Tire Characteristics Research Articles

Investigation on structural design and mechanical characteristics of the spherical multi-hole non-pneumatic tire

Investigation on structural design and mechanical characteristics of the spherical multi-hole non-pneumatic tire

Investigating Tire Ground Contact Mechanics Under Partial Hydroplaning Conditions: A Multivariate Analysis Approach

Tire hydroplaning is one of the main causes of traffic accidents on slippery roads. In order to study the ground contact mechanical characteristics of tires under partial hydroplaning conditions, 205/55the R16 passenger car tire was taken as the research object, a tire hydroplaning CEL simulation model was established, and the test plan was created using the orthogonal experimental design method. Through range analysis, partial correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis, a tire side slip UA model suitable for different working conditions on slippery roads was established. Comparative analysis shows that the model can accurately predict the tire ground contact mechanical characteristics on slippery roads, and provide a theoretical reference for studying the tire multi-condition hydroplaning performance.

"Projekt TyreRoadNoise" -- Data-based study of effects on controlled and real drive noise emission

Road traffic noise affects the quality of life of many citizens. In particular, the noise emitted by electric vehicles is mainly caused by tyre-road contact. There are many conflicts of interest between the performance characteristics of tyres and road surfaces. Therefore, more accurate prediction models are needed to exploit the potential for reducing tyre-road noise emissions during development. To this end, the TyreRoadNoise project team is developing a physics- and data-based tyre-road noise prediction model over a three-year period. A multi-manufacturer fleet of vehicles will collect extensive data on tyre-road noise emissions and their influencing parameters using simple measurement methods. AI methods will be used to estimate relevant parameters and correlations, which will be validated by measurements in controlled environments. The model should make it possible to extrapolate emissions on other routes from appropriate measurements on a specific road and to derive mitigation measures. Data and models will be made publicly available for future use. This article identifies the research needs, gives a brief overview of the project and describes the tyre-road noise measurement techniques used. Interested parties are invited to discuss and participate in the project.

Machine learning-driven intelligent tire wear detection system

Traditional methods detect wear by interpreting mathematical models and tire characteristics; however, these methods struggle to accurately reflect the actual rolling condition of the tire. In this study, we propose a machine learning-based tire wear detection module that can provide accurate results under tire test rig conditions. To develop this module, we designed three key components: integrated acceleration and PVDF sensors within the tire to capture vibration and deformation data; signal preprocessing algorithms to highlight multi-source signal differences under varying wear conditions; and deep learning algorithms to achieve precise tire wear grade identification. Experimental results demonstrate that, under different tire pressures, loads, speeds, and wear levels, the system can accurately identify tire wear grades with 99.99% accuracy by combining data from both sensors.

Multi-Body Model of Agricultural Tractor for Vibration Transmission Investigation

This article analyses vibration transmission on agricultural tractors with the excitation from the road to the driver’s seat. A multi-body model of agricultural tractors created in Adams is presented. The main parts for the investigation of vibration transmission are the tractor body, where the only suspension elements are tyres, the tractor cabin, spring-dampers suspended at the rear and bushings at the front, and the driver seat with its pneumatic spring. A series of measurements were performed, and the model was validated using vertical acceleration values on the tractor body at four different locations. The FTire model (physical FEM-based model) was chosen to describe the behaviour of tyres. The model was created using measured tyre characteristics. Measured characteristics of spring-dampers and front cabin bushings were also implemented. For comfort investigation, ride simulations on ISO 5008 rough roads were performed. The transmission of vibrations in ride simulations was examined. A modal analysis of the linearised model was performed to confirm assumptions of the contribution of suspension elements to overall vibration levels. Finally, three case studies were conducted to better understand the model’s vibration transmission properties.

Numerical study of steady-state dynamic characteristic of non-pneumatic tire with local structural damage

Non-pneumatic tires (NPTs) fundamentally avoid the risk of tire blowout of traditional pneumatic tires, but the overall and key component performance inevitably degrades due to factors such as high temperature, variable load, variable working conditions and impact in its service process. Once this leads to failure, it will significantly impact on vehicle safety. To this end, this paper studied the influence of local structural damage on the dynamic response of NPTs, which lays the foundation for realizing health monitoring of intelligent non-pneumatic tires (INPTs). Firstly, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of NPTs was established, and the failure locations of NPTs were determined by fracture mechanics and maximum strain energy density; Secondly, the influence of structural damage on the static and dynamic performance of NPTs was analyzed; Finally, the sensitivity of the acceleration signal and sensor position of the tire inner liner to the local structural damage was studied. The research results show that structural damage will cause the stress of the spokes and shear layer to increase, and as the number of broken spokes increases, the shear layer will bear a larger load. Compared with the circumferential and lateral acceleration, the radial acceleration has the highest sensitivity to the damage of NPTs. The sensor closest to the damage location is the most sensitive to the damage. The research results provide a reference for the structural optimization design and health monitoring of INPTs.

Research on a Chassis Stability Control Method for High-Ground-Clearance Self-Propelled Electric Sprayers

In response to the complex working conditions and poor driving stability of high-clearance self-propelled sprayers, a nonlinear model of the chassis power system was established based on the independently controllable torque of each wheel of the developed electric sprayer. A layered-architecture chassis drive control strategy was formulated, and a stability control framework comprising an instability judgment module, an upper controller, and a lower controller was constructed based on the analysis of the impact of the centroid slip angle, the yaw rate, and the wheel slip rate on driving stability. An ideal reference model was established based on the seven-degree-of-freedom model of the sprayer, and the current state of the sprayer body was determined using the instability judgment module. A drive anti-slip controller and a yaw moment controller based on fuzzy PID theory and sliding mode control theory were designed. Additionally, an optimal torque distribution algorithm was developed based on tire characteristics to rationally allocate drive torque to each wheel, ensuring the stability of the sprayer during operation. Simulation tests were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the sprayer under four different driving conditions during transport and field operations. The test results showed that the “SMC + optimal distribution” control method in the chassis stability control strategy reduced the maximum deviations of the yaw rate and centroid slip angle by an average of 89.5% and 13.6%, respectively, compared to no control. The wheel slip rate during straight driving was well maintained at around 15%, enhancing the driving stability of the sprayer.

Comparative study on rolling resistance force in tire-ice interaction with a variation of tread rubber compound

Abstract The complex phenomenon involved in the tire-ice interaction can be better understood by studying the tire and ice properties. A significant force at the contact patch is the rolling resistance force. To study the effect of tire characteristics on rolling resistance forces, data collected from a free-rolling tire can be used as there is no tractive or braking torque applied to the wheel and thus the data representing the longitudinal forces is only related to resistive forces viz. friction and rolling resistance force. Although a lot of research and literature has been developed for tire-ice interaction over the years, there is a significant lack of work in the subsection of free-rolling tires specifically to study the effect of ice parameters on rolling resistance forces. To fulfill the aim of this study, several sets of experiments for 16 winter tires of 8 different rubber compounds in free-rolling conditions were conducted. The experimental data was compared with predictions of 4 well-known formulations from the literature. Based on the findings and the relative error between the predicted and measured values, it was proposed that the high error percentage could be due to the variation in the viscoelastic properties of the tread rubber. The longitudinal force generated during those tests would thus be a combination of frictional forces due to adhesion between the tread rubber and its viscoelastic nature in addition to the contribution from the remaining sections of the tire. The data collected from the experiments and results from implementing the existing models to obtain frictional force will further help in analyzing the relation between the rolling resistance force with variation in normal load, inflation pressure, and change in camber angle once a generic formulation considering the rubber compound effects is incorporated. Another significant finding of this work is that formulations in literature used for finding the rolling resistance coefficient of radial passenger car tires were found to highly underestimate the coefficient when compared to the equivalent coefficient of friction found from experimental results. The future scope may include the development of a model which will incorporate the viscoelastic properties, especially the loss moduli and loss tangent to evaluate the coefficient of friction and rolling resistance force in the free-rolling condition of a winter tire on ice as the rolling resistance losses are found to be highly correlated to these two properties.

АЛГОРИТМ ЭКСПЕРСС-ОЦЕНКИ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА ПОЧВУ ХОДОВЫХ СИСТЕМ ПРИЦЕПНЫХ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ

A reliable assessment of the level of impact on the soil from the propulsors of mobile agricultural machinery is possible only with an accurate measurement of the contour area of the contact surface of the tire with the support base. This indicator underlies all standard methods for determining the maximum normal pressure, maximum stresses and other indicators in the “wheel-soil” system. A simplified algorithm for determining the area of the contact patch of tires, which can be used both when assessing the level of pressure on the soil of existing trailed agricultural vehicles and newly developed ones, was proposed by the authors. In the first case, it is enough to measure the dimensional parameters of the tire mounted on the trailer: diameter, profile width, the amount of deformation under the influence of axial vertical load. In the second case, it is enough to take this data from catalogs with the technical characteristics of tires from specific manufacturers. The mathematical model used to determine the crosssectional area of the cylinder by the plane of the supporting surface located from the edge of the wheel at a distance equal to the tire deflection is the basis of the algorithm. The proposed methodology was tested by comparing the calculation results with the results of full-scale tests of 22 samples of agricultural tires installed on various types of transport and tractor units: carts, trailers, transfer bins. As a result of the research, a fairly high value of the modeling efficiency criterion was obtained (0.989), indicating a high level of convergence between the predicted (calculated) and observed (measured) values of the contact areas of the studied tire samples. Ease of use, versatility and accuracy sufficient for engineering calculations make the proposed algorithm convenient for wide practical use.

Coordination control strategy of motion stability and tire slip for electric vehicle driven by in-wheel-motors

The Direct Yaw Moment Control (DYC) is a widely utilized technique for electric vehicles equipped with In-Wheel Motors (IWMs) to ensure yaw stability. However, most existing DYC studies calculate the additional control yaw moment solely based on the torque differences among the four IWMs, disregarding the nonlinear tire characteristics and wheel rotational movements. When road conditions are poor or torque changes are intense, the tire may slip, preventing it from generating the required longitudinal tire force for the desired direct yaw moment. To address this challenge, this study introduces a coordination control strategy for motion stability and tire slip in electric vehicles (EV) driven by IWMs. To enhance control performance, the nonlinear tire characteristics and wheel rotational movements are integrated into the modeling process when calculating tire forces. Additionally, a state and parameter coupling estimation algorithm is utilized to obtain feedback on tire parameters and vehicle motion states. Using these estimation results as a foundation, a coordination strategy is developed to achieve reference motion state tracking and tire slip ratio control. The Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm is employed to solve the control problem with constraints on both control inputs and outputs, and the estimation results are utilized to update the control model as well as provide states feedback. Simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The results demonstrate that our proposed control strategy effectively improves vehicle stability by coordinating vehicle motion and tire slip control.

Influence of pneumatic tire enveloping behavior characteristics on the performance of a half car suspension system using multi-objective optimization algorithms

The interaction between a vehicle's tire and the road surface is pivotal for a driver's control over the vehicle's movements. It serves as the fundamental link between the vehicle and the road. The modeling of tires holds significant importance in contemporary vehicle design, playing a critical role in assessing aspects such as vehicle handling, ride comfort, and road load analysis. This study focuses on investigating the impact of the enveloping behavior characteristics of a pneumatic tire on the performance of a suspension system. The analysis of the vehicle's ride comfort utilizes a half-car model. Unlike a previous model with a single point of contact with the road, the presented suspension system, coupled with a four-degree-of-freedom rigid ring tire model, offers a more precise estimation of both ride comfort and road holding. The primary emphasis of this research lies in the modeling and evaluation of the proposed suspension system's performance. A comprehensive computer model of the entire system is developed using MATLAB software. This work enhances the existing framework by incorporating both a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) and a Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) to optimize the damping and stiffness coefficients of the passive suspension. This approach allows for a detailed comparison of the optimization capabilities and effectiveness of both algorithms in refining vehicle ride comfort. The results from MATLAB simulations highlight performance improvements, and the comparative analysis of MOGA and MOPSO provides insights into the selection of optimization techniques for suspension system design.

A cylindrical shell model with distributed springs for a rotating tire

In a companion paper (Vol. 248, Article 108227), we demonstrated the dependence of tire parameters on the modal characteristics of a stationary tire. For a more realistic scenario, when tire rotation is considered, the modal characteristics are veered due to centrifugal, Coriolis, and gyroscopic effects. In this paper, we study the forced vibration response of a rotating tire and also consider the effect of static load on modal characteristics. The tire tread is modeled as a cylindrical shell and the sidewall is modeled using distributed springs in axial, circumferential, and radial directions. The tire inflation pressure is accounted for, which generates pre-stresses in the tire belt in circumferential and axial directions. The material model incorporates an orthotropic composite structure of the tire with multiple stacked layers of steel belt reinforcing. The governing equations of motion of the rotating shell are derived and further reduced to the corresponding eigenvalue problem. Galerkin’s projection with orthogonal basis functions is used to obtain the natural frequencies and associated mode shapes. For the forced vibration, the tire is excited by a harmonic point load at a fixed location, and the response is calculated by superimposing the basis functions of the free vibration problem. The analytical model predictions are compared against the computation finite element (FE) model developed in ABAQUS® and experimental modal testing results. To understand the effects of rotation on wave propagation, dispersion relations were obtained, and the wave number spectrum of the rotating tire was compared with that of the stationary one. Finally, to understand the dependence of natural frequencies on tire rotation and normal load, Campbell diagrams and frequency response functions (FRFs) were obtained from the proposed model. The model shows a fairly good agreement with experimental results and FE simulations.

Pyrolysis char from waste tyres its characteristics, upgrading and application

The pyrolysis of waste tyres can recycle energy and produce reusable products (oil, char and gas). Although there are many reviews in the literature in regard to the pyrolysis characteristics of waste tyres, but this paper critically looked as pyrolysis char as one of the useful product. Its physical characteristics include pore diameter, pore volume, specific surface area, and composition. The common detection techniques of the physical characteristics include elemental analysis, proximate analysis, SEM, EDS, TGA, XRF, BET, and Raman spectroscopy. The chemical characteristics of tyre char mainly include calorific value, the surface functional groups (i.e phenols, alcohols, carboxylic acid and C-O/C-O-C chemical structures) which can be determined by FT-IR, XRD. The higher sulfur retention on the surface of tyre char is obtained at low temperature compared with that obtained at high temperature. Tyre char could also be directly used as a catalyst material to decrease the operational cost, and improve the quality of pyrolysis oil and gas. The modified tyre char with high specific surface area and lower ash content could be used as an activated carbon adsorbent material, catalyst and catalyst support, capacitor electrode to create higher commercial value, as an adsorbent, in batteries and so on. It is suggested that the recycling applications of tyre char should be developed, which can create a high level of potential economic prospects for the waste tyre pyrolysis industry.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL NONLINEAR RESONANT OSCILLATIONS OF THE SYSTEM ” SPRUNG AND UNSPRUNG PARTS OF WHEELED VEHICLES”

The authors have discussed the method applicable for the system of sprung-unsprung parts of the vehicle, carrying out vertical oscillations under nonlinear elastic force interactions, which allow evaluating the influence of the elastic characteristics of tires, the suspension system, and road irregularities on the determining parameters of the oscilla-tions of the sprung-unsprung parts. What’s obtained: a) the analytical dependence of natural oscillation frequencies on the system amplitudes and parameters; b) the relationship between the levels of amplitude of the sprung and unsprung parts oscillations, at which an internal resonance occurs; c) the condition for occurrence of the resonance in case of the motor vehicle movement along the road, which is described by the ordered system of inequalities; d) the ratios that set the main parameters of vibrations of the sprung and unsprung parts in case of the resonant and non-resonant vibrations. It is shown that a larger value of the oscillation amplitude of the sprung part corresponds to a larger value of the natural frequency in a suspension system with a progressive law of changes in the elasticity of shock absorbers, and the opposite is true when a regressive law; speaking of shock absorbers and elastic tires with their progressive or regressive power characteristics, a larger value of the oscillation amplitude of the unsprung part corresponds to a larger value of the oscil-lation amplitude of the sprung part, when an internal resonance is possible; for regressive power characteristics of tires and progressive power characteristics of shock absorbers – vice versa; the resonance value of the oscillation amplitude of the unsprung part is higher for the lower speeds of movement with regressive power characteristics of the tires and, on the contrary, – for the progressive power characteristics of tires; the amplitude of the transition through the resonance of the unsprung part takes a larger value for elastic tires with a smaller value of their static deformation and a slower transition to resonance. Keywords: sprung and unsprung parts of the wheeled vehicle, natural frequencies of oscillations, resonant oscillations, internal resonance of the unsprung and sprung parts of the wheeled vehicle.

Research on Foot Contact State Detection Technology of Wheel-Legged Robot.

The accurate perception of external environment information through the robot foot is crucial for the mobile robot to evaluate its ability to traverse terrain. Adequate foot-end contact signals can provide robust support for robot motion control and decision-making processes. The shape and uncertain rotation of the wheel-legged robot foot end represent a significant challenge to sensing the robot foot-end contact state, which current foot-end sensing schemes cannot solve. This paper presents a sensing method for the tire stress field of wheel-legged robots. A finite element analysis was conducted to study the deformation characteristics of the foot-end tire under force. Based on this analysis, a heuristic contact position estimator was designed that utilizes symmetrical deformation characteristics. Strain sensors, arranged in an array, extract the deformation information on the inner surface of the tire at a frequency of 200 Hz. The contact position estimator reduces the dimensionality of the data and fits the eigenvalues to the estimated contact position. Using support vector regression, the force estimator utilizes the estimated contact position and sensor signal to estimate the normal reaction force, designated as FZ. The sensing system is capable of detecting the contact position on the wheel circumference (with a root mean square error of 1.150°), as well as the normal force of 160 N on the Z axis (with a root mean square error of 6.04%). To validate the efficacy of the sensor detection method, a series of randomized and repeated experiments were conducted on a self-constructed test platform. This novel approach offers a promising avenue for perceiving contact states in wheel-legged robots.

Numerical investigation and comparison of the aerodynamic characteristics of non-pneumatic tire and pneumatic tire

A non-pneumatic tire, in which the tire pressure is replaced by an elastic support body, is called an airless tire with elastic support (ALTES). In this study, the differences in the aerodynamic characteristics between ALTES and pneumatic tire (PT) were comparatively investigated using URANS simulations based on the DrivAer model. It was found that the vehicle body drag coefficient of the vehicle equipped with ALTES was reduced by 27% compared to that of the vehicle equipped with PT and had a significant drag-reduction effect. The drag coefficient and moment coefficient of the ALTES wheels are 2 and 3.5 times those of the PT wheels, respectively, which offset the drag-reduction benefits. The drag coefficient and aerodynamic power loss of vehicles equipped with ALTES were 97–102% and 108.5%–114% of those of vehicles equipped with PT. It is reasonable and necessary to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of ALTES based on the aerodynamic power loss. By suppressing the wheel ventilation flow and reducing the wheel drag, the aerodynamic wheel cover can reduce the aerodynamic power loss of a vehicle equipped with ALTES by 12%, and the vehicle aerodynamic performance is comparable to that of a PT.

Comparative study of static and dynamic characteristics of non-pneumatic tires with gradient honeycomb structure

Comparative study of static and dynamic characteristics of non-pneumatic tires with gradient honeycomb structure

A machine learning-based approach for estimation of deflection and contact area characteristics of tubeless and tube-type agricultural tyres

Support Vector Regression (SVR) models with different kernel functions (radial basis and polynomial) were developed for predicting deflection and contact area of tubeless and tube-type tractor tyres. Data were collected from experimental trials on 13.6–28 tubeless and tube-type tyres under varying loads (750–1400 kg) and inflation pressures (69–179 kPa). A displacement transducer comprising a rack-pinion arrangement and a rotary potentiometer was developed for measuring tyre deflection. A total of 168 data points were split into 70% for training and 30% for testing the SVR models. An additional 42 new data points were collected at a normal load of 900 kg for validation purpose. As compared to tube-type tyre, tubeless tyre had higher contact area at higher normal loads due to higher tyre deflection. Two SVR models were constructed by considering normal load, inflation pressure, and tyre-type as input parameters. The well-trained SVR model could predict tyre deflection with a maximum deviation of 2% from the measured values as compared to −21% in case of Wulfsohn model. Similarly, the predicted contact area had a maximum variation of 1% from the measured values as compared to 9.99% in case of Komandi model and 31% in case of Diserens model. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the proposed models ranked normal load as the highest priority followed by inflation pressure and tyre-type for estimating both tyre deflection and contact area.

Numerical and experimental studies on the carcass characteristics of a radial tire

In this research, the carcass characteristics of a radial tire were analyzed by performing numerical simulations on ABAQUS software based on the single factor control variable method, and the feasibility of the proposed numerical model was verified by executing experiments on a tire uniformity testing machine. It was found that when the tire crossed the bump, the preload had positive effects on the internal energies and friction–dissipation fluctuation of the tire, but had little influence on its kinetic energy fluctuation. Tire speed was positively correlated with the fluctuation of kinetic energy, but negatively correlated with the friction–dissipation fluctuation of the tire. In addition, there was a slight correlation between the speed and the internal energy fluctuation of the tire. Moreover, the change in the tire pressure had little influence on the kinetic energy, internal energy, and friction dissipation of the tire.

Characteristics and chemical treatment of carbon black from waste tires pyrolysis

The aim of this paper is to develop tires cracking carbon black with low ash content. The thermal decomposition characteristics of tires were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and the effects of pyrolysis variables on the yield, ash content and structure of pyrolytic carbon black were discussed by the laboratory tube furnace. Aiming at the phenomenon of high ash content in pyrolytic carbon black, the effect of acid and alkali solvent treatment on ash removal rate and the surface structural properties of carbon black were investigated. The experimental results show that the decomposition temperature of waste tire is between 300 °C and 500 °C, the yield of pyrolysis carbon black is 38%, and the ash content of carbon black is 19%, and the pyrolysis temperature has a significant effect on the surface impurity structure of carbon black. The carbon black was further treated with acid/alkali to optimize its surface properties, and the experimental results showed that acid treatment is more conducive to ash removal than alkali treatment. Under optimal conditions, when the concentration of HF solvent is 2 mol/L and the treatment time is 180 min, the ash content of carbon black can be reduced to 6.36%. At the same time, acid treatment also increases the microstructure of carbon black surface. The research in this paper provides basic data support for the research of carbon black preparation of waste tires.