TiO2-coated Surfaces Research Articles

The Identification of Leidenfrost Phenomenon Formation on TiO2-Coated Surfaces and the Modelling of Heat Transfer Processes.

Experiments on specimen cooling dynamics and possible film boiling around a body are very important in various industrial applications, such as nucleate boiling, to decrease drag reduction or achieve better surface properties in coating technologies. The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction between the heat transfer processes and cooling dynamics of a sample in different boundary conditions. This article presents new experimental data on specimens coated with Al-TiO2 film and Leidenfrost phenomenon (LP) formation on the film's surface. Furthermore, this manuscript presents numerical heat and mass transfer parameter results. The comparative analysis of new experiments on Al-TiO2 film specimens and other coatings such as polished aluminium, Al-MgO, Al-MgH2 and Al-TiH2 provides further detail on oxide and hydride materials. In the experimental cooling dynamics experiments, specimens were heated up to 450 °C, while the sub-cooling water temperatures were 14*‒20 °C (room temperature), 40 °C and 60 °C. The specimens' cooling dynamics were calculated by applying Newton's cooling law, and heat transfer was estimated by calculating the heat flux q transferred from the specimens' surface and the Bi parameter. The metadata results from the performed experiments were used to numerically model the cooling dynamics curves for different material specimens. Approximated polynomial equations are proposed for the polished aluminium, Al-TiO2, Al-MgO, Al-MgH2 and Al-TiH2 materials. The provided comparative analysis makes it possible to see the differences between oxides and hydrides and to choose materials for practical application in the industrial sector. The presented results could also be used in software packages to model heat transfer processes.

Saliva exposure reduces gingival keratinocyte growth on TiO2-coated titanium

Bioactive, nanoporous TiO2-coating has been shown to enhance cell attachment on titanium implant surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate, whether the saliva proteins affect the epithelial cell adhesion on TiO2-coated and non-coated titanium. Grade V titanium discs were polished. Half of the discs were provided with TiO2-coating produced in sol with polycondensation method. Half of the TiO2-coated and non-coated discs were treated with pasteurized saliva for 30 min. After saliva treatment, the total protein amounts on surfaces were measured. Next, the hydrophilicity of discs were measured with water contact angle measurements. Further, the gingival keratinocyte adhesion strength was measured after 2 and 6 h of cultivation using serial trypsinization. In addition, cell growth and proliferation were measured after 1, 3, and 7 days of cell culture. Finally, cell morphology, spreading and adhesion protein signals were detected with high resolution confocal microscopy. As a result, in sol coated TiO2-surface had significantly higher hydrophilicity when compared to non-coated titanium, meanwhile both non-coated and TiO2-coated surfaces with saliva treatment had a significant increase in hydrophilicity. Importantly, the amounts of adhered saliva proteins were equal between TiO2-coated and non-coated surfaces. Adhesion strength against enzymatic detachment was weakest on non-coated titanium after saliva exposure. Cell proliferation and cell spreading were highest on TiO2-coated titanium, but saliva exposure significantly decreased cell proliferation and spreading on TiO2-coated surface. To conclude, even though saliva exposure makes titanium surfaces more hydrophilic, it seems to neutralize the bioactive TiO2-coating and decrease cell attachment to TiO2-coated surface.Graphical

Enhanced ignition and combustion performance of boron-based energetic materials through surface modification and titanium dioxides coating

The present study focuses on the removal of ineffective hydroxyl surface (B–OH) of the shell of pristine boron (B) particles, followed by its modification using a low-cost, eco-friendly, and non-hazardous ethylene glycol (EG). Subsequently, very small-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles are coated onto the boron surface by adding titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) precursors at room temperature. Characterization techniques were employed to investigate the structure and morphology of these materials. FTIR, XPS, and TEM analysis reveal that EG effectively removes ineffective boron hydroxyl surfaces and modifies the surface through passivation by its surface functionalities. Furthermore, EG assists in the coating very small-sized TiO2 particles on the boron surface. Thermal stability tests show that the modified boron surface and TiO2-coated boron surface exhibit earlier oxidation of the core boron compared to pristine boron. This enhanced capability for earlier oxidation of core boron was further investigated in the shock tube and bomb calorimeter for measurement of ignition delay time and heat of combustion. The findings demonstrate that room temperature synthesized TiO2-coated B particles (ignition delay time of ∼181 μs and heat of combustion of ∼17.3 kJ/g) outperform pristine B particles (ignition delay time of ∼284 μs and heat of combustion of ∼13.2 kJ/g). This improvement is attributed to the removal of ineffective boron hydroxyl surfaces, surface modification, uniform coating with very small TiO2 particles, the catalytic effect of TiO2 on oxygen diffusion, and effective oxidation of core boron. This study suggests that efficient energetic material can be achieved at room temperature with no potential harm to the environment.

Photoswitchable and reusable superhydrophobic/hydrophilic TiO2-coated stainless-steel mesh as oil–water separator

This study fabricated a superhydrophobic/hydrophilic stainless-steel mesh with a TiO2-coated surface for efficient oil–water separation. The mesh manifested both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties upon incorporating fluorine- and amine-containing silanes, respectively. The photoswitching speed and recovery of surface properties were evaluated by adjusting the UV irradiation period. Additionally, the mesh was subjected to ultrasonic treatment to enhance the photoswitching speed. After alternating UV irradiation and ultrasonification treatments, the variations in contact angle confirmed the feasibility of reversible surface conversion: 158° → 15° → 149.4° → 9.1° → 146.8° → 8.4° → 147.3°. Furthermore, the oil–water separation efficiency of the fluorine-modified mesh was assessed using water and n-hexane solutions. Over eight cycles, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic mesh achieved an average separation efficiency of 95.3% and 96.7%, respectively. The separation process occurred within approximately 5 s. Thus, this study proposed a comprehensive approach for developing a single superhydrophobic mesh capable of facile and rapid photoswitching between hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The developed mesh offers precise filtration, durability, and reusability, contributing to sustainable oil–water separation processes.

Pool boiling performance of TiO2 superhydrophilic and Teflon superhydrophobic surfaces on evenly deposited copper frustums

The miniaturization of electronic devices with ever-increasing functionalities inevitably results in greater thermal load on the devices. Hence, pool boiling, which utilizes the powerful latent heat of vaporization, is introduced as an effective method to manage severe thermal loads on miniaturized electronics. Hydrophobic surfaces tend to augment sufficient nucleation sites via roughening or low surface energy, while hydrophilic surfaces are prone to ample liquid supply, thus facilitating rapid bubble release and preventing surface dry-out. Herein, we compared the heat removal performance of TiO2-coated superhydrophilic and Teflon-coated superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated by aerosol deposition and supersonic spraying, respectively. TiO2 and Teflon particles were deposited on evenly patterned frustums. The resolution of the frustum is categorized as no-frustum, coarse, medium, or fine. We found that the surface wettability had little effect on the critical heat flux (CHF) for the no-frustum and fine cases. However, the CHF and effective heat transfer coefficient (heff) of the superhydrophilic surface increased considerably in the medium case. For the superhydrophobic surface, the presence of frustum deteriorated the pool boiling performance. Frustum texturing enhanced the pool boiling performance by increasing the number of nucleation sites and pathways of fresh liquid supply for the bare and superhydrophilic surfaces, but not for the superhydrophobic surface.

UV illumination control and enhancement of heat transfer during pool boiling process

An increasing number of studies have focused on controlling the boiling flow field using external effects. This study is the first to propose a transition of bubble nucleation by triggering titanium dioxide (TiO2) surfaces with ultraviolet (UV) illumination during the pool boiling process. In the presence of UV light, the wettability of the TiO2 surface changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic owing to photocatalysis. An opportune moment to activate the surface wettability transition using UV illumination occurred during the boiling process of isolated bubbles. High-speed camera images showed that the transition of the surface wettability with UV illumination changed the liquid vapor dynamics in the pool and affected the boiling heat transfer performance. The TiO2-coated surfaces of the test samples, upon UV illumination, showed an enhancement of 72% in the critical heat flux (CHF) and 49% in the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) compared with plain copper surfaces.

Surface Inactivation of Human Coronavirus by MACOMA™ UVA-TiO2 Coupled Photocatalytic Disinfection System

There is an immense healthcare challenge and financial pressure due to the COVID-19 pandemic caused by a newly identified human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Effective COVID-19 prevention efforts in healthcare, home, and community settings highlight the need for rapid, efficient, and no-contact SARS-CoV-2 inactivation strategies. Here, we examined the photocatalytic and virucidal activity of the MACOMA™ TiO2 photocatalytic film activated by an UVA-LED-12V-367 nm (MA-717836-1) lamp against the HCoV-OC43, a member of the beta coronaviruses family, like SARS-CoV-2, using quantitative RT-qPCR and virus infectivity assays. The UVA radiation-responsive TiO2 film accelerated virus inactivation (decreased viral titer) compared to the uncoated glass surface when placed at a vertical distance of 1.2 feet (~14 inches) from virus samples for 10, 30, and 60 min. UVA-LED exposure for both 10 and 30 min effectively reduced the viral RNA copies and the infectious virus in samples on TiO2-coated surfaces compared to the control surfaces. Importantly, a 60 min exposure of samples on the TiO2 completely eliminated HCoV-OC43. These results confirmed that the MACOMA™ UVA/TiO2-based disinfection system provides a rapid and complete surface inactivation of tested human coronavirus in a human-safe manner and has great potential for limiting the virus spread in poorly ventilated as well as high-traffic public places.

Outlining cell interaction and inflammatory cytokines on UV-photofunctionalized mixed-phase TiO2 thin film.

Photofunctionalization mediated by ultraviolet (UV) light seems to be a promising approach to improve the physico-chemical characteristics and the biological response of titanium (Ti) dental implants. Seeing that photofunctionalization is able to remove carbon from the surface, besides to promote reactions on the titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer, coating the Ti with a stable TiO2 film could potentialize the UV effect. Thus, here we determined the impact of UV-photofunctionalized mixed-phase (anatase and rutile) TiO2 films on the physico-chemical properties of Ti substrate and cell biology. Mixed-phase TiO2 films were grown by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering on commercially pure titanium (cpTi) discs, and samples were divided as follow: cpTi (negative control), TiO2 (positive control), cpTi UV, TiO2 UV (experimental). Photofunctionalization was performed using UVA (360nm - 40W) and UVC (250nm - 40W) lamps for 48h. Surfaces were analyzed in terms of morphology, topography, chemical composition, crystalline phase, wettability and surface free energy. Pre-osteoblastic cells (MC3T3E1) were used to assess cell morphology and adhesion, metabolism, mineralization potential and cytokine secretion (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-17). TiO2-coated surfaces exhibited granular surface morphology and greater roughness. Photofunctionalization increased wettability (p<0.05) and surface free energy (p<0.001) on both surface conditions. TiO2-treated groups featured normal cell morphology and spreading, and greater cellular metabolic activity at 2 and 4days (p<0.05), whereas UV-photofunctionalized surfaces enhanced cell metabolism, cell adhered area, and calcium deposition (day 14) (p<0.05). In general, assessed proteins were found slightly affected by either UV or TiO2 treatments. Altogether, our findings suggest that UV-photofunctionalized TiO2 surface has the potential to improve pre-osteoblastic cell differentiation and the ability of cells to form mineral nodules by modifying Ti physico-chemical properties towards a more stable context. UV-modified surfaces modulate the secretion of key inflammatory markers.

TiO2-coated 2D photonic crystals for reflectometric determination of malachite green.

A "detect and destroy" strategy is reported for the spectroscopic determination and photocatalytic degradation of Malachite Green (MG) in aqueous solutions. The intensity of the reflection peak maxima from the TiO2-coated 2D-photonic crystal (PhC) at 633nm wavelength undergoes a gradual decrease with increasing concentrations of MG. The determination of MG was readily achieved in thenanomolar range due to the quenching of the reflection intensity of the peak, measured using a fiber optic probe. The assay works in the 1.0 nM to 10μM MG concentration range with a detection limit of 1.3 nM. The same TiO2-coated 2D-PhC surface can photocatalytically degrade MG in aqueous solutions under UV irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation in the presence of TiO2-coated 2D-PhC becomes evident as the blue color of MG changes to colorless with increasing irradiation time. The decrease in absorption is detected at 617nm. It was found that the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 was synergistically enhanced in the presence of 2D-PhCs. It is concluded that each component of theTiO2-coated 2D-PhCsystem plays a key role in the detection and degradation of MG. Graphical abstractSchematic representation for reflectometric detection and photocatalytic degradation of hazardous Malachite Green dye using TiO2-coated two-dimensional photonic crystals.

Heat-Treated TiO2 Plasma Spray Deposition for Bioactivity Improvement in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

In the present study, titanium di-oxide (TiO2) coating has been developed on Ti-6Al-4V substrate by plasma spray deposition. Followed by plasma spraying, heat treatment of the sprayed sample has been carried out by isothermally holding it at 823 K (550 °C) for 2 h. Microstructural analysis shows the presence of porosity and unmelted particles on the as-sprayed surface, the area fraction of which reduces after heat treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the phase transformation from anatase (in precursor powder) to rutile (in as-sprayed coating and the same after heat treatment). There is an improvement in nano-hardness, “Young’s modulus” and wear resistance in plasma-sprayed TiO2 coating (as-sprayed as well as post-heat-treated condition) as compared to as-received Ti-6Al-4V, though post-heat treatment offers a superior hardness, “young’s modulus” and wear resistance as compared to as-sprayed coating. The corrosion behavior in “hank’s solution” shows decrease in corrosion resistance after plasma spraying and post-heat treatment as compared to as-received substrate. A significant decrease in contact angle and improvement in bioactivity (in terms of apatite deposition) were observed in TiO2-coated surface as compared to as-received Ti-6Al-4V.

TiO2 Photocatalysis-DESI-MS Rotating Array Platform for High-Throughput Investigation of Oxidation Reactions.

We present a new high-throughput platform for studying titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic oxidation reactions by performing reactions on a TiO2-coated surface, followed by direct analysis of oxidation products from the surface by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). For this purpose, we coated a round glass wafer with photocatalytically active anatase-phase TiO2 using atomic layer deposition. Approximately 70 aqueous 1 μL samples can be injected onto the rim of the TiO2-coated glass wafer, before the entire wafer is exposed to UV irradiation. After evaporation of water, the oxidation products can be directly analyzed from the sample spots by DESI-MS, using a commercial rotating sample platform. The method was shown to provide fast photocatalytic oxidation reactions and analysis with throughput of about four samples per minute. The feasibility of the method was examined for mimicking phase I metabolism reactions of amodiaquine, buspirone and verapamil. Their main photocatalytic reaction products were mostly similar to the products observed earlier in TiO2 photocatalysis and in in vitro phase I metabolism assays performed using human liver microsomes.

Multistimuli Activation of TiO2/α-Alumina Membranes for Degradation of Methylene Blue

TiO2/α-Al2O3 porous membranes were prepared and tested under different stimuli, including UV and simulated solar irradiation, with or without the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and by using Methylene Blue (MB) as a model organic pollutant to probe the oxidative catalytic activity of the membranes. An ultrathin TiO2 layer was coated on porous α-Al2O3 substrates by combining a sol–gel process with a spin coating technique. Uniform TiO2-coated alumina surfaces were obtained, which resulted in an increased pollutant adsorption on the semiconductor surface, a crucial requirement for achieving enhanced catalytic performances. The photocatalytic activity of these functionalized membranes was tested in a photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR), by monitoring the photodegradation of MB in water. Under UV irradiation, 80% of MB degradation was achieved in 4 h. Concomitantly, the residual pollutant is completely retained by the membrane in the feed solution, and a pollutant-free permeate can be recovered. Notew...

Time effect on wetting transition of smart surface and prediction of the wetting transition for critical heat flux in pool boiling

A smart surface that is a TiO2-coated surface (TCS) is a hydrophobic surface initially, but becomes a hydrophilic surface when heated. Therefore, such a surface can be used to enhance both boiling heat transfer (BHT) and critical heat flux (CHF) in pool boiling. In the present study, the time effect of the wetting transition of TCS was focused on. The CHF on TCS was enhanced more when the holding time of the heat flux in high-temperature regime was increased. By observing changes in contact angles on TCS through heat treatment in air, it was found that the wetting transition was affected not only by the temperature, but also by the time. Thus, a variation of the receding contact angle was correlated in the form of an exponential function. The suggested empirical correlation includes temperature and time, and it describes the transition of the receding contact angle. The correlation was also used to predict the CHF on TCS in pool boiling. As a result, CHFs on TCS could be explained using the correlation.

Smart surface in pool boiling: Thermally-induced wetting transition

The boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF) of a TiO2-coated surface (TCS) were investigated in pool boiling with increasing saturated temperature at the pressurized conditions ranged from 1.0 to 4.1bar. TCS increased HTC in comparison with a reference surface coated with SiO2 (SCS) under the pressure ranged from 1.0 to 4.1bars. CHF of TCS was higher than SCS at pressure of 4.1bar while lower below 4.1bar. Measurement of the contact angle of a water droplet on the tested surfaces after heat treatment showed a wettability increase of TCS, a contact angle reduction from 83.1° to 32.7° when the heat treatment temperature changed from 100°C to 200°C. No such change was observed for SCS. This contact angle change after heating suggests that the wetting transition of TCS is a key factor in the enhancement of both HTC and CHF in boiling. TCS is hydrophobic at a low wall temperature and becomes hydrophilic as the wall temperature increases. Hydrophobicity of TCS at low wall temperatures explains the improved HTC over SCS near the boiling inception point and low heat flux regime, and hydrophilicity at high wall temperatures explains the increase of CHF. The transition in the wettability of TiO2 appeared to be involved in CHF enhancement. The thermally-induced wetting transition of TiO2 provides a simple and innovative means for enhancing both HTC and CHF with no additional treatment; as such, we refer to TiO2 as a ‘smart’ surface.

Surface Hydrophilicity and Antifungal Properties of TiO2 Films Coated on a Co-Cr Substrate.

The purpose of this study was to deposit a thin layer of TiO2 on a Co-Cr substrate, serving as a deactivation film protecting the metallic fitting surface. The crystalline structure and surface morphology of the film were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A scratch tester was used to examine the adhesion strength between the TiO2 film and the Co-Cr substrate. The water contact angles and antifungal efficacy against C. albicans of the TiO2-deposited Co-Cr samples were investigated and further compared with those of uncoated Co-Cr substrates. The results indicated that a pure anatase microstructure and dense and smooth surface texture as well as strong binding to the underlying metallic surface were obtained. The originally hydrophobic Co-Cr alloy surface turned hydrophilic after TiO2 film coating. Most importantly, the TiO2-coated surface showed a superior antifungal capability under UV-irradiation compared to those without TiO2 coating. This work contains meaningful results for the development of a new metallic framework coating with improved hydrophilicity and antifungal properties.

Alumina coating with TiO2and its effect on catalytic photodegradation of phenol andp-cresol

BACKGROUND This study is focused on the peptization of Boehmite and titanium alkoxide (modified sol–gel method) to obtain Al2O3–TiO2 mixed oxides taking advantage of the physicochemical properties of TiO2 and Al2O3. TiO2 is an important semiconductor and the most active photocatalyst. Al2O3 is an insulator with high surface area and thermal, chemical and mechanical resistance. It is possible to produce high surface area materials, where TiO2 is dispersed on the alumina surface for photodegradation of pollutants. RESULTS γ-Al2O3–TiO2 (5, 10 and 15 wt% TiO2) mixed oxides presented stabilization of the anatase phase. Rietveld studies showed incorporation of the Al3+ into the TiO2 anatase and Ti4+ into the Al2O3. They exhibit higher specific surface area than pure TiO2. The TiO2-coated alumina surface with small TiO2 particles produced a large number of active sites on the surface. The sample with 15 wt% of TiO2 presented the highest photodegradation of p-cresol and phenol. CONCLUSION The addition of TiO2 to the alumina improved the photoactivity of pure TiO2 producing materials with higher surface area covered with TiO2. Alumina delayed the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs favoring the formation of highly reactive •OH radicals. The photodegradation of p-cresol and phenols increased with TiO2 loading increase. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Antibacterial effects of photocatalytic textiles for footwear application

In sportswear industry, body odors generated, in particular, in shoes are a big issue that remains unsolved because of the difficulties to destroy odors and bacteria at the same time. The effects of TiO2 coated textiles for footwear application on bacteria degradation have been assessed in darkness and under UV-A (λ>340nm) irradiation, using Staphylococcus epidermidis as model microorganism of skin bacteria. TiO2 treated polyester textiles were impregnated by padding process using TiO2 Degussa P-25 suspensions. The antibacterial effects of these textiles were evaluated using ISO 20743 standard with the transfer method and quantified by the plate count method. This standard has been adapted for photocatalytic tests on bacteria, adding an irradiation step to the ISO 20743 experimental procedure and new equations. In this study, different irradiances, exposure times, and titania contents were compared to find optimal performances on bacteria degradation. A total innocuity on skin bacteria of TiO2 coated textile was found in the dark. By contrast, under UV-A irradiation, even at very low irradiance (0.13mW/cm2) of 20min of UV exposure allows to completely inactivate S. epidermidis cells and avoid their regrowth with the 5.7g/m2 TiO2-coated polyester surface. After 1h of UV exposure, whatever the amount of TiO2 used (1–6g/m2), all treated textiles were bactericidal.

Photocatalytic bacterial inactivation by TiO2-coated surfaces.

The aim of this study was the evaluation of the photoactivated antibacterial activity of titanium dioxide (TiO2)-coated surfaces. Bacterial inactivation was evaluated using TiO2-coated Petri dishes. The experimental conditions optimized with Petri dishes were used to test the antibacterial effect of TiO2-coated ceramic tiles. The best antibacterial effect with Petri dishes was observed at 180, 60, 30 and 20 min of exposure for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas putida and Listeria innocua, respectively. The ceramic tiles demonstrated a photoactivated bactericidal effect at the same exposure time. In general, no differences were observed between the antibacterial effect obtained with Petri dishes and tiles. However, the photochemical activity of Petri dishes was greater than the activity of the tiles.Results obtained indicates that the TiO2-coated surfaces showed a photoactivated bactericidal effect with all bacteria tested highlighting that the titania could be used in the ceramic and building industry for the production of coated surfaces to be placed in microbiologically sensitive environments, such as the hospital and food industry.

Effects of Hydrophobic-Spot Periphery and Subcooling on Nucleate Pool Boiling from a Mixed-Wettability Surface

The effect of subcooling and length of hydrophobic-spot periphery on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer from TiO2-coated surface with and without PTFE (polyetatafluoroethylene) hydrophobic circle spots at intermediate heat flux has been examined. The experiments are performed with liquid subcooling ranging from 0-20 K and heat transfer block used were TiO2-coated copper block with a PTFE hydrophobic circle spot with various diameters with total area of PTFE being constant. Bubble nucleation and behavior were observed by using high-speed camera. The results showed that the heat transfer performance of surfaces with PTFE hydrophobic circle spot is better than superhydrophilic surface in overall condition. Furthermore, the heat transfer performance decreases under subcooled condition for all surfaces. Increase in peripheral length of hydrophobic-spot enhances the heat transfer performance.

Numerical simulation for analyzing the thermal improving effect of evaporative cooling urban surfaces on the urban built environment

This paper presents a numerical simulation method for analyzing the thermal improving effect of urban surfaces (pavement and building surfaces) with evaporative cooling effect on the urban built environment. The numerical models for simulating the cooling effects of these cooling surfaces were proposed after analyzing the experimental data. The surface wet condition of the moist pavement can be modeled as a function of the pavement water content. The cool building surface is coated with photocatalyst (TiO2) and sprinkled with water in order to cool external surfaces of the building. During sprinkling, the wetted building surface can be modeled to be covered with a free water surface because the TiO2-coated surface can be completely covered with a thin film of water. The simulation algorithms for the two cooling strategies were integrated into a 3D-CAD-based thermal simulation tool. The simulated surface temperature agrees well with the measured result for the cool pavement. As a case study, the cooling effects of these cooling strategies applied to an urban area were simulated and quantified in terms of surface temperature reduction, mean radiant temperature (MRT) and heat island potential (HIP). As a result, the thermal improving effect can be visualized on 3D-CAD models for the analyzed urban block.