed description of the technique is given. Interactions such as loop deformation by the tissue and loop erosion into the vascular tissue are shown. Possible clinical applications of this experimental model are discussed.

A scanning electron microscope study of the colon of the mouse ( Mus musculus) infected with Eimeria ferrisi (Protozoa, Apicomplexa, Coccidia)

Micromorphological changes in the colon of mice infected with Eimeria ferrisi were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The damage observed consisted of swelling of epithelial cells, profound stretching of the host cell membranes, loss of microvilli and erosion of tissues. Mature meronts were visible at 3 days post-inoculation (PI) in localized areas of cellular rupturing. At 4-6 days PI, the cellular rupturing and epithelial disruption were more widespread, exposing intra- and extracellular meronts, merozoites, and sexual stages. Microgametes of E. ferrisi are equipped with 2 flagella. Even though large portions of the infected area become denuded of surface epithelium, recovery had begun by day 7 PI.

Poland's anomaly. Natural history and long-term results of chest wall reconstruction in 33 patients.

Poland's anomaly is an uncommon congenital aberration of the chest wall characterized by absence of the pectoralis major muscle and other nearby musculoskeletal components. In this series, a wide spectrum of thoracic deformities was associated with the Poland anomaly, ranging from segmental agenesis of the ribs, sternum, and nearby muscles, to simple aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle. Although little disability was associated with the syndrome, the patients primarily sought operative correction due to the asymmetry and their perception of adverse cosmesis. Over a 10-year period, 53 operations were performed on 27 individuals with the goal of correcting the abnormal contour of the chest wall. The most successful reconstructions involved the use of the latissimus dorsi muscle, which was detached and transferred to the anterior chest wall while preserving the neurovascular pedicle. In women, this was accompanied by insertion of a mammary prosthesis. Reconstruction of the so-called "herniation" of the lung with rib grafts or alloplastic materials was found to be unnecessary, and the use of custom-made chest wall prostheses is not recommended, since four of five of these devices had to be removed due to migration, erosion of local tissues, and adverse cosmesis.

Spontaneous temporomandibular joint arthropathy in MRL-lpr/lpr mice.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in spontaneously arthritic MRL lpr/lpr (MRL/l) mice has been histologically analysed. After decalcification and standardized preparation of the joint tissue, histological sections were examined for presence of synovial hypertrophy, synovial villi, pannus tissue, erosions, cysts and signs of periarticular inflammation. In 12 of 13 TMJs examined, histopathological changes indicating a state of arthropathy were found. The most prevalent finding was synovial proliferation, which was frequently detected at the insertion of the synovial membrane to the bone. Two or more signs of inflammatory involvement including synovial proliferation, pannus tissue and bone erosion were seen in 5 mice with a predominance among the oldest mice (greater than or equal to 5 months of age). No lymphocytic cell infiltration was found in the analyzed synovial tissues of the TMJ. In contrast, lymphocytes were observed in the vicinity of periarticular blood vessels and tendons. It is concluded that the TMJ is frequently involved in the arthritic disease of autoimmune MRL/l mice.

Aeromonas hydrophila associated with ulcerative disease epizootic in Laguna de Bay, Philippines

Aeromonas hydrophila was consistently associated with necrotic ulcers and lesions in mudfish/snakehead ( Ophiocephalus striatus), Thai catfish ( Clarias batrachus), crucian carp ( Carassius carassius) and goby ( Glossogobius giurus) in Laguna de Bay, Philippines, during the months of December 1985 through February 1986. The bacterium was isolated from body lesions and ulcers of all fish examined and rarely from the kidney and liver of carp and catfish. The disease was characterized by hemorrhages, lesions and open necrotic ulcers on the body of the fish, particularly the head (just behind the eyes), the mandible and the maxilla, and the caudal peduncle regions. Erosion of the head bone tissues and the tails was observed in very severe cases. The presence of A. hydrophila is believed to be secondary to some predisposing factors existing in Laguna de Bay.

Experimental Comparison of Endoscopic Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser, Electrosurgery, and Heater Probe for Canine Gut Arterial Coagulation: Importance of Compression and Avoidance of Erosion

We compared five endoscopic thermal devices that have been used clinically for control of arterial bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract: neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser, electrofulguration, monopolar and bipolar electrocoagulation, and heater probe. In canine models we determined the ability to coagulate arteries of varying size and depth. The most effective method for coagulation of medium size arteries was first to occlude the vessel by compression, then to apply heat to seal it (coaptive coagulation). For the contact probes (monopolar, bipolar, and heater probes), the depth of tissue coagulation was controlled by varying probe appositional force and energy, and coagulation of deep arteries was possible. Undesirable erosion of tissue and vessels was noted with electrical sparking from the monopolar electrode and with YAG laser at high power density. In contrast, heater probe and bipolar electrocoagulation did not produce tissue erosion at any instrument setting. In this comparative study of arterial coagulation, overall ranking was as follows: heater probe = bipolar electrocoagulation greater than monopolar electrocoagulation greater than neodymium:YAG laser greater than electrofulguration greater than control. In our opinion these data should assist the clinician or investigator who plans to coagulate arterial bleeding lesions such as peptic ulcers, although further clinical research will be needed to verify these experimental results.