TiO2 Nanocrystals Research Articles

Synthesis of TiO2-brookite nanorods and TiO2-Au composites for decomposition of organic dyes in water

This study employed a plasma-liquid interaction technique at room temperature to modify TiO2 nanocrystals in the brookite phase and coat their surface with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The technique was further utilized to reduce Au3+ ions to Au0, eliminating the need for chemical agents and reducing reaction time. The resulting TiO2-Au photocatalysts were then tested under visible light to evaluate their ability to degrade the dyes rhodamine 101 (RB101) in water. The findings indicated that the most effective degradation of RB101 molecules occurred at low dye concentrations (10 ppm) and low photocatalyst loadings with a ratio of 4. In comparing two different preparation methods, the TiO2-Au sample created using a micro-plasma process with a direct current (DC) source exhibited higher photocatalytic activity (87 % after 4 hours) compared to the sample created using a plasma jet process with an alternating current (AC) source. This research holds significance for the advancement of photocatalytic materials with potential environmental applications.

Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Photocatalytic Truncated-Bipyramidal TiO2/Ti3CN Heterostructures Derived from Ti3CN MXene.

TiO2/MXene heterostructure has garnered significant interest as a photocatalyst due to its large surface area and efficient charge carrier separation at the interface. However, current synthesis methods produce TiO2 without clear crystal faceting and often require complicated postprocessing step, limiting its practical applications. We demonstrate a facile and controlled microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis for transforming multilayered Ti3CN MXene to a truncated-bipyramidal TiO2/Ti3CN heterostructure. The resulting TiO2 nanocrystals at the Ti3CN surface exhibited crystalline anatase truncated bipyramids, exposing {001} and {101} facets. We further tailored an indirect optical band gap of the TiO2/Ti3CN heterostructure in the range of 3.17-3.23 eV by varying the hydrothermal synthesis time from 15 min to 5 h at a fixed temperature of 160 °C. Efficient charge separation allowed us to decompose 97% of methylene blue (MB) within 30 min of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, ∼3.9-fold faster than the benchmark P25, higher than any other TiO2/MXene heterostructures. With simulated white light, we achieved over 60% efficiency of the dye decomposition within 2 h of irradiation, which resulted in 1.5-fold faster kinetics than P25. We also observed a similar excellent performance of Ti3CN-derived TiO2 in decomposing various persistent synthetic dyes, including commercial textile dye, methyl orange, and rhodamine B. In conclusion, our study provides a strategy for utilizing MXene chemical reactivity to produce highly crystalline optically active TiO2/Ti3CN heterostructure. The developed heterostructure can serve as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants.

A systematic study on the crystal facets-dependent TEA sensing properties of designed anatase {001 and 101} and rutile {110} facets TiO2

Triethylamine (TEA), a toxic and explosive volatile organic compound (VOC) gas, is hazardous to human health and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to develop crystal-faceted TEA gas sensors with improved sensitivity and rapid detection capabilities. In this study, TiO2 nanocrystal sensors with different crystal facets of anatase {101} and {001} and rutile {110} were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The nanomaterials underwent characterization through XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and BET analysis. The results revealed that the materials exhibited bipyramid anatase {101} facet, nanorod anatase {001} facet, and rutile {110} facet. The sensors demonstrated superior gas sensing performance in the following order: {101} > {110} > {001} facets to 100 ppm TEA gas at 240 °C. The sensors also exhibited short response and recovery times, low detection limits, excellent stability, repeatability, and selectivity. The enhanced sensing properties of {101} faceted TiO2 can be ascribed to the bipyramid structure and crystal facets with higher adsorbed oxygen peak specific area, which provide numerous active sites and improved extra oxygen-active site species. This study offers valuable insight into the design mechanism to enhance the TEA response of {101} faceted TiO2 and further contributes to our understanding of the sensitivity of crystal faceted sensors.

In situ revealing the dehydration and atomic structure evolution of protonated titanate nanotubes via environmental transmission electron microscopy

The precise control of nanomaterial microstructure at the atomic level relies on the comprehensive understanding of atomic structural transition during the fabrication process at the atomic level. The phase transition from protonated titanate to TiO2 is a prevalent route to synthesize low dimensional TiO2-based nanomaterials, which exhibit excellent photocatalytic, lithium-ion battery performances, while the detailed phase transition mechanism remains to be clarified due to lack of atomic-level in situ information. Herein, the atomic structural transitions from one-dimensional H2Ti3O7 (HT) to TiO2(B) and anatase TiO2 (TB and TA) nanocrystals were revealed through in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy, which exhibited a two-step phase transition at 200–600 °C. (I) H2Ti3O7 to TiO2(B) transition began via an indirect pathway at ∼200 °C: The HT (200) interlayer dehydration occurred firstly with lattice shrinkage; Then TB discretely nucleated at the dehydrated H2Ti3O7 nanotube wall with a crystallographic relationship of (200)HT∥(200)TB {[001]HT∥[001]TB}; At higher temperature, the separated nuclei grew up with defects and distorted crystal lattice among them, which then connected and jointed to a single crystalline TB nanotube by atomic rearrangement. (II) The further transition of TiO2(B) to anatase TiO2 occurred via a direct pathway above 400 °C: Scarce nucleation event of TA phase was observed, which generated within TB nanocrystal with a crystallographic relationship of (200)TB∥(002)TA {[001]TB∥[010]TA}. Once a TA nucleus formed, it grew up to a large crystal by consuming the neighbor TB nanocrystals. These findings may contribute to comprehensively understanding phase transition and precisely manipulating the atomic structure of one-dimensional TiO2 nanocrystals.

Heterostructured g-C3N4-TiO2 nanocomposites applied to p-toluic acid degradation under solar light-induced photocatalytic process

In this work, heterostructured photocatalysts were prepared with TiO2-P25 nanocrystals dispersed on two-dimensional layers of g-C3N4. Different g-C3N4:TiO2 ratios (25 %, 50 % and 75 %) were prepared using a wet method under ultrasonic exfoliation and thermal treatment under an oxidizing atmosphere. The heterojunctions were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy, showing TiO2 nanocrystals anchored onto the surface of the g-C3N4 structure. The obtained heterojunctions increased light absorption from the ultraviolet to the visible spectrum and reduced the recombination of photoinduced charge carriers confirmed by photoluminescence and band gap energy (Eg) measurements. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated in the degradation of p-toluic acid (p-TA) (20 mg L–1) under UVA LED at 365 nm, a polychromatic lamp (UVA-UVB-visible) and solar radiation. The g-C3N4:TiO2 ratio of 25 % showed the best performance, reaching 95 % degradation after 180 min under solar radiation. The reuse tests showed that the mineralization capacity determined by total organic carbon (TOC) remained stable for 6 cycles, achieving 80.8 % TOC degradation. The heterojunction induced a significant alteration in the rheological behavior of the suspension, which made the g-C3N4-TiO2 easily recoverable, unlike the pure TiO2. The radical scavengers study indicated that the superoxide anion radical (O2•–) is the main oxidative species in p-TA photodegradation on g-C3N4-TiO2 photocatalyst. The greatest advantage of the g-C3N4 in the composite was the absorption of light in the visible range and facile catalyst recovery for reuse while presenting photocatalytic activity similar to TiO2.

Colloidal TiO2 nanocrystals with engineered defectivity and optical properties.

Partially reduced forms of titanium dioxide (sometimes called "black" titania) have attracted widespread interest as promising photocatalysts of oxidation due to their absorption in the visible region. The main approaches to produce it rely on postprocessing at high temperatures (up to 800 °C) and high pressures (up to 40 bar) or on highly reactive precursors (e.g., TiH2), and yield powders with poorly controlled sizes, shapes, defect concentrations and distributions. We describe an approach for the one-step synthesis of TiO2 colloidal nanocrystals at atmospheric pressure and temperatures as low as 280 °C. The temperature of the reaction allows the density of oxygen vacancies to be controlled by nearly two orders of magnitude independently of their size, shape, or colloidal stability. This synthetic pathway appears to produce vacancies that are homogeneously distributed in the nanocrystals, rather than being concentrated in an amorphous shell. As a result, the defects are protected from oxidation and result in stable optical properties in oxidizing environments.

Fe-doped TiO2 nanocrystals as highly efficient catalysts for heterogeneous catalytic transesterification of coconut oil

BackgroundThe impact of Fe doped TiO2 nanocatalyst on the heterogeneous catalytic transesterification reaction of coconut oil into biodiesel has been investigated. MethodsThe nanocatalyst was prepared by sol-gel method using titanium isopropoxide as TiO2 precursor and Fe(NO3)3 as iron (Fe) source. Several conditions of Fe-TiO2 were synthesized, each with Fe concentration of 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 %, and calcined at 500 °C. The nanocatalyst's physical and chemical characteristics including phase crystallinity and morphology were examined. Significant findingsWe found that the biodiesel conversion efficiency increases with the increasing of Fe content in the Fe-TiO2 nanocatalyst and optimum at the Fe concentration of 1.5 % (w/w). The optimal Fe-TiO2 nanocatalyst could yield biodiesel output as high as 30.8 %, under at a relatively low temperature of 60 °C. Furthermore, the presence of the nanocatalyst effectively reduced the free fatty acid content in the biodiesel product by 1.43 %. Moreover, the acidity of the produced biodiesel was exceptionally low, at 0.02 %, primarily attributed to lauric acid. These exceptional performances are believed to be attributed to the enhanced surface chemistry properties of the Fe-TiO2 nanocatalyst. The Fe-TiO2 system is expected to find extensive application in the cost-effective production of biodiesel.

In-Situ Grown Nanocrystal TiO2 on 2D Ti3C2 Nanosheets with Anti-Tumor Activity from Photo-Sonodynamic Treatment and Immunology.

Traditional cancer treatment strategies often have severe toxic side effects and poor therapeutic efficacy. To address the long-standing problems related to overcoming the complexity of tumors, we develop a novel nanozyme based on the in situ oxidation of 2D Ti3C2 structure to perform simultaneous phototherapy and sonodynamic therapy on tumors. Ti3C2 nanozymes exhibit multi-enzyme activity, including intrinsic peroxidase (POD) activities, which can react with H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment. This new material can construct Ti3C2/TiO2 heterostructures in vivo. Photothermal (PTT), sonodynamic (SDT) effects, and photoacoustic (PA) image-guided synergy therapy can be achieved. Finally, anticancer immune responses occur with this nanozyme. In vivo experiments revealed that the Ti3C2/TiO2 heterostructure inhibited tumor growth. Complementarily, our results showed that the Ti3C2/TiO2 heterostructure enhanced the immunogenic activity of tumors by recruiting cytotoxic T cells, thereby enhancing the tumor ablation effect. Mechanistic studies consistently indicated that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) regulates apoptosis of HCC cells by modulating NRF2/OSGIN1 signaling both in vitro and in vivo. As a result, Ti3C2 nanozyme effectively inhibited tumor through its synergistic ability to modulate ROS and enhance immune infiltration of cytotoxic T cells in the tumor microenvironment. These findings open up new avenues for enhancing 2D Ti3C2 nanosheets and suggest a new way to develop more effective sonosensitizers for the treatment of cancer.

Polyethersulfone mixed matrix membrane with abundant sponge pores for high‐separation performance with high flux retention and cycling stability

AbstractIn recent years, a series of high‐performance ultrafiltration membranes have been developed, but maintaining high flux and high pollutant retention rate without sacrificing service life remains a long‐standing challenge. In this study, a porous polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane enriched with ZIF‐8 and TiO2 additives is prepared based on a non‐solvent induced phase separation method. During the phase transition process, the addition of organic nanocrystals ZIF‐8 and inorganic nanocrystals TiO2 delayed the phase transition rate, resulting in the transformation of the polyethersulfone modified membrane from a finger‐like pore structure to a sponge‐like pore structure. Compared to other structures, the sponge‐like modified membrane has a uniform and narrow pore size distribution, fewer surface defects, stable retention performance, and can simultaneously improve membrane permeability and mechanical strength. Therefore, the polyethersulfone modified membrane with a sponge‐like pore structure prepared in this research exhibits high flux for small molecules and good retention rate for large molecules. Long‐term cycling stability tests of the modified membrane shows high retention rate (over 98%), high flux, long service life, and good cycling stability for solute molecules. The study indicates that the prepared polyethersulfone modified membrane has high potential for application in relevant environmental separation processes.

Assembly of functional carboxymethyl cellulose/polyethylene oxide/anatase TiO2 nanocomposites and tuning the dielectric relaxation, optical, and photoluminescence performances

Nanocomposite films consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide (CMC/PEO), and anatase titanium dioxide (TO) were produced by the use of sol-gel and solution casting techniques. TiO2 nanocrystals were effectively incorporated into CMC/PEO polymers, as shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis. The roughness growth is at high levels of TO nanocrystals (TO NCs), which means increasing active sites and defects in CMC/PEO. In differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms, the change in glass transition temperature (T g) values verifies that the polymer blend interacts with TO NCs. The increment proportions of TO NCs have a notable impact on the dielectric performances of the nanocomposites, as observed. The electrical properties of the CMC/PEO/TO nanocomposite undergo significant changes. The nanocomposite films exhibit a red alteration in the absorption edge as the concentration of TO NCs increases in the polymer blend. The decline in the energy gap is readily apparent as the weight percentage of TO NCs increases. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra indicate that the sites of the luminescence peak maximums show slight variation; peaks get wider, while their intensities decrease dramatically as the concentration of TO increases. These nanocomposite materials show potential for multifunctional applications including optoelectronics, antireflection coatings, photocatalysis, light emitting diodes, and solid polymer electrolytes.

Electrochemical performance of rice grains like high Mn-doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles as lithium-ion batteries electrode material

Rice grain-shaped high Mn-doped anatase TiO2(TMO) nanocrystals have been fabricated through redox method at room temperature using several simple chemical reagents. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM & HRTEM). It indicates that the manganese element was successfully incorporated into the anatase TiO2 nanostructure, and the atomic Mn-to-Ti could reach up to 18.2%. We also analyzed the merits and weaknesses of the nanostructured TMO in electrochemistry by dint of some relevant measures. And the cause of influence on the TMO electrochemical properties was briefly discussed.

Enhanced room temperature CO2 photoreduction on gas-solid interfaces using nanocrystals integrated with ZIF-8 wrapping design

Composites derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show promise as catalysts for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. However, their potential is hindered by constraints such as limited light absorption and sluggish electron transfer and separation, impacting the overall efficiency of the photocatalytic process. In this study, TiO2 nanocrystals, modified with Ptx+, underwent laser etching were encapsulated within the traditional MOF-ZIF-8 framework. This enhanced the adsorption capabilities for CO2 reactants and solar light, while also facilitating directed electron transfer and the separation of photogenerated charges. The finely-tuned catalyst demonstrates impressive CH4 selectivity at 9.5 %, with yields of 250. 24 μmol g-1 h-1 for CO and 25.43 μmol g-1 h-1 for CH4, utilizing water as a hole trap and H+ source. This study demonstrates the viability of achieving characteristics related to the separation of photogenerated charges in TiO2 nanocrystals through laser etching and MOF composite catalysts. It offers novel perspectives for designing MOF-based catalysts with enhanced performance in artificial photosynthesis.

Unusual facet and co-catalyst effects in TiO2-based photocatalytic coupling of methane

Photocatalytic coupling of methane to ethane and ethylene (C2 compounds) offers a promising approach to utilizing the abundant methane resource. However, the state-of-the-art photocatalysts usually suffer from very limited C2 formation rates. Here, we report our discovery that the anatase TiO2 nanocrystals mainly exposing {101} facets, which are generally considered less active in photocatalysis, demonstrate surprisingly better performances than those exposing the high-energy {001} facet. The palladium co-catalyst plays a pivotal role and the Pd2+ site on co-catalyst accounts for the selective C2 formation. We unveil that the anatase {101} facet favors the formation of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous phase near the surface, where they activate methane molecules into methyl radicals, and the Pd2+ site participates in facilitating the adsorption and coupling of methyl radicals. This work provides a strategy to design efficient nanocatalysts for selective photocatalytic methane coupling by reaction-space separation to optimize heterogeneous-homogeneous reactions at solid-liquid interfaces.

Templated Growth of In2S3 in Ti3C2TX MXene with Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties

The growth of ultrathin semiconductors is advantageous for photocatalysis due to improved photophysical properties and reduced charge recombination. Along these lines, templating the growth of semiconductors in confined spaces can allow control over semiconductor growth while also conferring the properties of the template to provide composite nanomaterial hybrids. Herein, the semiconductor In2S3 is grown in the organically‐modified interlayer space of Ti3C2TX MXene, a versatile 2D material with metallic character and broadband light absorption. The growth of 1–2 nm thick layers of In2S3 in the interlayer of MXene leads to a drastic increase in photocatalytic properties and light‐induced charge generation due to decreased interfacial charge transfer resistance. Interestingly, the hydrothermal conditions of In2S3 growth lead to partial oxidation of Ti3C2TX MXene to form anatase TiO2 nanocrystals, although this effect is strongly limited by increased In2S3 precursors due to passivation of the MXene surface. MXenes serve as effective templates for the confined growth of semiconductors, emphasizing the potential of MXene as a template for 2D material heterostructures. Overall, this work further develops MXene‐based 2D material composites, offering insights into the origins of the enhanced photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties, toward improvements in energy production and aqueous phase catalysis.

Crystallographic phase stability of nanocrystalline polymorphs TiO2 by tailoring hydrolysis pH

Nanocrystal TiO2 of high crystallinity (88.72 %) polymorphs have been synthesized by a unique simple route. At a low temperature under a measurable condition with differentiated hydrolysis pH of the reaction. Here titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) is used as a precursor, isopropyl alcohol (IP) is a peptizing agent and hydrolysis medium with variable pH (2.0, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7.0, 8.5, 9.5) acts as a promoter or catalyst of the reaction. We observed in the whole powder pattern fitting (WPPF) method, TiO2 consisting of 65.0 % anatase, 68.0 % brookite and 45.0 % rutile phase in weight fraction by tailoring different hydrolysis conditions with predominant crystal plane (101), (111), (110) for the individual polymorph anatase, brookite and rutile. The crystal lattice parameters, crystal structure, volume of the crystal lattice, crystal strain, asymmetry, d-spacing and average crystallite size were also studied for the polymorph. The percent of crystallinity dominating around 54.0 to 89.0 % of the titanium and oxygen atoms are arranged regularly and periodically observed for change in the molar ratio (r) tailoring the polymorph phase stability. TiO2 polymorph followed the blue shift at 319.00 to 336.00 nm and had good stability for the decreasing particle size (11.03 nm). This phenomenon has been revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) into the polymorphs. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and nanobeam diffraction (NBD) showed the nanocrystal anatase with the prominent miller indices (101) and interplanar distance of 0.35 nm that was revealed by HR-TEM at the lowest pH. Nano anatase is ultrafine which was confirmed by EDS.

Ce-TiO2 nanoparticles with surface-confined Ce3+/Ce4+ redox pairs for rapid sunlight-driven elimination of organic contaminants from water

Industrial discharge of organic pollutants poses a severe threat to human health and aquatic life. Elimination of these pollutants from drinking and wastewater is imperative for a sustainable environment. To address this issue, pure and Ce3+-doped TiO2 nanoparticles are designed with stable tetragonal (anatase) lattices by a low-temperature sol–gel process. The spectroscopic and structural analyses reveal the formation of TiO2 and Ce-TiO2 nanocrystals with controlled crystallite size (3–6 nm), high surface areas, and varying surface chemistry. The effect of calcination (thermal (Δ) treatment at 450 °C) on the structure and photocatalytic performance of ΔTiO2 and ΔCe-TiO2 nanoparticles is also investigated. Simultaneous photocatalysis experiments over a 90-min exposure to natural sunlight show 240 % and 191 % improved elimination of methylene blue (MB), an organic pollutant, by Ce-TiO2 and ΔCe-TiO2 nanoparticles compared to their pure TiO2 analogs. Also, Ce-TiO2 and ΔCe-TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit 326 % and 229 % faster kinetics for the photocatalytic elimination of MB primarily due to the surface-confinement of Ce3+ in Ce-TiO2 nanocrystals, where Ce3+ ions play a dual role as reducing agent for adsorbed oxygen species and electron trap sites via Ce3+/Ce4+ interconversion. The mechanism of photocatalytic redox reactions is discussed. The study elaborates on the role of Ce-TiO2 nanoparticles as an effective photocatalyst for the elimination of organic pollutants in wastewater.

Enhanced Cytotoxic Efficacy of Ocimum basilicum Leaf Extract-Mediated TiO2 Nanocrystals

Enhanced Cytotoxic Efficacy of Ocimum basilicum Leaf Extract-Mediated TiO2 Nanocrystals

Unveiling the non-innocence of vanadium dopant in TiO2 nanocrystals for advanced energy storage and smart windows

Vanadium doped TiO2 NCs stand out as a promising candidate for energy storage applications due to its high electrical conductivity and redox properties. However, the thermodynamical behavior of the material under working conditions has not been explored and the reasons for its superior performance remain unlocked. This study explores the use of a combination of advanced in situ spectroscopy techniques, including x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), spectro-electrochemistry (SEC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to provide unprecedented insights into the intricate electrochemical reaction mechanisms within these nanocrystals. Density functional theory calculations and EIS reveal the active role of substitutional V ions in the TiO2 anatase network as electron donors, enhancing surface charge and carrier density and improving pseudocapacitive properties. Cyclic voltammetry and in situ SEC reveal that V-doped TiO2 NCs exhibit significantly improved charge storage capacities, particularly in the pseudo-capacitance storage mechanism. In situ SEC and XAS analyses indicate that a more effective reduction of Ti4+ ions occurs during the electrochemical process in doped NCs, leading to higher charge capacitance and faster processes. Furthermore, in situ XAS measurements of the V K-edge revealed that the vanadium ions, beyond improving the redox behavior of the host, also actively participate in the reduction process. The significant changes in the V K-edge XANES and extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectra observed under reduction conditions can be ascribed to a change in the structure and oxidation state of the vanadium ions during the electrochemical reaction.

Fabricating mesoporous titanium nanocomposites with high adsorption and photolysis performance by using rice husk ash as a renewable support source

Rice husk (RH) is a valuable and renewable source of bioenergy. Once RH has been burned to produce thermal energy, RH ash (RHA) remains, and this ash can be used as a sustainable resource to improve the circular economy. In this study, we used RHA as a silicon source to fabricate RH-SBA-15. Incipient wetness impregnation was then employed to directly incorporate TiO2 nanocrystals into the mesopores of the RH-SBA-15. XRD and TEM confirmed the successful integration of TiO2 into the framework of RH-SBA-15, with the hexagonal array and ordered mesostructure of RH-SBA-15 being unchanged. FTIR and XPS revealed the formation of Ti–O–Si bonds on the surface of RH-SBA-15, which enhanced the activity of TiO2. The pore volume and surface area of TiO2/RH-SBA-15 were 0.292–0.604 cm3/g and 170–366 m2/g. Photocatalytic tests were conducted to examine the catalysts used in the degradation of Reactive Blue 4 (RB4). The results indicated that TiO2/RH-SBA-15 exhibited 63% higher catalytic efficiency than that did bare TiO2. The surface adsorption of RH-SBA-15 and the high photolytic activity of TiO2 resulted in an improvement in RB4 degradation. The photoactivity increased with decreasing solution pH and calcination temperature and increasing catalyst mass. A TiO2 ratio of 25% resulted in the highest photoactivity, yielding a composite that completely eliminated RB4 within 5 h. The catalyst composites had high stability and photoactivity after four cycles. Overall, the method used in this study for fabricating mesoporous photocatalysts from recycled RHA is valuable for bio-waste disposal and wastewater purification.

Effect of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles on The Optical, Structural, and Morphological Properties of TiO2 Nanocrystals

Effect of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles on The Optical, Structural, and Morphological Properties of TiO2 Nanocrystals