Tional State Research Articles

Features of Anesthesiologists-Reanimatologists’ Emotional States in Different COVID-19 Pandemic Periods in Russia

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most stressful events in recent times. Medical professionals, including anesthesiologists-reanimatologists, suffered the main blow in this difficult and stressful environment. Aims: This study aimed at identifying the features of anesthesiologists-reanimatologists’ emotional states in different COVID-19 pandemic periods. Methods: The study was conducted through an anonymous questionnaire among anesthesiologists-reanimatologists in two periods. In the First stage – which was carried out in May 2020 (during the first COVID-19 pan¬demic wave) – 58 anesthesiologists-reanimatologists in the Arkhangelsk region took part. During the Second segment – which took place in October 2020 (in the second COVID-19 pandemic wave) – 43 anesthesiologists-reanimatologists were examined. Repeated questioning was carried out among the same participants. Results: In October 2020, compared to May, the number of doctors who noted a high intensity of professional activity increased. Regardless of the study period, one-third of the subjects experienced constant pronounced anxiety. Anesthesiologists-reanimatologists, whose professional activity was directly related to the patients in COVID-19 care, noted a poorer emo¬tional state more frequently in October, accompanied by anxiety, depressed mood, irritability and a high burnout level, which may indicate a depletion of internal resources in this group. Conclusions: The study results showed that for anesthesiologists-reanimatologists, a further depletion of emotional resources accompanied the second pandemic wave. The anesthesiologists-reanimatologists’ emotional state was mediated by a number of social and gender factors, as well as specific labor organization features.

HOW IS THE INTERNATIONAL LAW POSSIBLE?

Problem setting. Different directions of modern science of international law explore the problem of the existence of its subject, its typology, forms of attitude to the law of na- tional states, etc. In this article, asking about the very possibility of international law, the focus on the subject area is shifted to a methodological one. This, perhaps, is the rare case when a “study of investigators” brings an unconditional benefit to understanding the essence of the cognizable subject. The article concludes that the special form of dialectics found in the movement of these methodologies reflects how the phenomenon of interna- tional law actually realizes itself. German classical philosophy titled this form as a “reflection of essence”.Recent research and publications analysis. The methodological dualism of the theo- ry of international law reflects in methodological monism. The monistic theory of interna- tional law, in its turn, “splits” into adherents of the primacy of the national state, on the one hand, and on the other, those who insist on the superiority of international law.Paper main body. Rational cognition, incapable of thinking the contradictions objec- tively existing in the subject, is horrified by such “strange behavior” of international law. It even goes so far that the very fact of its existence is being questioned. The article uses the experience of I. Kant’s transcendental philosophy, which first criticized such knowledge. With his question: “How is a priori synthesis possible?”, He showed an example of how reasonable knowledge is possible, capable of thinking the dialectic of opposites in its subject matter.This study can serve as another contribution to the newly emerging science of the philosophy of international law. Sources in the current literature on this issue, unfortu- nately, do not affect the problem of knowing its contradictory nature.

Social cognition profile in amnestic MCI

Background: For years, disturbance of social cogni tion was considered as an early feature of schizophrenia andautism. Recently, i t has been studied in many neurodegenerative diseases, and included as one of the six keydomains of cogni tive function defined by DSM- V. Mi ld cogni tive impai rment (MCI ) is a t ransi tional state betweennormal cogni tive aging and dementia, mainly of AD type. Few reports have addressed theory of mind (ToM)capaci ty in patients wi th MCIAim: To detect ToM impai rment among amnestic MCI patients and to characterize the neuropsychological andfunctional profi les of MCI cases according to thei r ToM capaci ty.Methods: 40 elderly diabetic patients wi th amnestic MCI were recrui ted. Each patient underwent cogni tive, andfunctional assessment. The secon d order false bel ief (John and Mer ry story) test was used to assess socialcogni tion.Results: There was no signi f icant di fference between cases wi th and wi thout impai red social cogni tion regardingage, ADL,or IADL, whi le MMSE scores were signi ficantly lower among cases wi th impai red second order bel ief .Stick design tests, and digi t span tests were signi ficantly af fected in the cases wi th impai red social cogni tion.Conclusions: Social cogni tion was impai red in about 17.5% of patients wi th MCI, which was n ot reflected uponfunctional status. MCI patients wi th impai red social cogni tion, performed worse in the stick design test and thedigi t span forward test.

Activity as a proxy to estimate metabolic rate and to partition the metabolic cost of diving vs. breathing in pre- and post-fasted Steller sea lions

Three Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus, trained to dive voluntarily to depths ranging from 10 to 50 m, were used to determine whether the relationship between activity and metabolic rate during a diving interval (MRDI, dive + surface interval) was affected by fasting (9 d) during the breeding season (spring through summer). We subsequently used the relationship between activity and MRDI to partition the metabolic costs between underwater breath-holding activity and surface breathing activities. We estimated activity from overall dynamic body accel- eration (ODBA) measured using a 3-axis accelerometer, and measured MRDI using flow-through respirometry. The relationship between ODBA-based activity and MRDI was not affected by fast- ing period, suggesting that ODBA can be used to predict energy expenditure regardless of nutri- tional state in the spring and summer. However, the relationship between ODBA and dive meta- bolic rate differs from the relationship between ODBA and the surface metabolic rate before diving. Partitioning MRDI into the metabolic cost of remaining at the surface versus swimming underwater suggests that the metabolic cost of diving for Steller sea lions is approximately 29% lower than when breathing at the surface. ODBA appears to be a reasonable proxy to estimate metabolic rate in marine mammals, but more detailed behavioral data may be required to accu- rately apply the method in the field.

Kinetic Mechanism for the Conformational Switch Between Bistable RNA Hairpins

Transitions between the different conforma- tional states play a critical role in many RNA catalytic and regulatory functions. In this study, we use the Kinetic Monte Carlo method to investigate the kinetic mechanism for the conformational switches between bistable RNA hairpins. We find three types of conformational switch pathways for RNA hairpins: refolding after complete unfolding, folding through basepair-exchange pathways and through pseudoknot-assisted pathways, respectively. The result of the competition between the three types of pathways depends mainly on the location of the rate-limiting base stacks (such as the GC base stacks) in the structures. Depending on the structural relationships between the two bistable hairpins, the conformational switch can follow single or multiple dominant pathways. The predicted folding pathways are supported by the activation energy results derived from the Arrhenius plot as well as the NMR spectroscopy data.

Estudio de los niveles séricos de leptina, ceruloplasmina y lipoproteína (a) como indicadores del riesgo cardiovascular en una población de adolescentes de Granada (España)

Numerous studies have focused on establishing a rela­ tion between the serum values of biomolecules such as leptin, ceruloplasmin, and Iipoprotein (a), and the nutri­ tional state and levels of diastolic and systolic blood pres­ sure in subjects with problems of overweight or obesity. However, in many cases, the results obtained have not been conclusive. The results of our study confirm the exis­ tence of a statistically significant association between the serum levels ofthese biomolecules, the nutritional state of the subjects, and levels of diastolic and systolic blood pressure. For the population of overweight and obese adolescents studied, the evaluation of the serum concen­ trations of these biomolecules was found to be an impor­ tant instrument that could be used to identify those sub­ jects with an elevated risk of suffering cardiovascular disorders basically derived from a hypertensive status. (NutrHosp.2011;26:1130-1133) DO 1:1O.3305/nh.2011.26.5.5259

The thermodynamic properties of alkylated γ-lactones

In this work, we performed a complex study of the thermodynamic properties of three alkylated γ -lac- tones. We determined their enthalpies of combustion and formation, measured vapor pressures and found the enthalpies of vaporization, and studied their conforma- tional state. The spectral and molecular data were used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of γ -pen- tanolactone ( I ), γ -hexanolactone ( II ), and γ -nonanolac- tone ( III ). Abstract —The enthalpies of formation of γ -pentanolactone ( I ), γ -hexanolactone ( II ), and γ -nonanolactone ( III ) were determined by combustion calorimetry. The enthalpies of vaporization of these lactones were mea- sured by the transfer method. Conformational analysis was performed and equilibrium structures, sets of fun- damental vibrations, moments of inertia, and total energies of the stablest conformers of I , II , and III were cal- culated by the B3LYP/6-311G( d , p ) , G3MP2, and CBS-QB3 methods. The experimental IR spectra and calcu- lated vibrational frequencies were used to obtain sets of fundamental vibrations of the stablest conformations. The thermodynamic properties of I - III in the ideal gas state were determined over the temperature range 0- 1500 K. Additive and quantum-chemical methods were applied to estimate the ∆ f H ° (g) values of a number of γ -lactones. Composite quantum-chemical methods were used to obtain the energies of monomethyl γ -butyro- lactones and estimate their relative stability depending on the position of the methyl substituent in the ring.

Characteristics of the human EEG during cognitive-mnemenic activity under hypoxic conditions

The amplitude-frequency and spatiotemporal characteristics of the EEGs of subjects performing various cognitive-mnemenic activities under the conditions of graduated hypoxia were studied. The quickness and correctness of test performance were significantly decreased beginning from the sixth minute of hypoxia as compared to normoxic conditions. The amplitude and mean period of the dominant EEG activity in this func- tional state were higher than in the same tests performed under normoxic conditions and lower than in the case of hypoxia not accompanied by the performance of tests. The spatiotemporal characteristics of the EEG under hypoxic conditions displayed both the characteristics typical of hypoxia (a decrease in EEG cross-correlation within anterior cortical regions) and those typical of cognitive-mnemenic activity (an increase in the correlation between the EEGs of distant zones of anterior and posterior cortical regions). It is assumed that the "interme- diate" EEG pattern observed in subjects performing cognitive-mnemenic tests under hypoxic conditions reflects opposite effects of hypoxia and intellectual effort on the functional activity of brain neurons.

Globalização e políticas públicas: vida, paixão e morte do Estado nacional?

Confrontando argumentos apresentados em literatura selecionada, o artigo visa a dar ao leitor uma visão sintética de constituição do "capitalismo organizado" (1870-1970), de sua crise de identidade (na década de 1970) e da emergência do capitalismo re-organizado pelo processo que se tem chamado de globalização. Destaque especial dá-se à globalização econômica nas suas três dimensões reciprocamente condicionadas (comércio, produção, finanças). Também se destaca o papel, nesses três momentos, do Estado nacional, como arena em disputa e como ator político relevante.

Giant resonances as collective states with dissipative coupling

Giant resonances manifest themselves as broad bumps in the nuclear spectra above the neutron emission threshold. It has been established that the structure of these states consists of a large number of relevant particle-hole configurations, all of them contributing in phase to the excitation process. Be- cause of this, giant resonances are the most collective vibra- tional states in nuclei. Alternatively, given the strong collectivity of the giant resonances and the many degrees of freedom that influence their properties, one may consider that a statistical modeling of the formation and decaying processes including concepts like mean values and variances is an appropriate path to at- tact this difficult problem. In this paper, we adopt such a point of view. We consider a collective coordinate q and its vibrational modes determined by a harmonic oscillator po- tential. That is, we consider that the giant resonance corre- sponds to the first excitation of the harmonic oscillator, with energy \v 0, and the GR2 to the second excitation, with two quantum oscillations and energy 2\v 0 . Besides these exci- tations, we distinguish an ''environment'' of all the other excitations. In Sec. II we derive Lindblad's quantum master equation using physical concepts, since the original derivation @15# is rather abstract. We also derive a form of this equation which includes friction and diffusion @16,17#. It has been shown that this equation gives very accurate descriptions of pro- cesses in optics @18# as well as in nuclear physics @19,20# .I n Sec. III we obtain the energy mean value and width of the giant resonance and of the GR2. The corresponding equa- tions turn out to be analytically integrable. The decay spec- trum of the giant resonances is presented in Sec. IV and a summary and conclusions are in Sec. V.

Second-order state estimation experiments using acceleration measurements

The estimation of dynamic states for feedback control of structural systems using second-order differential equations and acceleration measurements is described. The formulation of the observer model and the design of the observer gains are discussed in detail. It is shown that the second-order observer is highly stable because the stability constraints on the observer gains are model independent. The limitation of the proposed observer is the need for nearly collocated actuators and accelerometers. Experimental results using a control-struct ure interaction testbed are presented that show that the second-order observer provided more stability than a Kalman filter estimator without decreasing closed-loop performance. F LEXIBLE-BODY vibration control of large structural systems often requires estimation of dynamic states that cannot be measured directly. The state estimator or observer plays a key role in the overall stability of the control system. Reference 1 has shown that the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) technique provides 60 deg of phase margin and infinite gain margin when the full state is available. However, when an observer must be used in conjunction with LQR, no guaran- tees can be made on the robustness properties due to state reconstruction errors.2'3 Observer state reconstruction suffers from model errors, measurement noise, and unmodeled dy- namics.4 Although much work has been done on optimal state estimation using first-order Kalman filters, the closed-loop stability remains a strong function of the observer model accuracy. Although there is more design freedom when using a first- order model, second-order observers provide a great deal of physical insight when scientists attempt to perform state esti- mation of a second-order system. Second-order observer mod- els have received recent attention in the literature. Reference 5 utilized a Kalman filter for discretized (time and space) sec- ond-order structure models. In addition, robust computa- tional procedures for solution of the Kalman filter estimation error covariance matrices have been developed for second-or- der models in Ref. 6. A dissipative observer for use with velocity measurements that possessed the second-order form was introduced in Ref. 7. This observer was analogous to the collocated controller whereby symmetric positive definite feedback gains were designed to insure stability. Recently, the authors of Ref. 8 developed the conditions for optimal estima- tion using the second-order form assuming velocity measure- ments were available. Accelerometers are frequently used to measure the dynamic response of structural systems because of their low cost and their light weight and because they provide an inertial mea- surement. The first-order observer filters acceleration mea- surements in both space and time to derive the proper phase information to reconstruct the unmeasured states. Spatial fil- tering, which projects the measurement data onto the system coordinate basis, requires accurate dynamic models. The re- duced design freedom available with the second-order ob- server has usually required velocity measurements since nei- ther spatial nor temporal filtering of the measurement is performed. In this work, collocated acceleration measurements and control actuators are used for state estimation by augmenting the second-order observer with additional states. (The addi- tional states provide temporal filtering of the acceleration measurements to insure asymptotic convergence of the esti- mated state error.) By using collocated sensors and actuators, the observer does not require spatial filtering, which signifi- cantly reduces the sensitivity to model errors. Equations for the typical first-order observer and a logical form for the second-order observer are presented. Stability and performance considerations for the first- and second-or- der observers are discussed. A design method for second-order observer gains with acceleration measurements is then de- scribed. Practical aspects of the observers are examined, and both numerical and experimental results are presented.

Quasiparticle-Shell-Model Calculations of So-Called Two-Phonon States in Cd and Sn Isotopes

The anharmonicity effect due to the couplings between pamng vibrational modes and quadrupole correlation modes is investigated in the cases of Cd and Sn isotopes by carrying out the quasiparticle-shell-model calculations. It is clarified that the effect is so large in the first excited o+ state in Sn isotopes that its energy drops down dramatically in 114• 116• 11 '• 120Sn. In Cd isotopes, the coupling effect is indispensable for formation of roughly degenerate two­ phonon triplet. The static quadrupole moments and B(E2) values in Cd isotopes are also calculated and the results do not contradict with experiment. §I. Introduction The mechanism of the spherical-cleformecl transition in medium and heavy nuclei 1s considered to be governed by mutual interweaving of two different types of cor­ relation, i.e., the pairing correlation and the quadrupole correlation. Therefore, it is natural to consider that the elementary modes of excitation in these nuclei are pairing vibrational mode and quadrupole phonon mode under the random-phase ap­ proximation (RPA) and that the anharmonicity effects which manifest themselves as couplings between these elementary modes of excitation play an essential role in structure of low-lying states of transitional nuclei. The existence of hidden regu­ larities in the anharmonicity effects has been suggested by the quasi-band structure 1) and there have been a number of theoretical attempts to elucidate the microscopic structure of the anharmonicity effects in transitional nuclei. It has been pointed out in our previous papers 2>.a> that the anharmonicity effects clue to the couplings between pairing vibrational mode and quadrupole phonon mode play so important a role that the so-called two-phonon o+ state and the pairing vibra­ tional state couple with each other and the energy of the first excited o+ state drops do·wn in the transitional nuclei, for example, in Se and Mo isotopes. A similar situation may be expected in Cd and Te isotopes, because the neutron-single­ particle-level structure fairly resembles that in Se region. On the other hand, Cd isotopes have so far been referred to as typical examples of appearance of two­ phonon-triplet states. Standing on the viewpoint of usual phonon (boson) picture, we find no structural difference between the members of the two-phonon triplet. However, if the excited o+ state is strongly affected by the pairing vibrational mode,

Cognatic descent and the generation of social stratification in Southeast Asia

Anthropologists and other social scientists have long been fascinated by the intricacies of Indian culture and society. Consequently it seems surprising that they have given relatively little attention to the tradi tional states of South-East Asia which, with the exception of Viet Nam, maintained and developed an essentially Indian cultural tradition albeit in a very different setting. In this paper I discuss a number of issues concerning the significance of the regulation of rights in women for political organization and the development of social stratification. Recent contributions to the his torical record of nineteenth century Siam now make such an exercise productive for that country and provide a basis for comparison with the Malay states, primarily as they are described and analysed in J. M. Gullick's Indigenous Political Systems of Western Malaya (1958). Merely to illustrate the importance of descent and marriage rules in structuring political relations is to ignore the more fundamental problem with respect to the control of women of the nature of the relationship between the spheres of kinship and marriage on the one hand and the political order on the other. Indeed, Georges Balandier's assessment of the study of segmentary societies, that Power and 'kin ship' are in dialectical relation, hence the failure of any unilateral interpretation (1972: 77) provides a useful perspective for the analysis of South-East Asian states with their very different descent and political structures.

Robert Lowell: Payment Gat He Nane

place to begin is with the Aeneid. Not because Lowell started reading the classics after his second year at Harvard, or because his poems are full of classi cal allusions and imitations of Vergil, although these facts are part of the pic ture. reason for my starting there is that Vergil, in creating Aeneas, is so remarkably close to Lowell's own position both as man in history and as artist. Much of the Vergilian melancholy is due to his feeling of the movement of Roman history: the loss of the past and the stature of the early Romans, the growing complexity and importance of the state and the law, limiting the scope of individual action and importance. Aeneid itself is almost an example, a commissioned panegyric which manages, because of Vergil's greatness, not to be only that. One could elaborate more, but the point should be clear to a reader of Lowell who has experienced his nostalgia for the old order?the period of this country's greatness, and his own family's. was in the same kind of transi tional state that Lowell is in, with the melancholy feeling that history is over, that we are marking time waiting for some new development which may or may not be desirable?the end of everything, or a totally new beginning. This spirit was common in England in the nineteenth century, while America was still po tentially a new world. It has hit America even harder in the twentieth century, because we are so close to our own heroic past, so aware of the nature of the change without being able to understand it. In the twenties Hart Crane set out to become the Vergil of the new world, only to learn that the world was no longer new and to become, ironically, even more Vergilian in the process of dis covery. In many ways, Lowell begins Life Studies (1959) at a point Crane reached only in The Tunnel section of Bridge: the explicit recognition that an older mode of vision produced only illusion or madness. But even before Life Studies, with its major change in direction, he had struck the note of experi ence as a diminished thing?first, as a spiritual phenomenon, where the failure or