Tire Damping Research Articles

Vibration Analysis of Suspension System for 3DOF Quarter Car Model with Tire Damping

Quarter car model is the simplest way for the analysis of vehicle suspension system. The objective of this study is to propose the natural frequency and to identify the displacement analysis of 3 Degree of Freedom (3DOF) suspension system using Matlab software. Research methodology are state space modelling method and logarithmic decrement method. From the state space modelling, seat mass, sprung mass and unsprung mass displacement have been calculated. Logarithmic decrement method is a time domain technique to obtain experimental damping ratio. The novelty of this research has demonstrated the experimental approach by using Quantum X (catman AP v5 software). Natural frequency and acceleration results are obtained from the time domain response of experimental data. The value of sprung mass natural frequency for theoretical (1.23 Hz) and experimental (1.134 Hz) result are within 1Hz to 2Hz. The maximum displacement transmissibility values for theoretical (2.7) and experimental (2.54) approach are less than the reference value (3.5) at the resonance point. The findings demonstrated that the results of natural frequency and damping ratio are within the acceptable limit. So, the obtained results are validated the suspension system of Nissan Sunny model for vehicle safety and passenger comfort.

Bridge Frequency Scanning Using the Contact-Point Response of an Instrumented 3D Vehicle: Theory and Numerical Simulation

Scanning the bridge’s frequencies from the passing vehicle’s vibration data has been frequently investigated recently. However, in previous studies, vehicles were typically simplified to quarter- or half-car models, and apparent disparity could be observed between the models and real vehicles. To make the vehicle model more practical, in this study, a 3D vehicle model is built to extract the bridge’s frequencies from vehicle vibrations. For the first time, equations for calculating the contact-point (CP) response of the 3D vehicle model are derived with tire damping. Furthermore, residual CP responses between front and rear wheels are utilized to eliminate the inverse effects of road roughness, making the bridge frequencies outstanding in the frequency domain. The robustness of the proposed method is tested under different influence factors, and two possible measurement errors are as follows: the sensor position and axle distance when applying the proposed method in engineering. Results show that the proposed method performs stably under the influence of different road roughness classes and tire damping. Bridge frequencies can be identified when the vehicle is travelling at a highway speed (108 km/h in this study). Environmental noises can submerge the bridge’s high-order frequencies but have little influence on the low-frequency range. High bridge damping will restrain the transmission of bridge vibration to the vehicle, making high-order bridge frequencies less visible. In addition, the errors introduced by a vehicle body sensor position can be eliminated when calculating the CP responses for tires, thus will not influence bridge frequency identification. To avoid possible errors induced by manual measurement of the axle distance, a novel cross-correlation function-based method is employed, which is verified effective and practical for calculating residual CP responses.

Indirect damage detection for bridges using sensing and temporarily parked vehicles

Due to the influence of many factors such as vehicle properties, road roughness, and external noises, accurate indirect identification of the bridge’s frequencies is challenging. Further, given the insensitivity of the bridge’s frequencies to damage and limited acquired modal information, damage detection is often difficult to be implemented in practical engineering. This paper proposes an indirect approach to localize and quantify bridge damage using sensing and parked vehicles. First, equations for back-calculating residual contact-point responses of the sensing vehicle with suspension and tire damping and sensor-installing errors are newly deduced to eliminate its self-frequencies and suppress the negative effects of road roughness. Second, another temporarily parked truck is introduced to increase the amount of modal information about the bridge and its sensitivity to local damage. Third, a novel modal assurance criterion-based objective function using indirectly identified frequencies is proposed to enhance the robustness of damage detection. Numerical simulations utilizing a half-car model and a simply supported bridge verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. It is found that the new objective function improves the robustness of damage detection when the parked truck is employed at different positions. In addition, a higher speed of the sensing vehicle can negatively affect damage detection, while the ongoing traffic can help to resist the negative impact of environmental noises and bridge damping. By considering possible influence factors and model updating errors in practical applications, the damage can be located and quantified with acceptable precision.

Identification and Modeling of a Mountain Bike Front Suspension Subsystem Equipped with a Telescopic Fork and Tire Damping

Identification and Modeling of a Mountain Bike Front Suspension Subsystem Equipped with a Telescopic Fork and Tire Damping

Ride comfort of heavy vehicles based on key response characteristics of multibody dynamics

To effectively improve the ride comfort of heavy-duty trucks, and relieve the driver's fatigue and ensure the integrity of the cargo. In this study, first, according to the requirements of GB/T 7031-2005/ISO 8608, the random sine wave superposition method is used to determine the random excitation of a road surface and establish an FRC tyre model based on the elastic roller theory. Second, the Jiefang-6P truck is considered as an example to establish the linear model of heavy-duty trucks, conducting virtual experiments by establishing vehicle–tyre–road closed-loop system. Finally, orthogonal tests with the control parameters as variables are designed to determine the optimal combination of control parameters for best smooth driving. Thereafter, range analysis is used to determine the degree of impact of each control parameter. The effects rules of load, vehicle speed, tyre stiffness and tyre damping on ride comfort are obtained, and the results show that the best ride comfort can be obtained when the tyre stiffness is 60,000 N/m and the tyre damping is about 600 N s/m, and the tyre stiffness has the highest influence on the ride comfort.

Modeling and analytical calculation of road damage coefficient considering tire pressure and damping of vehicles

The road damage coefficient [Formula: see text] is a significant indicator to estimate the degree of the road damage caused by vehicles. The existing calculation method of [Formula: see text] is not convenient for the engineering application. To effectively evaluate the damage degree and facilitate the engineering application, this paper studied the simple and reliable analytical calculation method of [Formula: see text]. Firstly, a dynamic model of the vehicle–road system was created. The tire pressure and the tire damping were considered in the model. Moreover, the relationship between the tire vertical stiffness and the tire pressure is approximated as a linear function. Secondly, based on the dynamic model, according to the definition of [Formula: see text], a concise analytical formula of [Formula: see text] was derived and verified by numerical simulations. The relative errors of the analytical calculation results are all less than 0.1%. Thirdly, the influences of the tire pressure [Formula: see text], the damping ratio [Formula: see text] of the suspension system, and the damping ratio [Formula: see text] of the wheel system on [Formula: see text] were analyzed. Moreover, based on the analytical formula of [Formula: see text], a mathematical model of the optimal damping matching for the suspension system was established and a case study was also given. The research results show that the larger the tire pressure [Formula: see text], the larger the value of [Formula: see text] is. For each [Formula: see text], there is an optimal damping ratio [Formula: see text]. If the tire damping is ignored, it will lead to the design error for [Formula: see text]. Finally, some important conclusions were drawn. The analytical formula of [Formula: see text] and the conclusions can provide valuable references for the analysis of the road damage and the initial design of vehicle suspensions.

Ways to Improve the Durability of Pneumatic Tires

Current trends of functional improvement of pneumatic car tires are described in the article. As a rule, these are the structural features of a car wheel that allow getting the nearest service station after a tire damage. The airless tire design eliminates the damages specific for pneumatic tires. They have been used for construction vehicles and military vehicles exclusively. However, improving the durability of pneumatic tires is relevant. This is due to the increase of free speed. There are two ways to improve the durability of automobile tires. The first way is to use tire damping, thanks to the new material structure of the tire. The second way is to use thermoelectric cooling to reduce thermal effects on the tire.

Driving Comfort Evaluation for Manhole Covers and Pavement around Manholes

In order to study the driving comfort and influencing factors when vehicles pass over manholes and pavement around manholes on an urban road, the deformation and vibration of the manhole cover were considered, a multidegree of freedom vibration model of the human-vehicle-manhole cover was established, and the variation characteristics of driving acceleration was analyzed. The root mean square of weighted acceleration was taken as the basic index, and driving comfort was evaluated based on ISO 2631-1-1997 standard. After that, 9 influencing factors were analyzed, such as driving speed, subsidence of manhole, manhole cover stiffness, and longitudinal slope. Then, grey correlation entropy analysis was used to evaluate the influencing factors, and the main factors were determined. The results showed that the maximum acceleration was 3.6 m/s2 when a vehicle was passing over a manhole cover under the basic parameters. At the same time, the root mean square of weighted acceleration was 0.975 m/s2 and driving comfort degree was “uncomfortable.” Driving direction and vibration of the manhole cover had little influence on driving comfort, while the remaining influencing factors had significant influence on that. The ranking of key influence factors on driving comfort was longitudinal slope, driving speed, height difference caused by pavement damage, height difference caused by manhole cover subsidence, tire stiffness, manhole stiffness, and tire damping. Therefore, in order to ensure driving comfort and safety, damage to pavement around manholes and manhole cover subsidence should be repaired in a timely manner.

Parameter sensitivity analysis and optimization of vibration energy of a hybrid energy-regenerative suspension

In order to reveal the energy transfer characteristics of the hybrid energy-regenerative suspension during the driving process, a two-degree-of-freedom suspension model considering the non-linearity of tire damping is proposed. Meanwhile, energy efficiency, the unified index for all driving conditions, is obtained ,and its sensitivity to different influencing factors are deeply analyzed. Results obviously show that the influence of the same structure parameters on energy efficiency could vary with the excitation frequency of the road surface, especially at 1Hz and 10Hz. Based on that, the damping values under different frequency bands are optimized to balance the energy recovery and dynamic performances of the suspension.

Damaged-aircraft trailer dynamics simulation and vibration optimization

As a rescue vehicle, damaged-aircraft trailer is used to move damaged aircraft quickly to restore the normal order of the airport. Several damaged-aircraft trailer parameters such as tire stiffness and damping of the suspension hydraulic system influence the dynamic performance significantly. In this article, a simplified 9 degrees of freedom model of damaged-aircraft trailer is established considering the physical parameters of suspension and tires. The relationships among the parameters of the suspension hydraulic components, the elastic force and damping force are established, and then the optimization model of the whole vehicle is obtained. In order to reduce the secondary damage to the aircraft, the multi-island genetic algorithm is used to optimize the suspension system and tire. During the calculation, the maximum vertical acceleration of damaged-aircraft trailer is taken as objective function for variable parameters of the suspension hydraulic system and the tire. As a result, the performance of the vehicle is greatly improved with the maximum acceleration of 0.2 m/s2 after optimization.

Research on Influence Mechanism of Tire Pressure on the Ride Comfort of Automobile

Factors that affect vehicle vibration and noise are design, material, tire pressure, structure, road condition, etc. the influence of tire inflation pressure on vibration and noise of tire and whole automobile is studied. Through the experimental data and theoretical analysis show that the tire stiffness and the natural frequency increased with tire inflation pressure increase; changes of suspension and automobile vibration characteristics with the tire inflation pressure change; tire pressure has different influence on the pump noise; tire pressure has little effect on the tire noise level; tire damping performance decreased with the increase of tire pressure, increased automobile vibration feeling, reduce automobile ride comfort. Therefore, reasonable tire inflation pressure can not only reduce and improve automobile vibration and noise, but also improve automobile ride comfort.

Radial impact test of aluminium wheels—Numerical simulation and experimental validation

Safety is a crucial issue for automotive wheels, normally subject to severe dynamic working conditions. Severe indoor tests have been conceived and standardised to guarantee the required safety standards of vehicle wheels. This paper is devoted to the analysis and virtual simulation of the radial impact test of aluminium wheels, one of the most severe tests the wheel has to pass before production.The radial impact test is simulated, for a number of different aluminium wheels, by means of a finite element model. The model includes tyre, wheel, striker and supporting structure. The actual structure of the tyre is modelled. Tyre damping is included through a Rayleigh model, whose parameters are experimentally identified. The wheel material inhomogeneity is taken into account by assigning different stress/strain curves to wheel rim and spokes.A wheel instrumented with strain gauges has been used to validate the finite element model. An additional set of four families of different wheel types, equipped with different tyres, has been considered to asses the experimental variability and to compare the outputs of the corresponding impact models realized by the same procedure. The finite element model of the radial impact test has proven to be effective in reproducing the final plastic deformation of the wheel and thus to predict the compliance of the wheel design with the requirements coming from standards.

In-plane vibration analysis of heavy-loaded radial tire utilizing the rigid-elastic coupling tire model with normal damping

Theoretical modeling, parameters identification and vibration characteristic of heavy-loaded radial tire is investigated with rigid-elastic coupling model with normal damping. The normal damping, including structural damping of flexible carcass and proportion damping of distributed sidewall element is added to enrich the flexible beam on modified elastic foundation tire model. The rigid-elastic coupling tire model with normal damping is investigated and derived with finite difference method. The mass, stiffness and damping matrixes of the proposed tire model are analytically related with the structural and geometrical parameters of heavy-loaded radial tire. Taking the error between the analytical and experimental transfer function as the object value, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is utilized to identify the damping coefficients of flexible carcass and distributed sidewall element. The influence of modal order and tire damping parameters on the in-plane transfer function is discussed. The theoretical and experimental results show that the rigid-elastic coupling tire model with normal damping can achieve the sectional feature of in-plane transfer function resulting from the coupling characteristic between the flexible carcass and distributed sidewall element within the frequency band of 300 Hz.

Kinematics and Dynamics Analysis of McPherson Suspension Based on Planar 1/4 Vehicle Model

The nonlinear asymmetric problem of McPherson suspension has become a challenging problem in the process ofestablishing the system model. This paper presents a planar 1/4-vehicle model that not only takes into account thevertical vibration of the sprung mass (chassis), but also includes: ix spring mass (wheel assembly) sliding and rotation;ii longitudinal wheel mass And its moment of inertia; iii tire damping and lateral defl ection. This dynamic kinematicmodel provides a solution to two important shortcomings of the traditional 1/4 vehicle model: it explains geometricmodeling and tire modeling. This paper provides a systematic development of the planar model and a completemathematical equation. This analysis model can be applied to hardware in the rapid calculation of ring applications. Inaddition, the model also gives a repeatable Simulink simulation implementation. The model has been compared withthe actual Adams / View simulation to analyze the vibration and rebound motion of the wheel, as well as two relatedmotion parameters: the dynamic characteristics of the camber and the pitch change.

Effect Analysis of Vehicle System Parameters on Dynamic Response of Pavement

In order to study the damage of a semirigid pavement under vehicle loads with varied parameters, the random dynamic loads applied on the pavement by a running vehicle were computed with two degrees of freedom, quarter-vehicle model, and then a three-dimensional finite element analysis model of semirigid asphalt pavement was established. With the peak stress index of each pavement layer, the effect of varied vehicle parameters on pavement response was studied. The results indicated that the stress wave frequency of each pavement layer was similar to that of the dynamic random load, and, with increased pavement depth, the wave effect decreased. The pavement response increased with increased suspension stiffness and tire stiffness and decreased with increased suspension damping and tire damping. Furthermore, compared to the stiffness, the response variation induced by the damping was orders of magnitude lower. Compared with the traditional time response analysis method, the peak response analysis of the pavement structure was more scientific, rational, and intuitive, which could be useful for the study of vehicle-pavement interaction and road damage.

Kinematic and dynamic analysis of the McPherson suspension with a planar quarter-car model

McPherson suspension modelling poses a challenging problem due to its nonlinear asymmetric behaviour. The paper proposes a planar quarter-car analytical model that not only considers vertical motion of the sprung mass (chassis) but also: (i) rotation and translation for the unsprung mass (wheel assembly), (ii) wheel mass and its inertia moment about the longitudinal axis, and (iii) tyre damping and lateral deflection. This kinematic–dynamic model offers a solution to two important shortcomings of the conventional quarter-car model: it accounts for geometry and for tyre modelling. The paper offers a systematic development of the planar model as well as the complete set of mathematical equations. This analytical model can be suitable for fast computation in hardware-in-the-loop applications. Furthermore, a reproducible Simulink implementation is given. The model has been compared with a realistic Adams/View simulation to analyse dynamic behaviour for the jounce and rebound motion of the wheel and two relevant kinematic parameters: camber angle and track width variation.

The Influence of Tire Damping on the Vehicle Dynamic Performances

The Influence of Tire Damping on the Vehicle Dynamic Performances

Research on Dynamic Load Coefficient Based on the Airfield Pavement Roughness

It applies flight dynamics and vibration principle to create vibration model of aircraft landing gear considering aircraft tire damping, and get the equation of analytical solution based on the impact on airfield pavement roughness. It studies the relationship between dynamic load coefficient and time and speed and roughness. For a special aircraft, it gives the allowable level for pavement roughness based on the influence of pavement and passengers comfort.

Influence of Tire Damping on Actively Controlled Quarter-Car Suspensions

In this note, a comprehensive analysis of tire damping effect on H2-optimal, multi-objective, and robust control of quarter-car suspensions excited by random road disturbances is provided. First, H2-optimal and convex multi-objective control problems are formulated and the latter problem is solved using linear matrix inequalities. Next, the multi-objective control problem is reformulated as a nonconvex and nonsmooth optimization problem with controller order restricted to be less than or equal to the quarter-car model order. For a range of orders, controllers are synthesized by using the HIFOO toolbox. Parametric studies of this note show that the effect of tire damping on the closed-loop performance of actively controlled suspension systems can be significant. Lastly, a robust controller with guaranteed performance over all polytopic suspension models with tire damping coefficient confined to a prescribed interval is synthesized.

An insight into linear quarter car model accuracy

The linear quarter car model is the most widely used suspension system model. A number of authors expressed doubts about the accuracy of the linear quarter car model in predicting the movement of a complex nonlinear suspension system. In this investigation, a quarter car rig, designed to mimic the popular MacPherson strut suspension system, is subject to narrowband excitation at a range of frequencies using a motor driven cam. Linear and nonlinear quarter car simulations of the rig are developed. Both isolated and operational testing techniques are used to characterise the individual suspension system components. Simulations carried out using the linear and nonlinear models are compared to measured data from the suspension test rig at selected excitation frequencies. Results show that the linear quarter car model provides a reasonable approximation of unsprung mass acceleration but significantly overpredicts sprung mass acceleration magnitude. The nonlinear simulation, featuring a trilinear shock absorber model and nonlinear tyre, produces results which are significantly more accurate than linear simulation results. The effect of tyre damping on the nonlinear model is also investigated for narrowband excitation. It is found to reduce the magnitude of unsprung mass acceleration peaks and contribute to an overall improvement in simulation accuracy.