Color Tissue Research Articles

Survival Rate and Esthetic Outcomes of 2-Piece Zirconia Dental Implants: A 1-Year Single Clinical Trial of Partially Edentulous Patients.

Titanium dental implants, traditionally used for tooth replacement, face certain biological and esthetic limitations. Recently, zirconia has become a notable alternative, valued for its esthetics and biocompatibility. This study evaluated the efficacy of 2-piece zirconia dental implants, particularly their impact on inflammatory cytokines and their survival rate over 1 year. This study was a single-center, prospective trial and included adults aged 18 and above. From 2021 to 2022, 9 2-piece, tissue-level zirconia implants were placed in 8 patients. Following a 3-month osseointegration phase, crowns were cemented. Over a year, we assessed plaque and gingival indices, pocket depth, and tissue color and texture. Peri-apical radiographs measured bone levels, and IL-1β in peri-implant crevicular fluid was quantified using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Eight subjects (ages 31-63) participated. One implant failed after 6 months, resulting in a 1-year survival rate of 88.8%. Plaque and gingival indices rose, but peri-implant soft tissue remained stable in color and texture. At 12 months, average bone loss was minimal and insignificant compared with the baseline, and IL-1β levels were similar to those at contralateral teeth with no correlation between IL-1β, pocket depth, and bleeding on probing. Two-piece zirconia implants emerged as a viable tooth replacement option with an 88.8% 1-year survival rate. They maintained stable soft tissue and bone levels, indicating their potential as effective dental restoratives.

Identification and Analysis of the Nutrition Value of Black Teripang (Holothuriaedulis) and Sand Teripang (Holothuria Scabra) In the Waitiu Flow of Lewolema District

Indonesia is a country with a large area of ​​water, with enormous potential for marine biodiversity which is useful as food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. There are several marine biota that produce secondary metabolites that are beneficial to humans, including microorganisms, blue green algae, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs and sea cucumbers (echinoderms). Sea cucumbers are marine animals classified in the phylum Echinodermata, class Holothuroidea. This animal lives on sandy substrates or can be found in coral ecosystems. Sea cucumbers have complete and quite high nutritional content, but the existence of sea cucumbers with a high population in East Flores Regency has not been utilized properly. This study aims to identify and analyze the nutritional content of Sand Sea Cucumber (Holothuria Scabra) and Black Sea Cucumber (Holothuria Edulis). Identification is based on morphology and body color and spicules of the dorsal integument tissue, while the analysis of nutritional value includes water content and ash content using the gravimetric method, protein content using the Kjeldahl method, fat content using the Soxhlet method and carbohydrate content using the by difference method. The results of the study showed that the nutritional content of Sand Sea Cucumber (Holothuria Scabra) was 5.472% water content, 51.056% ash content, 27.072% protein content, 1.449% fat content and 20.424% carbohydrate content, while the nutritional content of Black Sea Cucumber (Holothuria Edulis) was 6.214% water content, 18.864% ash content, 51.636% protein content, 0.659% fat content and 28.841% carbohydrate content.

The effect of the carcass fat thickness on the qualitative technological and sensory attributes of beef

The established correlations between subcutaneous fat thickness and the quality attributes of carcasses and beef are relevant for producers and the processing industry. The purpose of the study is to establish the characteristics of slaughter, chemical composition, sensory physical, and technological properties of beef made of young bulls belonging to the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed aged 18 to 24 months, depending on the thickness of the fat on the carcass. The colour of muscle and adipose tissue, the conformation of carcasses, the development of subcutaneous fat, marbling, chemical composition, and sensory attributes of beef and broth made of it were determined in the context of different fat thicknesses on the carcass. With an increase in the thickness of subcutaneous fat, the fleshiness (conformation) of carcasses increases by 55.2% (P>0.95), the cover of carcasses with fat increases by 43.5 (P>0.99), and muscle penetration improves by 45.8% (P>0.95). With the thickening of subcutaneous fat from 0.5 to 1.1 cm or more, there is a tendency of tendons and ligaments in carcasses to increase by 53.6%, with adipose tissue increasing by 25.6%, points for the juiciness of boiled beef increasing by 20.8%, its tenderness increasing by 12.5%, and the reduction in the m. longissimus dorsi 'loin eye' area increased by 7.3%, marbling increased by 19.0%, reduction of moisture content in meat increased by 27.8%, and its boiling properties increased by 7.9%. With an increase in the thickness of subcutaneous fat in beef, there was a tendency for the reduction of its acidity (pH), the amount of dry matter, the total content of fat and minerals, deterioration of taste, aroma, residue after chewing boiled meat, flavour, and aroma, concentration, and transparency of broth made of it. The practical significance of these studies is to obtain knowledge that allows the assessment of the quality characteristics of carcasses and beef by the thickness of subcutaneous fat for their further use by producers and processing industries.

Artificial Intelligence Revolutionizes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Management

<span lang="ES">The application of artificial intelligence in esophageal tumor pathology highlights the ongoing and significant transformative impact AI has in medicine. This article provides a comprehensive overview of AI technologies' current use in diagnosing and treating esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Through our research, we identified and meticulously analyzed 33 relevant academic papers and studies that contribute to this field. These papers encompass a broad spectrum of AI applications related to the management of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. AI integration and deployment in both the diagnosis process and therapeutic interventions for tumors offer highly promising prospects, for example, in endoscopic procedures AI algorithm can process endoscopic images in real-time to identify abnormalities that may be missed by the human eye, it can highlight subtle changes such as color variations, small growths or tissue anomalies, which might go unnoticed due to fatigue, distraction or human limitations in perceiving fine details. AI technologies enhance medical practice precision and effectiveness by significantly reducing the likelihood of human errors and offering practical, innovative solutions. Consequently, AI confluence with medical practice not only increases diagnosis accuracy but also improves the overall efficiency of treating esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.</span>

The Influence of Glycemic Control Over Post-extraction Healing in Diabetic Patients.

Background Diabetes mellitus hinders wound healing after tooth extractions due to hyperglycemia, causing complications like infections and delayed recovery. The precise role of glycemic control in healing remains uncertain. This study aims to clarify it by comparing outcomes in patients with well-controlled and poorly controlled blood sugar levels. Material and methods This prospective observational study at Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital (October-November 2023) involved 100 insulin-dependent diabetic patients (n = 100) requiring dental extractions, divided into group A with random blood sugar (RBS) ≤150 mg/dL (n = 50) and group B with RBS between 151 and 240 mg/dL (n = 50). Inclusion criteria included fully erupted teeth in patients aged 18 or older, while exclusion criteria comprised those on antibiotics, with systemic immunodeficiency, undergoing chemotherapy, or with active infections. Preoperative RBS and post-extraction wound dimensions were recorded, and clinical outcomes, such as pain, bleeding, infection, dry socket, and tissue color changes, were assessed on days 1, 7, and 14. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC-PDCH5/4-2023) and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR Reference ID: 2023-14931). Data were analyzed using chi-square and independent sample t-tests. Results The findings suggest that higher glycemic levels (151-240 mg/dL) are associated with increased pain and complications but do not significantly affect healing outcomes compared to levels ≤150 mg/dL. Group A shows better healing status, while group B has a higher incidence of moderate pain and bleeding. Conclusion This study indicates that glycemic levels between 151 and 240 mg/dL have no significant impact on post-extraction healing compared to levels ≤150 mg/dL in diabetic patients. Elevated blood sugar within this range may not increase the risk of delayed healing or complications. However, managing blood sugar levels is still critical, as uncontrolled diabetes can lead to adverse outcomes. Further research is required to determine the ideal glycemic range for optimal healing in diabetic patients.

DFUCare: deep learning platform for diabetic foot ulcer detection, analysis, and monitoring.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a severe complication among diabetic patients, often leading to amputation or even death. Early detection of infection and ischemia is essential for improving healing outcomes, but current diagnostic methods are invasive, time-consuming, and costly. There is a need for non-invasive, efficient, and affordable solutions in diabetic foot care. We developed DFUCare, a platform that leverages computer vision and deep learning (DL) algorithms to localize, classify, and analyze DFUs non-invasively. The platform combines CIELAB and YCbCr color space segmentation with a pre-trained YOLOv5s algorithm for wound localization. Additionally, deep-learning models were implemented to classify infection and ischemia in DFUs. The preliminary performance of the platform was tested on wound images acquired using a cell phone. DFUCare achieved an F1-score of 0.80 and a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.861 for wound localization. For infection classification, we obtained a binary accuracy of 79.76%, while ischemic classification reached 94.81% on the validation set. The system successfully measured wound size and performed tissue color and textural analysis for a comparative assessment of macroscopic wound features. In clinical testing, DFUCare localized wounds and predicted infected and ischemic with an error rate of less than 10%, underscoring the strong performance of the platform. DFUCare presents an innovative approach to wound care, offering a cost-effective, remote, and convenient healthcare solution. By enabling non-invasive and accurate analysis of wounds using mobile devices, this platform has the potential to revolutionize diabetic foot care and improve clinical outcomes through early detection of infection and ischemia.

Effect of Radio Frequency Vacuum Drying on Drying Characteristics and Physicochemical Quality of Codonopsis pilosula Slices

In this study, the radio frequency vacuum drying (RFVD) technique was used to dry Codonopsis pilosula slices. The effects of the drying temperature, slice thickness, plate spacing, and vacuum degree on the drying characteristics and physicochemical properties of the slices were investigated. The results showed that as the drying temperature and vacuum degree increased and the slice thickness and plate distance decreased, the drying rate and effective moisture diffusion coefficient of the Codonopsis pilosula slices improved, and the required drying time was shortened by 11.11% to 29.41% compared to that after hot air drying (HAD). Through comparison, it was found that the Midilli and Weibull models could better describe the moisture variation trend during the RFVD of Codonopsis pilosula. After RFVD, the retention of lobetyolin and syringin in Codonopsis pilosula significantly increased, with maximum contents of 135.74 mg/100 g and 19.16 mg/100 g respectively, which were 75.2% and 124.28% higher than those obtained by HAD. The contents of polysaccharides, total phenolics, and total flavonoids and antioxidant performance were also enhanced. The color, shrinkage rate, and internal tissue structure were significantly improved. In conclusion, RFVD not only increases the drying speed of Codonopsis pilosula slices but also ensures the good quality of the dried products.

A Strip Free Gingival Graft and a Xenogeneic Collagen Matrix to Increase Keratinized Tissue After Vertical Bone Augmentation.

After vertical bone augmentation (VBA) surgery, loss of both keratinized tissue (KT) and vestibule depth (VD) take place. This article evaluated KT gain, patient satisfaction, and aesthetic outcomes after a modified apically repositioned flap (ARF) in combination with a strip-free gingival graft (FGG) harvested from the palate and a xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM) to correct mucogingival distortion (MGD) after VBA. This technique minimizes patient morbidity by reducing the need for extensive masticatory mucosa grafts. The study included 12 patients with ≤3 mm KT after vertical augmentation procedures. Keratinized tissue gain and tissue thickness were measured. Patient morbidity and aesthetic outcomes were also evaluated. Twenty-four months after surgery, significant VD gain was observed, obtaining a vertical KT augmentation of 5.38 ± 2.06 mm, although tissue thickness increase was only 0.42 ± 0.42mm. Regarding patient satisfaction, aesthetic results evaluating tissue color and texture were satisfactory; the pain was slight, obtaining a score of 2.10 ± 1.13 out of 10, measured using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The present retrospective case series study shows that using an apically repositioned flap combined with a strip FGG and an XCM might offer a valid means of achieving KT gain.

Clinical, radiographic and patient-reported outcomes of zirconia and titanium implants in the posterior zone after 1 year of loading-A randomized controlled trial.

To assess the clinical, radiographic and patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) of posterior zirconia and titanium implants at 1 year of implant loading. Forty-two patients with two adjacent missing teeth were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial with a within-subject controlled design. Each patient received one zirconia (Zr) and one titanium (Ti) implant, with the mesial and distal positions randomized. The implant restoration consisted of multiple layered zirconia, with the buccal aspect veneered. In group Zr, the restoration was intraorally cemented onto the one-piece Zr implant, whereas in group Ti, the restoration was extraorally cemented onto the titanium base abutment and intraorally screw-retained onto the Ti implant. Examinations were performed following restoration delivery at baseline (BL) and at 1 year. Measurements included clinical parameters, radiographic outcomes (MBL) and PROMs. Bleeding on probing showed an increase from BL to 1 year (34 ± 30% for Zr; 25 ± 21% for Ti). MBL remained stable with minimal changes from BL to 1 year, measuring 0.1 ± 0.4 mm (mean ± SD) for Zr and -0.1 ± 0.7 mm for Ti. Veneering fractures were the most frequent technical complication and amounted to 17.5% in group Zr and 5% in group Ti (p = .100). Patients preferred Zr implants for their soft tissue color, with a significant difference in perception between patients and clinicians (p < .017). The study showed that both Zr and Ti implants had similar clinical outcomes, despite a high prevalence of mucositis and a few technical complications. Both implant types demonstrated stable marginal bone levels and similar patient-reported outcome measures.

Rehabilitation Using Implants with Sloped Platform Edge vs. Standard Platform with Guided Bone Regeneration: A Randomized Control Clinical Trial.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the vertical bone loss after using different techniques: sloped implants or standard implants with guided bone regeneration. Patients with tooth gap and horizontal bone deficiency were randomly allocated to the test group (implants with sloped platform-SLP) and control group (standard design implants with guided bone regeneration-GBR). The primary outcome was bone loss (6 months after finishing the prosthetic treatment). Secondary outcomes included the following: patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), post-operative edema, keratinized mucosa width, and pink aesthetic score (PES). The average bone loss at 6 months was 0.23 ± 0.15 mm and 1.03 ± 0.37 mm in the SLP and GBR groups, respectively. The SLP group was characterized by lower pain intensity the first 7 days (p < 0.001), lower post-operative edema (p < 0.001), lower consumption of NSAIDs on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 (p = 0.002, <0.001, <0.001, and 0.008), and lower total OHIP-14 (p = 0.047) on day 7. The keratinized mucosa width was 3.7 (3.4-4.0) mm and 2 (1.4-2.0) mm in the SLP and GBR groups, respectively. The preservation of the mesial, distal papillae, and the level of soft tissue correspondence were significantly higher in the SLP group (p = 0.003, 0.038, <0.001). In the SLP group, more natural color and better texture of soft tissues were found (p = 0.048, p = 0.041). The use of implants with a sloped platform resulted in superior outcomes compared to the standard-design implants with GBR.

Evaluation of beef carcass quality using the muscle eye area M. longissimus dorsi

In Japan, Korea, the USA, and Australia, the area of the “muscle eye” (cross-section of the M. longissimus dorsi during the division of the half-carcass between the 12th and 13th rib into the front and rear parts) is used to assess the quality of cattle carcasses. The correlation between this feature and the slaughter and quality characteristics of carcasses in 20-22-month-old crossbred bulls (Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy × Holstein) has been studied. The area of the “muscle eye” in bulls was determined before slaughter by an ultrasound analyzer Emperor 860. After slaughter, it was calculated by the length and depth of the "muscle eye". The colour of muscle and adipose tissue, carcass conformation, development, and subcutaneous fat thickness have been examined. The correlation between the size of the "muscle eye" and carcasses' quantitative and qualitative characteristics has been determined. The area of the "muscle eye" has a positive relationship (r = 0.612; p &gt;0.999) with live weight after fasting, carcass weight (r = 0.598; p &gt;0.999), flesh weight (r = 0.498; p &gt;0.99), including the highest (r = 0.745; p &gt;0.999), and first grade (r = 0.662; p &gt;0.99), the amount of adipose tissue (r = 0.491; p &gt;0.99) and tendons and ligaments (r = 0.435; p &gt;0.99). With its increase, there is a tendency to an inverse relationship with the content of second-grade flesh in the carcass (r = 0.303), carcass conformation (r = 0.147), fat-irrigation thickness (r = 0.125), and marbling (r = 0.340). The area of the "muscle eye" is inversely correlated with the development of subcutaneous fat (r = -0.389; p &gt;0.95) and the saturated colour of muscle tissue (r = -0.309). The correlation coefficients between the area of the "muscle eye" determined by ultrasound and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of carcasses are significantly higher than those obtained by post-slaughter calculation of the area of the muscle eye by measuring the length and depth. The data's practical significance is obtaining knowledge that allows beef to be sorted based on the correlation between the muscle eye area and the quality of carcasses and beef.

Comparison of the Effects of Postoperative Arm Restraints and Mittens on Cleft Lip Scar Quality after Primary Repair.

Introduction: Postoperative management following primary cleft lip repair varies across institutions, cleft care teams, and individual surgeons. Postoperative precautions employed after cleft lip repair include dietary restrictions, pacifier limitations, and immobilization, with arm restraints long being used. Yet, restraint distress has led to the exploration of other forms of immobilization. Thus, this study aims to assess cleft lip scar quality and complication rates after postoperative immobilization with arm restraints versus hand mittens. Methods: A retrospective review of patients with unilateral cleft who underwent primary repair with the senior surgeon was done. Data on demographics, surgical characteristics, and immobilization utilized were gathered. A survey with pictures of postoperative scars were sent to laypeople who assessed scar quality with Modified Scar-Rating Scale scores for surface appearance, height, and color of the scar tissue. Statistical analysis was carried out for significance. Results: Twenty-eight patients with a unilateral cleft underwent arm restraints after primary lip repair, and twenty-seven utilized mittens. In total, 42 medical students completed the scar assessment. Photographs were taken an average of 23.9 (±5.8) and 28.2 (±11.9) months postoperatively in the restraint and mitten groups, respectively (p = 0.239). There were no statistically significant differences in scores between scar surface, height, color, or overall scar appearance. Complication rates were also similar between groups. Conclusions: Arm restraints appear to have no additional benefit relative to scar quality, as compared to mittens. Considering the arm restraints' burden of care, mittens should be considered as a measure to protect the lip after primary repair.

Donor site wound healing following free gingival graft surgery using platelet rich fibrin: A randomized controlled trial.

The primary purpose of this two-arm, parallel design, randomized controlled study is to compare healing of the palatal tissue donor site when platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is used as a wound dressing compared to the use of a hemostatic agent. Secondary outcomes of patient pain perception and analgesic intake were also evaluated. Seventy-four patients receiving free gingival grafts were randomized to receive either PRF (test) or hemostatic agent (control) as a palatal wound dressing by patients selecting a sealed envelope containing their group assignment (initially 37 envelopes for PRF group and 37 for hemostatic agent group). Patient pain assessment and analgesic consumption were documented using a 21-point numerical scale (NMRS-21) at 24, 48, and 72hours post-surgery. At 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week follow-up appointments palatal early healing index (PEHI) scores including wound color, epithelialization, presence or absence of swelling, granulation tissue, and bleeding on gentle palpation were generated by direct intraoral examination by a blinded examiner unaware of the patients' treatment group. NMRS-21 pain scores showed a significant reduction in pain over time in both groups, with no significant difference between groups at any time point. No significant between-group difference was found in the amount of analgesics taken by patients at 24, 48, and 72hours. There was significant improvement in PEHI scores over the 4-week time period in both groups, but there was no significant difference in PEHI score at each time point (1, 2, 3, 4weeks) between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggest that there is no difference in early palatal wound healing, patient pain perception, or analgesic consumption between use of PRF or a hemostatic agent as donor-site wound dressings.

Conventional diagnostic criteria for periodontal diseases (plaque-induced gingivitis and periodontitis).

This narrative review addresses conventional diagnostic criteria used in clinical practice to discriminate between periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Visual examination of the color and texture of the periodontal tissues, assessment of plaque deposits, periodontal probing assessments, and diagnostic imaging enable the collation of information to make a periodontal diagnosis, followed by an appropriate treatment plan. The periodontal probe is an essential diagnostic tool to assess probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and the degree of furcation involvement at multirooted teeth. When clinical signs and symptoms of periodontitis are identified, diagnostic imaging enables evaluation of the level and extent of bone destruction and bone defect morphology. The diagnostic process requires clinicians who are trained to evaluate, record, and interpret these measures. This narrative review focuses on conventional clinical diagnostic parameters which, despite their limitations, are considered the current standard of care.

Slaughter and meat qualities of purebred and crossbred bulls of the Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed

Predicting the composition of cattle carcasses is crucial for both producers and processors. The commercial value of carcasses is related to the composition of their tissues (the ratio of muscle, fat and bone). Ukraine, with a signifcant portion of beef from dairy breeds, must align national carcass evaluation standards with international norms due to its accession to the European Community. The article presents the results of studies of the qualitative characteristics of carcasses of 21-month-old bulls of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed and its crossbreds with Holstein. The animals were slaughtered in a slaughterhouse in the village of Kalynivka, Brovary district, Kyiv region. The diference between the groups of bulls by age was up to 5 %. After slaughtering the animals, the conformation of the carcasses was determined in accordance with the EUROP (2008) methodology. According to the JMGA classifcation (2000), the colour of muscle and adipose tissue was assessed using a colour scale from 1 to 7, and the marbling of the m. longissimus dorsi between the 12th and 13th rib was assessed on a scale from 1 to 12. Purebred bulls of the Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed tended to be superior to crossbreds in terms of live and slaughter weight. According to the morphological composition of carcasses, purebred animals also tended to be superior to their mixed peers in terms of muscle tissue content, including the highest and frst grades. Evaluation of the quality of carcasses of experimental animals according to world standards showed that 21-month-old bulls of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed received a slightly higher score (by 6.7 %) for carcass conformation (meatiness) and marbling (by 12.9 %). However, they tended to have a smaller (by 14.2 %) thickness of fat on the carcass and a lower (by 12.0 %) development of fat. The practical signifcance of the data is to obtain knowledge about the signs of slaughter, morphological composition and quality characteristics of carcasses of dairy animals of Ukraine, which are fed by farms for slaughter, which are used in world practices to determine the value of carcasses. Key words: conformation, marbling, technological properties of beef, meat productivity.

Recent advancements in image-enhanced endoscopy in the pancreatobiliary field.

Image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) has advanced gastrointestinal disease diagnosis and treatment. Traditional white-light imaging has limitations in detecting all gastrointestinal diseases, prompting the development of IEE. In this review, we explore the utility of IEE, including texture and color enhancement imaging and red dichromatic imaging, in pancreatobiliary (PB) diseases. IEE includes methods such as chromoendoscopy, optical-digital, and digital methods. Chromoendoscopy, using dyes such as indigo carmine, aids in delineating lesions and structures, including pancreato-/cholangio-jejunal anastomoses. Optical-digital methods such as narrow-band imaging enhance mucosal details and vessel patterns, aiding in ampullary tumor evaluation and peroral cholangioscopy. Moreover, red dichromatic imaging with its specific color allocation, improves the visibility of thick blood vessels in deeper tissues and enhances bleeding points with different colors and see-through effects, proving beneficial in managing bleeding complications post-endoscopic sphincterotomy. Color enhancement imaging, a novel digital method, enhances tissue texture, brightness, and color, improving visualization of PB structures, such as PB orifices, anastomotic sites, ampullary tumors, and intraductal PB lesions. Advancements in IEE hold substantial potential in improving the accuracy of PB disease diagnosis and treatment. These innovative techniques offer advantages paving the way for enhanced clinical management of PB diseases. Further research is warranted to establish their standard clinical utility and explore new frontiers in PB disease management.

The Effect of Home Bleaching on Color Match with Anterior Single Shade Composite Restoration

Background: Aim of this study is to assess the color matching in class III restorations made with single-shade resin composite after bleaching with different carbamide peroxide concentrations. Methods: In this study, 20 human incisors that were free of caries or enamel abnormalities and freshly extracted for periodontal or orthodontic reasons were cleaned of blood, debris, and calculus. Mesial and distal surfaces were restored with single-shade composite (Omnichroma, Tokuyama, Japan). All samples were randomly divided into two groups, all of the mesial surfaces were isolated, and distal surfaces were coated with %10 and %15 carbamide peroxide (Opalescence PF; Ultradent Products, Inc, USA). Polishing discs (Zenit Flex, President Dental, Germany) were used the composite restoration. Color matching was evaluated on photographs with a digital colorimeter. SPSS software program was used to perform statistical analysis (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Statistically significant difference was found between the color matching of the restorations after the 5th treatment with 15% carbamide peroxide (p = 0.004), and at the end of 10th treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide (p = 0.028). Depending on the carbamide peroxide concentration, after the 5th treatment a statistically significant difference was found between 15% and 10% carbamide peroxide (p = 0.000), but no statistically significant difference after the 10th treatment (p &amp;gt; 0.05). Conclusions: After carbamide peroxide bleaching, hard tissue color became lighter. Since there is no color pigment in single-shade composites, color might be lighter after bleaching. Therefore, these composites may be considered safer in bleaching. Keywords: Bleaching, Color Match, Composite

AcMYB266, a key regulator of the red coloration in pineapple peel: a case of subfunctionalization in tandem duplicated genes.

Red fruit peel is an attractive target for pineapple breeding. Various pineapple accessions with distinct red coloration patterns exist; however, the precise molecular mechanism accounting for these differences remains unknown, which hinders the pineapple breeding process from combining high fruit quality with red peel. In this study, we characterized a transcription factor, AcMYB266, which is preferentially expressed in pineapple peel and positively regulates anthocyanin accumulation. Transgenic pineapple, Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants overexpressing AcMYB266 exhibited significant anthocyanin accumulation. Conversely, transient silencing of this gene led to decreased anthocyanin accumulation in pineapple red bracts. In-depth analysis indicated that variations of AcMYB266 sequences in the promoter instead of the protein-coding region seem to contribute to different red coloration patterns in peels of three representative pineapple varieties. In addition, we found that AcMYB266 was located in a cluster of four MYB genes exclusive to and conserved in Ananas species. Of this cluster, each was proved to regulate anthocyanin synthesis in different pineapple tissues, illustrating an interesting case of gene subfunctionalization after tandem duplication. In summary, we have characterized AcMYB266 as a key regulator of pineapple red fruit peel and identified an MYB cluster whose members were subfunctionalized to specifically regulate the red coloration of different pineapple tissues. The present study will assist in establishing a theoretical mechanism for pineapple breeding for red fruit peel and provide an interesting case for the investigation of gene subfunctionalization in plants.

Capture myopathy in wild birds: clinical information, a systematic review

Capture myopathy is a complication of handling in many species of mammals and wild birds. This pathology is described as a state of muscle tissue degradation that can render a bird unable to stand, walk or fly. This study is a systematic review of the literature on capture myopathy in wild birds with information searched between years 1980 to 2022. Taxonomic information, clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and treatments used in this pathology were compiled, summarized, and classified. A modified evaluation method was used for the methodological analysis of each of the articles, meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria, to have a desirable methodological quality, resulting in a total of 12 included studies. A higher prevalence of Capture myopathy was described in the families Scolopacidae, Gruidae and Anatidae. Frequent clinical signs associated with myopathy, were the inability to incorporate, ataxia, paresis, and paralysis. The diagnostic methods are based on clinical pathology, evaluating the enzymes creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase with their respective levels. Common macroscopic alterations were changes in the coloration of the muscle tissue and hemorrhagic areas due to rupture of myofibril and a frequent microscopic lesion was damage to muscle myofibers. The literature describes supportive treatments such as the early use of fluid therapy, analgesics, tranquilizers, vitamins, sodium bicarbonate, while physical therapy is beneficial to protect from injury and incorporate the bird to the environment as soon as possible, however, prevention is the most effective way to avoid the onset of this disease.

The Capacity of Wharton's Jelly to Prolong the Survival of Skin Tissues ex vivo

Developing models for preclinical examinations to avoid using animals has been increasing worldwide. Besides creating cell lines or tissues specialized for in vitro testing, biological wastes are also utilized as a potential tissue source for ex vivo examinations. In particular, the human skin from plastic surgery can be an ideal source of skin models to evaluate the effectiveness of some biological products with the advantage of possessing a natural finished skin structure. However, to maintain skin viability under laboratory conditions, it is necessary to establish ex vivo skin tissue nurturing conditions. Therefore, we tested conditions for culturing skin tissue outside the body using the air-liquid interface tissue culture method and Wharton's Jelly (WJ) from the umbilical cords and nutrient medium. The results showed that the skin tissue could maintain and survive in the air-liquid interface tissue culture conditions. Results from observations showed that the size and color of skin tissues were consistent until ten days and 15 days, when skin tissues were maintained in the nutrient media or nutrient media combined with WJ, respectively. Additionally, the histological analysis indicated that cultured skin tissues could maintain their normal structure of three epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis layers; the epidermis started to separate from the dermis after ten days or 15 days, depending on whether skin tissues were maintained in nutrient media only or nutrient media combined with WJ, respectively. Moreover, hair follicles, melanocytes, and keratinocytes were observed at their right location and typical structure. These results indicated that skin could survive in a nutrient medium for ten days, particularly prolonged over 15 days in a combination of nutrient medium and WJ. These results indicated the potential to maintain skin tissue ex vivo and use it for different tests under laboratory conditions.