Wheel Tire Research Articles

Design and Application of Driving Resistance Test Device for Aircraft Tire and Soil Pavement

In view of the lack of soil bins for studying the surface interaction between aircraft wheels and soil, this study designed an indoor test bench for aircraft wheels and soil, including a soil container, loading vehicle, and intelligent measurement and control system, to test key parameters such as tire speed and wheel frictional resistance. The test system is capable of achieving speed regulation ranging from 0 to 30 km/h. The vertical load adjustment range with an adjustment interval of 10 kg spans from 90 to 140 kg. The soil type, compaction degree, and other conditions can be modified as per requirements to vary multiple test conditions, thereby enabling us to explore their influence on the driving resistance of the wheels. Moreover, the test data can be collected and processed in real time. A performance test of a wheel–soil table was carried out. The results show that the wheel–soil table test system is stable and reliable and can determine the relationship between the tire and soil, and the structural design of the test system meets the use requirements. In addition, it achieves the target test speed, data acquisition frequency, and stability. In terms of functionality and operational difficulty, the data acquisition of the entire test process is automated, and the test system achieves better informationization than previous methods. The overall operation of the wheel–soil platform is stable and powerful; thus, the model test platform design goal is achieved, and the testing requirements are met.

Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan dan Kualitas Produk Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Produk Velg HSR di Alpha Racing Toko Velg Ban dan Sporing Mobil Kab. Karawang

The aim of this research is to find out how consumer satisfaction is influenced by product quality and service quality of HSR wheel products at the Alpha Racing Tire and Car Spring Wheel Shop, Karawang Regency. Data was collected through a survey using a questionnaire to consumers who had used HSR wheel products at the shop. Linear regression analysis is used to test the relationship between the independent variables (service quality and product quality) and the dependent variable (consumer satisfaction). Consumer satisfaction with HSR wheel items is significantly influenced by the quality of the product and the quality of the service provided, according to research findings. The research results show that the coefficient of determination (R Square) test results are zero point five two four, which shows that around fifty-two point four percent of the variability in consumer satisfaction can be explained by service quality and product quality. These findings highlight the importance of high quality services and products in meeting consumer expectations and satisfaction in the auto wheel industry. There is also a discussion of management consequences and recommendations for further research.

Coordination control strategy of motion stability and tire slip for electric vehicle driven by in-wheel-motors

The Direct Yaw Moment Control (DYC) is a widely utilized technique for electric vehicles equipped with In-Wheel Motors (IWMs) to ensure yaw stability. However, most existing DYC studies calculate the additional control yaw moment solely based on the torque differences among the four IWMs, disregarding the nonlinear tire characteristics and wheel rotational movements. When road conditions are poor or torque changes are intense, the tire may slip, preventing it from generating the required longitudinal tire force for the desired direct yaw moment. To address this challenge, this study introduces a coordination control strategy for motion stability and tire slip in electric vehicles (EV) driven by IWMs. To enhance control performance, the nonlinear tire characteristics and wheel rotational movements are integrated into the modeling process when calculating tire forces. Additionally, a state and parameter coupling estimation algorithm is utilized to obtain feedback on tire parameters and vehicle motion states. Using these estimation results as a foundation, a coordination strategy is developed to achieve reference motion state tracking and tire slip ratio control. The Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm is employed to solve the control problem with constraints on both control inputs and outputs, and the estimation results are utilized to update the control model as well as provide states feedback. Simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The results demonstrate that our proposed control strategy effectively improves vehicle stability by coordinating vehicle motion and tire slip control.

Assessment of the impact of agricultural tractor wheels on soil compaction

Abstract This article presents the results of an experimental study on the impact of leading wheel tires 15.5R38 and 16.9R38 on soil. Specifically, the study analyzed the influence of vertical load on the maximum tire pressure (MTA) and internal air pressure on soil. The variations in maximum soil pressures of 15.5R38 and 16.9R38 tires at different internal air pressures depending on corresponding loads were investigated. The characteristics of changes in permissible pressure and loading of tires on soil are graphically depicted, and the permissible standards for their use in agricultural work are determined. Recommendations are provided for using tires at the minimum and maximum permissible internal air pressures. Using values smaller than the recommended values can lead to a decrease in the useful life of the tire.

Математичне моделювання руху автобронетанкової техніки з колісною формулою 4×4 при зміні тиску в шинах коліс на прикладі КрАЗ-Спартан

The authors proposed a study of the passability of trucks and armored vehicles of the National Guard of Ukraine with a 4x4 wheel formula. The movement of armored vehicles (AMT) of the National Guard of Ukraine involves movement both on public roads and off-road. The possibility of increasing cross-country ability by ensuring optimal pressure distribution in the tires of the wheels is being considered. The increase in bearing capacity in difficult operating conditions can be estimated with the help of modern mathematical tools. This allows the vehicle equipment of the National Guard of Ukraine to study the cross-country ability and select optimal parameters when performing service and combat tasks with a certain ratio of technical characteristics in different operating conditions. As a result of the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, more serious technical requirements are imposed on the vehicles of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) and the National Guard of Ukraine (NGU) than in peacetime. Among these requirements, maneuverability is in the first place - controllability is ensured by the ability to move at high speed over rough terrain. The patency of the AMT of the National Guard of Ukraine depends on many factors, the main ones of which are: the type and quality of the surface on which movement takes place, the pressure in the tires of the wheels, the weight of the vehicle, the order of passing the route of the convoy, etc. The central air pressure control system in wheel tires (SRPRS) is widely used in various variants of automotive equipment with high traffic intensity, but the main disadvantage of such systems is the need to minimize tire pressure to improve cross-country ability on load-bearing surfaces with low load-bearing capacity. This tolerance can cause the tire to slip off the rim, overheat or burst. This is due to the fact that the maximum speed is limited due to the risk of system failure. It is recommended to determine the influence of various factors in order to ensure the required level of support patency and analyze it using the example of the KrAZ-SPARTAN armored car with a 4×4 wheel formula.

Design and Development of Wheel Tire Lifter for Heavy Motor Vehicle

Design and Development of Wheel Tire Lifter for Heavy Motor Vehicle

Simulation of the landing situation of an aircraft and the problems of diagnosing anti-skid devices

Safety is ensured, including the safe landing of the aircraft. A short landing run without a skid is achieved by the necessary preparation of the runway, a serviceable braking system, anti-skid automation and take-off and landing devices of the aircraft. Standard operation of anti-skid automatics should be able to cope with constant non-linearity of movement and atmospheric interference on the surface of the runway, as well as adjust the wheel slip coefficient to ensure reliable operation of the braking system. The need to develop technical solutions in the field of expanding the operational capabilities of diagnostic tools for anti-youth automation of the aircraft braking system is determined by regular aviation incidents, related to failures of anti-skid devices, including their incorrect setting before installation on the aircraft landing gear wheel, which leads to serious consequences – increased wear of the wheel tire surface and its possible destruction, including an emergency landing due to loss of control over the aircraft. The purpose of the work is to simulate the youth situation of the aircraft during landing, to study the problem, to increase the efficiency, reliability of the results of diagnosing devices and automata of the aircraft braking system. This article discusses the main external and operational factors affecting the dynamics and nature of the aircraft's run along the runway, the model of aircraft movement with the influence of aerodynamic forces on it, the model of tire friction on the ground, and also proposes a method for diagnosing anti-youth automation of the aircraft braking system.

Implications of larval breeding sites on diversity of mosquito species in Suleja Metropolis, Northcentral Nigeria

Information on native mosquito species viz-a-vis the nature of their breeding sites can help determine the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases in an environment, hence, species of mosquito in breeding sites were surveyed in Suleja metropolis. All accessible larval habitats were surveyed between June and October, 2023 within Suleja township and New (Sabo) Gwazunu both of which are within Suleja metropolis. A total of five species: An. gambiae s.l, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, and Cx. papiens were encountered. The mean values of larvae recovered from transient habits such as rock holes and holes on shrubs and tree bark are significantly (P ˂ 0.05) higher than larvae recovered from run-off and drums in new (Sabo) Gwazunu. Disused wheel tires had the highest species diversity in Suleja township (Shannon-Weiner index=0.60) while the highest species diversity obtained in New Gwazunu is 0.48 Shannon-Weiner index. The contribution of ecosystems, together with the increasing rate of human activity, may give an abundance of breeding grounds for mosquitoes. It is therefore recommended that the human population in Suleja metropolis should maintain environmental sanitation and management.

Determining vertical oscillations of front-plow tractor without support wheel

The object of this study is a tractor with a front plow without a support wheel. One way to avoid the use of ballast is to use front-mounted plows that operate under the "push" mode. As a rule, such plows are equipped with at least one supporting wheel. The presence of the latter complicates the structure of the plow and, of course, affects the degree of vertical load on the steered wheels of the mobile vehicle. With the help of the constructed mathematical model and the corresponding amplitude and phase frequency characteristics, the dynamics of vertical oscillations of the front axle of a tractor with a front mounted plow without a support wheel were investigated. Vertical fluctuations of the total force acting on the tractor from the side of the plow were considered as a disturbing influence. According to the simulation results, an increase in the vertical load of the front axle of the tractor by 600 kg causes a desired decrease in the value of the amplitude and an increase in the phase of external disturbances of the dynamic system. The higher the frequency of disturbance oscillations, the more acceptable these characteristics become. It was established that in order to improve the response of the studied dynamic system to disturbances, it is necessary to reduce the stiffness coefficient of the tires of the front wheels. In practice, this is achieved by adjusting the air pressure in the tires. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the system almost do not change when the damping coefficient of the tires of the front wheels of the tractor is increased in the range from 1 to 3 kN·s/m, while the phase-frequency characteristics improve. This is especially noticeable at the frequencies of oscillations of the disturbing influence in the range of 0–10 s-1. The results could be used as a basis for evaluating the efficiency of tractors with a front plow without a support wheel in tillage operations. Such efficiency can be achieved under the condition of practical implementation of the recommendations proposed in this paper regarding the selection of design parameters of tires for the front wheels of the tractor

Research analysis on the airflow-particle migration and dust disaster impact scope by the moving mining truck in the open-pit mine

For the purpose of evaluating the dust disaster impact scenario in the open-pit mine, a full-scale physical model of the 730E Komatsu heavy mining truck has been constructed and simulated in the ANSYS Fluent software with the refined wheel tire cannelure structure. The results show that the wind velocity poses a stationary-fluctuation-recovery sector along the longitudinal. A clockwise ellipse separation vortex shapes at the chamber hopper and two symmetrical trailing vortexes arise behind the mining truck. The dust exhibits a saddle shape distribution in the lateral section and shows a gradual sedimentation in the longitudinal, while the percentage of ultrafine dust increases from 26.5% to 46.3%. The minimum safety distance 45 m is feasible to avoid the dust disaster impact from mining truck. The dust disaster impact area presents a linear decrease along the longitudinal direction. It displays an initial increase and later decrease as the vertical height rises. The dust disaster impact scope delineation derived from the moving mining truck has a vital scientific practical significance for ensuring the personnel health security and defining the dust precise prevention priority, which contributes to improving the occupational health level in the open-pit mine.

Rubber tire wheel tracking to isolate the effects of moisture via wet and dry specimen pairs

In this paper, data from the PURWheel-G2, a rubber tire wheel tracker, was utilized alongside several techniques to better understand isolation of the effects of moisture on asphalt rutting. Techniques commonly used to interpret wheel tracking data, particularly to evaluate moisture damage, were summarized and used to evaluate over 150 PURWheel-G2 tests where wet and dry pairs of tests were conducted to directly isolate the effect of moisture on rutting. Among all the available wheel tracking analysis techniques and models for moisture evaluation, there lacks a consensus approach, and available approaches vary widely highlighting the need for a standard test method. The rubber tire wheel tracker presented in this paper aims to take a step towards developing test protocols to isolate moisture damage. The ability to measure the effects of moisture on rutting is a feature that other existing wheel tracking methods cannot do on their own.

Modeling of the curvilinear motion of a vehicle with all steer wheels

Developed simulation model of the curvilinear motion of the two-axial wheel carrier with all steer wheels. The model includes the motion of the wheel carrier’s center of mass with respect to the moving coordinate system, the matrix of the directional cosines for the transition from a moving to the fixed coordinate system, the bearing and running module for the determination of the reactions in the flat spot of the wheel tire with the bearing surface area, and the mechanism for turning steer wheels. The aim is to study vehicle steerability and dexterity of the two-axial wheel carrier with all steer wheels via modeling in the MATLAB Simulink. Parameters obtained show the application effectiveness of the steering control with all steer wheels for the two-axial wheel carrier. Results obtained can be applied to the constructional design of a vehicles for the determination of the optimal parameters of a steering configuration. Developed simulation model of the vehicle can become a basis for the modeling of vehicles’ motion equipped with the control system of the air pressure in tires, track-type module, adaptive undercarriages with the robotic operating system, etc.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ КАРТОФЕЛЕКОПАТЕЛЯ С АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМОЙ В ПЕРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ПОЧВЫ

The article discusses the issues of reducing soil compaction when harvesting potatoes with an automatic system for regulating the internal tire pressure of the running wheels of a potato digger. As a result of the influence of the propulsors and the running system as a whole, a change in the soil structure occurs, not only in the rut itself, but also in the areas located next to it, which indicates the nature of the spread of soil deformation and its influence on the condition of soil covers, which ultimately leads to a decrease in yield. (Purpose of the study) Reducing soil compaction on waterlogged soils by automatically adjusting tire pressure depending on soil moisture. (Materials and methods) A potato digger with an automatic system for regulating the tire pressure of running wheels has been developed. (Results and discussion) The reduction in soil compaction occurs due to the fact that it is additionally equipped with a capacitive sensor for measuring soil moisture, made in the form of a wheel, where, with reduced humidity, a signal is sent from the capacitive sensor to the automatic pressure control system to increase the tire pressure in the running wheels. from the air supply tube under pressure, air enters the chamber of the running wheels of the potato digger; at high humidity, a signal is sent from the capacitive sensor to the automatic pressure control system to reduce the internal tire pressure in the running wheels; the air leaves the wheel tires of the running system of the potato digger through the outlet into the environment and reduces tire pressure. (Conclusions) As a result of automatic tire pressure changes, the density of the soil in the wheel track is significantly reduced, thereby preventing soil compaction.

Regarding the issue of aquaplaning and the interaction of a car tire with the road surface through a layer of water

Problem. The process of interaction of a pneumatic tire of a car wheel with the surface of the road surface, which is covered with a layer of water, affects the safety of the vehicle movement, therefore, the assessment of the effect of aquaplaning when writing the conclusions of the auto technical examination is an actual direction of research. The study of the effect of aquaplaning will allow forensic experts and specialists in the automotive industry to make an objective analysis and form non-subjective conclusions. Goal. The purpose of the work is to determine the design parameters and operational features of the pneumatic tire, as well as the speed of the vehicle on the process of interaction of the car wheel tire with the surface of the road coating, which is covered with a layer of water. Methodology. The approaches adopted in the work to solve the set goals are based on the theory of aquaplaning, the theory of the interaction of the pneumatic tire with the road surface, the theory of the vehicle and the laws of theoretical mechanics. Results. The obtained results of the research in the form of an analysis make it possible to assess the impact of the aquaplaning effect of a pneumatic tire on road safety. It was established that the thickness of the water layer affects the conditions for meeting the requirements established by the traffic rules, since the decrease in the height of the tire tread pattern leads to unstable contact of the tire with the road surface. Originality. The results of the study provided an opportunity to get an idea of the influence of the design parameters of tires on road safety in terms of forming the conclusions of the motor-technical examination. Practical value. The obtained results can be recommended to forensic experts when writing expert opinions and for expert research

Direct triboelectricity from friction of wheel tires on pavements

<p>Energy consumption in road and street traffic is significant and increasing. A partial recovery of this energy is the objective of the research briefly presented in the present paper. The proposed technique is totally innovative and has not been investigated, even through laboratory research, anywhere else. It aims to harvest triboelectric energy generated while wheel tires are directly rubbed against a pavement surface where oppositely charged electrodes are properly attached. The laboratory testing device consists of a rotating wheel bearing a vehicle tire, set up adequately to move down to a solid bench where flat bars, rods or tubes, susceptible to being oppositely charged by pairs, are attached. Metals, such as copper, bronze and aluminum, developing high electrical conductivity, were used in most experiments, as electrodes. Triboelectricity tests, under different placement of the electrodes regarding the wheel, were conducted in the laboratory and provided noticeable values of electric potential. Even more promising seem the results obtained following an intermittent application of the wheel load. Further experimentation introducing a much bigger wheel load, a different tire texture and other test improvements are ongoing, aiming at higher values of electric potential.<strong><em></em></strong></p>

Development of the theory of root crop head cleaner movement in the longitudinal-vertical plane mounted behind a wheeled tractor

The relevance of developing analytical methods for studying the stability of root crop cleaners on tractors is determined by the need to improve the efficiency and quality of root crop head cleaning, as this affects the quality of the final product and its marketable properties. The research aims to increase the stability of the cleaner movement by constructing a mathematical model of its oscillatory motion in the longitudinal-vertical plane and its numerical solution to determine the influence of parameters in response to external disturbances. To achieve this goal, a new theory of the movement of a root crop head cleaner in the longitudinal-vertical plane, mounted behind a wheeled tractor, under the influence of the disturbing effect of irregularities in the longitudinal profile of the soil surface on the amplitude and phase frequency characteristics of its angular oscillations was developed. Using numerical calculations carried out on a personal computer, the conditions were found under which the stability of the cleaner’s movement in the specified plane will increase when the stiffness coefficient of the pneumatic tyres of the doubler wheels is 315 kN×m–1. This result is achieved when the pressure in the pneumatic wheel tyres is 135 kPa. As for the damping characteristics of the doubler wheel tyres, which are determined by the coefficient μ, it was found that when it changes from 350 N×s×m–1 to 1350 N×s×m–1, there is an invariance of the delay in the reaction of the cleaner to the disturbing effect when its frequencies change from 0 to 24 s–1. It was also found that the influence of the geometric dimensions of the cleaner is insignificant in the range of frequencies of oscillations of the ordinates of the longitudinal profile of soil surface irregularities from 0 to 24 s–1. This follows from the nature of changes in the obtained amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics. The methodology for constructing a mathematical model of the plane-parallel oscillatory motion of the cleaner can be used in similar analytical studies of other agricultural machines mounted on a wheeled aggregating tractor

A vehicle-bridge interaction model considering contact patch size and vehicle self-generated excitation – A theoretical study

This paper presents an improved theoretical damped single-axle vehicle-bridge dynamic interaction model to consider the effect of the contact patch size and motor-induced vehicle excitation. The contact patch issue is critical as it determines the minimum time step for simulation and maximum identifiable frequency, while the inclusion of the motor-induced vehicle excitation benefits the design of autonomous self-driven rather than towed vehicles. Estimations of the contact patch size for both the pneumatic tire and solid wheel scenarios are discussed. The contact patch responses, which degenerate into contact point responses when the contact patch size is assumed to be infinitely small, were derived for the first time both from the vehicle and bridge responses to confirm their equivalence. The minimum time step, which determines maximum identifiable frequency but is arbitrarily chosen in literature, is proposed to be determined by the vehicle speed and contact patch length. The procedures to extract multiple bridge triad information including natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios from the vehicle responses are also presented. Based on extensive parametric analyses, the sinusoidal vehicle excitation becomes more prominent as its amplitude and/or frequency increase and may overshadow the analysis of bridge frequencies of interest. The vehicle acceleration leads to a more accurate extraction of bridge mode shapes and damping ratios than the vehicle displacement since the displacement is dominated by the fundamental mode of bridge vibration. The damping ratio extraction shows an average error of 0.28% from the instantaneous amplitude of the vehicle acceleration signal.

RE-DESIGN TANGGA PESAWAT UNTUK LOADING DAN UNLOADING KURSI PADA PESAWAT AIRBUS 320 NEO DI PT BAT

PT. Batam Aero Technic which is a subsidiary of Lion Air airline that focuses on Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) or maintenance of aircraft. One of the maintenance in the BAT hangar is the maintenance of the aircraft cabin section which is commonly called the Cabin Base Maintenance (CBM) Division. The CBM Division is responsible for the interior of the aircraft, starting from small to large scale repairs. In the initial observation, there was the biggest complaint of work posture of 66.67%, pain in the upper neck when lifting airplane seats manually and using stairs that did not fit properly. So it is important to design a tool to reduce musculoskeletal complaints. The aim of the research is to design ergonomic stairs using the EFD method to determine design specifications and meet user needs and anthropometric measurements with NBM. Then, a survey by distributing questionnaires to obtain the design parameters of the transportation equipment developed with the results of the unloading size with Dimension Platform 4,14 m x 404 m, Height Min 1 m | Max 4,5 m, Structure Materials Body and Frame : Structure Steel with Coating, Electrical Control Panel Specification Remote Control / Wireless, Control panel box, Motor 1.5 HP 380 volt 3 phase, Flow Rate 3.2 LPM/210 bar. Others Specification Included, Hydraulic Jack Mounting, Tire Wheel c/w steering towing, Aluminum platform layer Railing, Rubber Bumper, Manual Box, Safety Locking Devices, 2 sets of Rack Gear with Electric Solenoid Release. The design developed is valid according to user needs and according to the 5% significance level and is better than the prefix design due to a more ergonomic ladder position and faster loading/unloading seats.

Effect of Tire Inflation Pressure and Wheel Front Toe Angle on Fuel Consumption of a Light-Duty Vehicle

Effect of Tire Inflation Pressure and Wheel Front Toe Angle on Fuel Consumption of a Light-Duty Vehicle

Combined Estimation of Vehicle Dynamic State and Inertial Parameter for Electric Vehicles Based on Dual Central Difference Kalman Filter Method

Distributed drive electric vehicles (DDEVs) possess great advantages in the viewpoint of fuel consumption, environment protection and traffic mobility. Whereas the effects of inertial parameter variation in DDEV control system become much more pronounced due to the drastic reduction of vehicle weights and body size, and inertial parameter has seldom been tackled and systematically estimated. This paper presents a dual central difference Kalman filter (DCDKF) where two Kalman filters run in parallel to simultaneously estimate vehicle different dynamic states and inertial parameters, such as vehicle sideslip angle, vehicle mass, vehicle yaw moment of inertia, the distance from the front axle to centre of gravity. The proposed estimation method only integrates and utilizes real-time measurements of hub torque information and other in-vehicle sensors from standard DDEVs. The four-wheel nonlinear vehicle dynamics estimation model considering payload variations, Pacejka tire model, wheel and motor dynamics model is developed, the observability of the DCDKF observer is analysed and derived via Lie derivative and differential geometry theory. To address system nonlinearities in vehicle dynamics estimation, the DCDKF and dual extended Kalman filter (DEKF) are also investigated and compared. Simulation with various maneuvers are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method using Matlab/Simulink-Carsim®. The results show that the proposed DCDKF method can effectively estimate vehicle dynamic states and inertial parameters despite the existence of payload variations and variable driving conditions. This research provides a boot-strapping procedure which can performs optimal estimation to estimate simultaneously vehicle system state and inertial parameter with high accuracy and real-time ability.