Tiny Units Research Articles

Mapping Ni-Cu-Platinum Group Element-Hosting, Small-Sized, Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks Using WorldView-3 Images and a Spatial-Spectral Transformer Deep Learning Method

Abstract Mafic-ultramafic intrusive complexes possess a considerable capacity for hosting Ni-Cu-platinum group element (PGE) sulfide deposits. However, the mapping of small outcrops over large areas by field surveys is time-consuming. In this study, WorldView-3 (WV-3) data with moderate spectral and very high spatial resolution were employed for mapping mafic-ultramafic units using spectral indices and the spatial-spectral transformer (SSTF) deep learning method in the Luotuoshan area of Beishan, Gansu Province, China. Based on representative reflectance signatures extracted from imagery of known locations, false-color composites of three-band ratios and a newly proposed short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral index provided reasonable delineation of mafic-ultramafic rocks. The SSTF method facilitated mapping the occurrence of small mafic-ultramafic outcrops and defining much clearer boundaries, particularly for tiny units at meter scale. Moreover, the SSTF method is not sensitive to the occurrence of carbonate lenses that may affect the reflectance of outcrops. Field investigation and laboratory sample analyses confirmed the occurrence of mafic and ultramafic rocks with substantial metallic mineral potential in this area. Seven prospects were confirmed to be related to mafic-ultramafic intrusions during field validation, four of which contained metallic minerals such as chalcopyrite, pentlandite, pyrite, and chromite in the samples observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. This study proves that the spectral indices and SSTF deep learning method applied on WV-3 multispectral data are useful for discriminating small-sized mafic-ultramafic intrusive rocks (<100 m) for prospecting of local mineralization.

Housing Inequality in Hong Kong: Investigating The Relationship Between gentrification and Life Satisfaction

In Hong Kong, the contrast between wealth and poverty is stark. Amidst its 7.3 million residents, 125,100 are millionaires while 1.6 million live in poverty. Rent has surged by 187%, forcing 220,000 of the most vulnerable into "coffin homes"—tiny units barely fitting a bed. This issue is acute in districts like Mongkok, the densest district globally. The Hong Kong government has responded with initiatives such as the Urban Renewal Authority (URA). While some praise these efforts, others criticize them for favoring affluent investors over vulnerable residents. This research essay will aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the Urban Renewal Strategy's impact to residents’ life satisfaction by closely examining two cases: Langham Place and Hong Lok Street (Bird Market). This study will consider both psychological and economic factors, recognizing that elements like financial stability, social mobility, and living conditions significantly influence life satisfaction.

3D printing colloidal crystal microstructures via sacrificial-scaffold-mediated two-photon lithography

The orderly arrangement of nanomaterials’ tiny units at the nanometer-scale accounts for a substantial part of their remarkable properties. Maintaining this orderness and meanwhile endowing the nanomaterials with highly precise and free-designed 3D micro architectures will open an exciting prospect for various novel applications. In this paper, we developed a sacrificial-scaffold-mediated two-photon lithography (TPL) strategy that enables the fabrication of complex 3D colloidal crystal microstructures with orderly-arranged nanoparticles inside. We show that, with the help of a degradable hydrogel scaffold, the disturbance effect of the femtosecond laser to the nanoparticle self-assembling could be overcome. Therefore, hydrogel-state and solid-state colloidal crystal microstructures with diverse compositions, free-designed geometries and variable structural colors could be easily fabricated. This enables the possibility to create novel colloidal crystal microsensing systems that have not been achieved before.

Using Blockchain Integration Patterns to Ensure Data Integrity in the Health Care Industry

Security is crucial in the healthcare industry. Between 2012 and 2019, almost 179 million health records were exposed to data breaches. The intruders got into homes and companies to take credit card and banking information, as well as health and genetic research data. Blockchain is a fantastic technology for applications in the area of protection because it can keep an incorruptible, decentralized, and open record of all patient data. It is, nevertheless, secure and keeps any person's identity hidden. When dealing with decentralized technology, patients, doctors, and hospital personnel may all share the same information. On a blockchain, the cost of verifying a single transaction is negligible. You can audit a single piece of data in real time, and it's entirely visible to everyone. As a result, costless verification is economically possible. Recent audits of healthcare data, for example, have necessitated the time-consuming and costly examination of tiny units of transactions. This procedure had to be interrupted and redone on a frequent basis prior to blockchains in order to comply with regulations. Compared to traditional healthcare information management solutions, blockchain provides five potential benefits. Blockchains are ideal for decentralized administration applications, such as when hospitals, consumers, and payers want to work together without the need for a middleman. The second advantage of blockchains is that they may offer immutable archives of sensitive data, which makes them ideal for static databases (e.g., insurance claim records). Blockchains are very useful for tracing the origins and histories of digital artifacts (e.g., patient consent in clinical trials). According to cryptographic protocols, changing the ownership of an item can only be done by the person who owns it. Furthermore, the attributes' origins may be traced, making previously confirmed evidence considerably more reusable. The fourth advantage of blockchains is that they ensure the longevity, consistency, and accessibility of records. As a result, they're perfect for long-term records storage and availability (e.g., the electronic health records of patients). Patients' personal keys encrypt the data, which is only accessible with their consent, making it safer and more private. There is no method to access personal information even if the network is hacked by a hostile entity.

Linguists study language structure

To study linguistics is to gain a greater understanding of a fundamental part of what it means to be human. Linguistics is a scientific field and an academic discipline that has both theoretical and practical applications. Linguists study language structure at several theoretical levels that range in size from tiny units of speech sounds to the context of an entire conversation. Students of linguistics often begin with a basic understanding of each level of language, then specialize in one or more levels or in a practical application of linguistics. The smallest units of language are studied in the field of phonetics, which concerns itself with the individual sounds produced while speaking. Phonology takes a look at those small units of sound together in the context of whole utterances, and searches for patterns in sound across a language or a whole group of languages.

An empirical study on remedial measures to overcome the challenges faced by plastic processing industry

Indian plastic industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the country and maintained a CAGR of more than 10 per cent in the last five years. The industry has even bigger potential to perform provided their challenges are addressed appropriately. Indian plastic processing units are mostly tiny units and classified under micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The plastic processing industry is undergoing a challenging phase that has been restricting its growth. The growth of the plastic processing industry is not uniform across the country and is mostly dependent upon various factors including geographical factors. Plastic is a versatile material but still considered an environmental pollutant and at the same time, heavy environmental costs are associated with its production and disposal. This has exerted an additional burden on the plastic processing industry. An empirical study was undertaken in the state of Punjab, India to suggest the remedial measures to overcome the challenges faced by the plastic processing industry. Literature review suggests that no such study was carried out in Punjab, India.The survey technique was adopted as the research strategy to collect the primary responses using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative data were gathered to attain statistical conclusions. A total of 207 valid responses were obtained mostly from the owner’s perspective. Secondary data were collected from various resources such as reliable websites, published literature, research papers, reference books, internet articles, industry bulletins and journals.The study has identified a total of 24 possible remedial measures to overcome the challenges faced by the plastic processing industry in Punjab. The current research has practical implications that are noteworthy to the professionals, industry people and policymakers as they can translate the research findings into practice that leads to improvement in business efficiency, social life and the environment.

Rethinking time: ubichronic time and its impact on work

ABSTRACT Modern technology is ubiquitous i.e., “always there” – available to us when we want it and engaging us even when we don’t actively seek it. This constantly available ubiquitous technology influences people’s perception of time. This conceptual paper explores how ubiquitous technology creates a new time vision we call ubichronic time. We argue ubichronic time is qualitatively different from existing time visions and highlight the new values and behaviours associated with it. Specifically, people who have an ubichronic time vision perform disparate activities that span short durations across the day, find specific tiny units of time valuable and cram many repeated activities into a day. We also argue ubichronic time will have profound implications on the way we work and as such propose new concepts and research directions on how the way we work needs to adapt at the individual, team, and organisational levels.

Controlled fabrication of orchid-like nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon and hollow carbon nanospheres

Flower-like porous carbon has fascinated significant attention due to its outstanding and exceptional properties. However, controlled synthesis of porous carbon with adjustable morphology, highly active sites and cross-linked pore channels remains still a great challenge. Herein, an inimitable dissolution–reassembly anisotropic growth strategy was firstly demonstrated for the fabrication of idiographic orchid-like hierarchical porous carbon with ultra-thin multilayer carbon sheets, high specific surface area (1063 m2 g−1), large pore volume (0.82 cm3 g−1) and rich nitrogen content (7.6 wt%). Highly reactive phloroglucinol and EDA aggregated magically and SiO2 acted as a pore former. Ingeniously, acetone acted as a “surgical knife,” which cut the composite of SiO2@phloroglucinol–EDA into many tiny units and further anisotropic growth into orchid-like polymers. The width and thickness of the carbon petals can be effectively controlled with the diversification of acetone concentration. Intriguingly, monodisperse hollow carbon nanospheres could be harvested with silicon-deficient system, which may offer new insight into the construction of functionalized carbon materials with hollow architecture. Owing to the unmatched superstructures, orchid-like carbon materials can be employed as an ideal drug carrier and dye adsorbent. Figure Schematic illustration of solid carbon nanosphere, hollow carbon nanosphere and OHPC-25. For the first time, a novel dissolution–reassembly route based on strong hydrogen-bonding interaction was developed to prepare unique orchid-like hierarchical porous carbon, in which phloroglucinol acted as a carbon precursor and EDA both as a base catalyst and as a nitrogen precursor. The critical step to this synthetic approach was the ingeniously employed acetone as a “surgical knife” to cut the composite of SiO2@phloroglucinol–EDA into many tiny units, and these units were reassembled into orchid-like polymers. After adding acetone, the morphology of carbon materials has changed from solid nanospheres to hollow nanospheres. This strategy did not use any template as the cavity, which may offer a new insight into the comprehension of synthesized functionalized carbon materials with hollow architecture.

Ultrafiltration of Toxic Effluent and Reverse Osmosis for Management of Ground Water in Industrial Clusters

The present study attempts to assess the nature of effluents generated from textile bleaching and dyeing units located at Kalikapur area under Maheshtala region, West Bengal, India and to provide a sustainable management of ground water resources through installing CETPs with zero liquid discharge system. Effluent from medium, small and tiny units of this region are estimated at 2000 MLD. Studies with 40 units for four years (2012—2016) located in this area exhibited following mean values of different physic-chemical variables: pH(9), BOD(608 mg/l), COD(1824 mg/l), TDS (6410 mg/l), TSS (926 mg/l)) and trace metals such as Pb (0.43mg/l), Cr(0.031 mg/l), Zn(0.74 mg/l), Ni (0.07 mg/l) and Cd (0.03 mg/l). These values exceeded the standard permissible limits stipulated by FAO (1985) and WHO (2003). The wastewater laden with toxic trace metals is adversely affecting the environment and human health and also degrades the quality of both surface and groundwater and consequently contaminates agricultural land, crops, fruits and vegetable and causes harm to aquatic life forms. Four to five CETPs are urgently required to install at different locations of the Mahestala region with a capacity of 500 MLD each, at least one in Kalikapur area, to manage large volume of wastewater (2000 MLD) and sustainable management of ground water resources in a thickly populated urban area near Calcutta, a principal city of India.

Correlation between education and workmanship a case study of muslim artisans of Aligarh lock industry

India’s economic growth cannot be conceived in isolation of its household and tiny level industry such as the Aligarh lock industry. It is more so as the growth of India’s petty industrial units has not at par with the over all, rather rapid economic growth of the country and the artisans engaged in the household and tiny level units have also not been equally benefitted with the consequential profits. The Muslims who constitute large number of artisan class have particularly been at a loss as they tend to excessively concentrate in the low-paying jobs, engage in artisanal sectors, or else serve as casual labour. Most of them are self-employed in low income artisan based works. Above all, they are educationally more backwards than their counterparts in other communities. Restrained further by over all security scenario all this goes to curtail their mobility. The present field based study that ascertains the status of Muslim artisans of Aligarh lock industry brings forth the fact that the artisans have been struggling hard for sustaining with the bare minimum of resources (income), yet aspiring to stick to the same hereditary profession. Availing of educational facilities is a far cry for them. Yet, they like to expose their children to formal education, even though it looks the least beneficial to them. This takes us to the next stage: how to improve their lot through educational means that could be geared to provide craft centred education to them all and educate them in the art of marketing their product, a more profitable step for raising levels of income.

Evidence of substrate endemism of lichens on Fox Hills Sandstone: Discovery and description of Lecanora lendemeri as new to science

Recent lichenological investigations of Fox Hills Formation sandstone outcrops in Colorado resulted in the discovery of three populations that represent an undescribed member of the Lecanora dispersa group (=Myriolecis). This new species is different from all others in the group in its production of usnic acid, which yields apothecia that are yellowish-green in color in fresh field material. The new species, here formally described as Lecanora lendemeri, is further characterized by its relatively large ascospores, endolithic thallus, presence of POL+ granules, and apparent restriction to this sandstone formation. We conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses to place the new species into the context of other members of Lecanora using new shotgun sequence data generated for this study in tandem with previously published rDNA data, and found that the new species is resolved as nested within the L. dispersa group, which was a strongly supported clade in our analysis. Using IUCN criteria including a known occurrence of only three populations, the largest of which is under conservation threat, we herein formally rank this new species as Endangered. This discovery comes on the heels of several other recent lichen discoveries on Fox Hills Sandstone, all species that are, so far as known, restricted to this rock type, suggesting that substrate endemism may be a common element of the biotic communities of the Fox Hills Formation. From the results of this and prior studies, it is clear that sandstone outcrops serve as important, yet still incompletely documented, habitats for cryptogamic diversity. This discovery further highlights the significance of conservation areas, even tiny units (e.g., 40 ha or less) that represent mere islands in a sea of urban development, such as in the Front Range of Colorado.

Indoor air quality in substandard housing in Hong Kong

Sub-divided unit (SDU) provides substandard housing in Hong Kong by partitioning a small flat into several tiny units. With typical floor area of merely 9.3 m2, they often lack a partitioned kitchen. About 210,000 persons (2.9% of Hong Kong’s population) are living in 92,700 SDUs. Inserting extra partitions significantly suppress ventilation which was pushed below building standards to degrade indoor air quality (IAQ). This study monitored the concentrations of CO, CO2, PM10, PM2.5 and VOCs in eight typical SDUs for 48 h. The mean concentrations were 367 μg/m3, 1216 mg/m3, 22 μg/m3, 14 μg/m3 and 794 μg/m3 respectively. PM10 and VOC concentrations exceeded Hong Kong IAQ objectives (excellent class) by 1.10 and 3.89 times respectively. Indoor and outdoor CO, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations had no significant correlation. Cooking and air conditioning use notably controlled IAQ. During open-plan cooking, spread of fumes pushed maximum PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations to exceed 1000 and 500 μg/m3 respectively to threaten the health of occupants especially children. CO2 and VOCs rapidly accumulated during AC use, reaching over 3000 mg/m3 and 2000 μg/m3 respectively. Timely interventions are needed to reduce impacts on tenant’s health and provide healthy affordable housing to low-income families.

A novel aerodynamic modeling method for an axisymmetric missile with tiny units

This article investigates the aerodynamic modeling problem of an axisymmetric missile with tiny units. Three aerodynamic force models for an axisymmetric air-to-air standard model missile are estab...

English

Development and introduction of high capacity, precise, reliable and energy efficient machinery/equipment is the need for judicious use of inputs. Manufacturing of agricultural machinery in India is varied in nature and starts from village artisans, tiny units, cottage to small scale industries, organized tractor and agricultural machinery manufacturers including energy and processing machinery industry. Precision in application rates for higher input-use efficiency can be achieved only by improving the designs of the existing machinery/equipment. Precision index (PI) of machine/equipment is based on its capability to perform a given task in an accurate manner. It is a worthwhile attribute to compare the performance of different equipment and operations to enhance the productivity of a given farm. The purpose of study was to propose an index, that is, PI to select efficient and precise machine/equipment for the farmers. PI values were calculated for three types of machinery namely zero seed cum fertilizer drills, planters and spraying machines. It was concluded that drill Make 2, tested in the year 2004, was having the highest PI value, that is, 0.97 or 97% followed by drill Make 1 having PI value 0.95 or 95% tested in the same year. Drill Make 5 tested in the year 2013 was having minimum PI value, that is, 0.80 or 80%. PI value for happy seeder machine was 0.88 or 88%. During the testing of multi-crop planter in year 2014, the variability of doubling attribute was more, that is, 28% followed by missing having 20% value and produced influence on PI which was observed to be 0.83 or 83%. PI of semi-automatic and automatic potato planter was found to be 0.70 and 0.80, respectively. The value was not much satisfactory and could be ranked under average category. PI of electrostatic sprayer mounted with single as well as twin nozzle was observed to be the highest, that is, 0.89 followed by PI of air assisted sprayer with single and double nozzle, that is, 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. Key words: Precision index, zero till seed cum fertilizer drill, happy seeder, spraying machines, planting machines.

Conservation of Ground Water at Maheshtala Bleaching and Dyeing Cluster, a Populated Area in West Bengal, India by Implementing Ultra filtration and Reverse Osmosis Based Effluent Treatment Plant—A Case Study

The present study endeavors to assess the quantity and nature of effluents generated from textile bleaching and dyeing units in Maheshtala cluster, West Bengal, India and to provide a treatment process to conserve groundwater resources. Installation of decentralized common effluent treatment plants (CETP) with advanced membrane based treatment system will save ground water which can be reused. Effluent discharged from medium, small and tiny units of this cluster estimated at 20,000 KLD lifted through pumps from groundwater aquifer. Studies in Kalikapur area under Maheshtala cluster during 2012–2016 showed following mean concentrations of various physico-chemical variables: pH (7.29), BOD (150 mg/l), COD (457 mg/l), TDS (3534 mg/l), TSS (108 mg/l)) and metals such as Cd (0.02 mg/l), Pb (0.20 mg/l), Cr (0.21 mg/l), Fe (1.69 mg/l) and Na (2367 mg/l). These values exceeded the standard permissible limits stipulated by IS: 10500 (2012) and WHO (2003). Due to absence of CETPs in the cluster wastewater laden with toxic trace metals affects the environment and human health, degrades the quantity and quality of both surface and groundwater, contaminates agricultural land, crops, fruits and vegetables, and causes harm to aquatic life forms. Four to five decentralized CETPs are required to install at different locations of the Mahestala region with a capacity of 5000 KLD each, at least one in Kalikapur area, to purify large volume of wastewater (20,000 KLD) and to produce reusable groundwater to an extent of 11,000 KLD (55%) in a populated urban area at Maheshtala near Calcutta, a leading city of India. Further, population and textile bleaching and dyeing industries in last 10 years are increasing. The reuse of wastewater is inevitable as rainfall is decreasing in last 10 years and a result the groundwater recharge is also decreasing as per West Bengal Statistical Handbook 2014.

Correlation between education and workmanship: A case study of Muslim artisans of Aligarh lock industry

India’s economic growth cannot be conceived in isolation of its household and tiny level industry such as the Aligarh lock industry. It is more so as the growth of India’s petty industrial units has not at par with the over all, rather rapid economic growth of the country and the artisans engaged in the household and tiny level units have also not been equally benefitted with the consequential profits. The Muslims who constitute large number of artisan class have particularly been at a loss as they tend to excessively concentrate in the low-paying jobs, engage in artisanal sectors, or else serve as casual labour. Most of them are self-employed in low income artisan based works. Above all, they are educationally more backwards than their counterparts in other communities. Restrained further by over all security scenario all this goes to curtail their mobility. The present field based study that ascertains the status of Muslim artisans of Aligarh lock industry brings forth the fact that the artisans have been struggling hard for sustaining with the bare minimum of resources (income), yet aspiring to stick to the same hereditary profession. Availing of educational facilities is a far cry for them. Yet, they like to expose their children to formal education, even though it looks the least beneficial to them. This takes us to the next stage: how to improve their lot through educational means that could be geared to provide craft centred education to them all and educate them in the art of marketing their product, a more profitable step for raising levels of income.

Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP) and Medical Application

Numerous common classes of polymers are composed of hydrocarbons. The polymers are especially constructed of tiny units bonded onto elongated chains. Carbon makes up the mainstay/backbone of the hydrogen atoms and the molecules. one of the most popular environmental issues linked with synthetic polymers pollution is 45% of seabird types are believed to have swallowed polymers that have been confused for food, consistent with the United States Institute of Health. Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP), similarly called Fiber Reinforced Plastic, is type of polymer matrix composites made of thermosetting resins. GRP is utilized due to its high light weight, mechanical strength, temperature and corrosion resistant properties, smooth internal surface, thermal insulation, ease of repair, flexible shapes, and its affordability. It comprises glass fiber and thermosetting resin. Its best glass fiber component and winding techniques ensure the quality and usefulness of the material (Collyer, 2014). Polymerization may be illustrated by joining strips of construction paper conjointly to build garlands or hooking together many paper clips to create chains. Polymers have remained the phenomenon material of the past century and represent the prevalent class of biomaterials. In general, polymers are substances consist of macromolecules. Macromolecule may be further defined as molecules of high comparative molecular mass, the structure that significantly composes the numerous repetitions of units derived, conceptually or actually from molecule of low relative mass. According to Holm (2012) studies, natural polymers comprise things like tortoise shell and horns, shellac and a star, in addition tree saps that generate latex and amber. These polymers were process by applying pressure and heat into valuable articles such as jewelry and hair ornaments. Natural polymers started to be chemically altered during the 1800s to make several materials. The most popular of these included celluloid, rubber, and gun cotton. The initial synthetic polymer developed was Bakelite during 1909, and was later succeeded by the first rayon, semi-synthetic fiber, which was produced during 1911(Williams, 2013).

A simulation model for predicting canopy structure and light distribution in wheat

Quantitative simulation of architectural structure and light distribution within a crop canopy is important for photosynthesis estimation and virtual construction. This study was undertaken to simulate the leaf curve, canopy structure and light distribution in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The field experiments with different plant types and sowing densities were carried out, and the time-course changes in canopy structure and light distribution were measured in winter wheat. The leaf curvature in wheat canopy increased with increasing sowing density and the leaf curve could be simulated with a quadratic function and its varied forms. The maximal value of leaf curvature was considered as a cultivar parameter reflecting the genetic characteristics, and the plant number per unit area was used to quantify the effects of sowing density on leaf curvature. Based on the simulated canopy structure, the leaf angle distribution function (f(θL)), extinction coefficient (K(θ)) and leaf area index (LAI) of the canopy were directly calculated by dividing leaf inclination angle into tiny units and accumulating the corresponding leaf areas. Then, the vertical distribution of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in a canopy could be simulated by using the Beer’s law. The models were validated with the independent dataset from the field experiment of different wheat cultivars. The average relative root mean square error (RRMSE) between the estimated and observed values were 17.44% for layered LAI and 19.35% for PPFD. These results indicated that the present model could effectively predict the growth dynamics of structure and of light distribution within wheat canopies, which would be useful for structural visualization or photosynthesis simulation.

Timescape of the earthquake disasters in iran: the intricacies of earthquake time and earthquake disaster risk reduction

Time is a crucial coordinate for seismology, though often its ubiquity is forgotten by society as it is taken for granted and its potential is unexplored within the arena of earthquake disaster risk reduction. Earthquake disasters build up over time. An earthquake is a dramatic context that takes just tiny units of time to bring an immense tragedy of human loss, suffering and destruction. This paper targets the exploration of the timescape for four large earthquake disasters in ran: am in 2003, udbar in 1990, abas in 1978 and uyin ahra in 1962. An investigation of the intricacies of earthquake time and earthquake disaster time is performed for these four earthquake disasters which covers a time interval of 52 years. These large earthquake disasters are considered as chronological milestones for the Iranian seismic timescape. This contributes to model seismic patterns with the aim to reduce the epistemic uncertainty and encourage better earthquake preparedness and earthquake disaster risk reduction. It is found that two perspectives, a geological perspective and earthquake disaster survivors' perspective and their associated aspects of time present a great potential for earthquake disaster risk reduction. A dramatic repetition of earthquake disaster time not only in time, but also in various places in ran, highlights that living with earthquakes in ran requires a better articulation of the relationship between the time of nature and the time of society and local communities. Furthermore, learning to live with earthquake time requires a long‐term mitigation of the earthquake hazard and improvement of the resilience of local communities.

Labour and Petty Production

ABSTRACTOne of many fracture zones in the right‐less workforce is between wage labour, disguised wage labour (DWL) and petty commodity production (PCP) — between the formal and real subsumption of labour to capital. When the polar classes of capitalism leave much lying between them under conditions of generalized commodity production and circulation, where expansion is driven by multiplication of tiny units of production and trade rather than, or as well as, accumulation, what is to be done? In response to Saumyajit Bhattacharya's charge (in this issue) that the discourse used to explore PCP can support the de‐legitimation of labour politics, this essay examines the definitions of, evidence for, and interpretation of DWL and PCP in the Indian case. It then addresses the theoretical and practical importance of PCP, its persistence, problems of its legal status and its politics.