Tin-nickel Alloy Research Articles

Bimetallic NiSn supported on mesoporous carbon as an efficient catalyst for selective methanol synthesis from CO2

Global warming and climate change represent the most significant environmental challenges of the 21st century, primarily attributed to the rise in CO2 emission in the atmosphere. Efforts to mitigate this increase involve exploring various methods to reduce CO2 levels, with chemical reactions, such as hydrogenation, being a prominent approach. However, the stable and inert nature of CO2 necessitates the use of catalysts to facilitate its conversion. In this research, NiSn nanoparticles with varying atomic ratios were deposited onto a mesoporous carbon support and subsequently utilized as catalysts for CO2 conversion through hydrogenation reactions at ambient pressure. The diffraction patterns of NiSn/MC reveal peaks indicating the presence of a graphitic carbon structure and the existence of a nickel-tin alloy. SEM-EDX mapping and TEM characterization demonstrate the uniform dispersion of NiSn particles on the mesoporous carbon surface, without the formation of agglomerated particles. Catalytic hydrogenation reactions indicate that the atomic ratio of Ni:Sn significantly influences the catalyst activity and selectivity for methanol formation. Among the NixSny/MC catalysts and monometallic Ni/MC, Sn/MC, and NiSn NPs without support, Ni5Sn1/MC demonstrated the highest CO2 conversion of 39.9 %. Additionally, at a reaction temperature of 175 °C and a CO2:H2 gas ratio of 1:7, Ni5Sn1/MC exhibited a methanol yield of 86.31 mmol/gcat, outperforming other catalysts in the study.

Phase modulation of nickel-tin alloys in regulating electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction properties

Phase modulation of nickel-tin alloys in regulating electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction properties

Biocidal and Corrosion Properties of Composite Electrochemical Coatings Based on Tin–Nickel Alloy

Biocidal and Corrosion Properties of Composite Electrochemical Coatings Based on Tin–Nickel Alloy

Two‐Step Dealloying Approach to Synthesize Hierarchically Porous Nickel–Tin Alloy Toward Long‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Due to the high theoretical specific capacity and low cost of Sn, developing Sn‐based anode materials with long life is the key to their practical applications in lithium‐ion batteries. Herein, novel hierarchically porous NiSn alloys with interconnected ligament‐channel networks are synthesized via a two‐step dealloying strategy, involving corrosion of an Al97.5Ni2Sn0.5 precursor in NaOH, followed by partially etching Ni in HNO3. The architecture of the obtained NiSn‐3 h alloy contains the ligaments with the scale of about 115.2 nm and nanowalls with a thickness of several nanometers on the ligament surface, which can enhance the electron/ion transport kinetics and improve the tolerance to volume variation. The NiSn‐3h electrode exhibits superior Li storage performance in terms of satisfactory rate performance and excellent cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 213.9 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. More importantly, the Li storage mechanism of NiSn‐3h is unveiled by operando X‐Ray diffraction, revealing the formation of lithiation products with low crystallinity at the end of discharge. In addition, on‐line differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy is used to detect the gas evolution of the NiSn‐3h electrode during the discharge–charge processes.

Characterization of Protective Coatings on Stainless Steel Bipolar Plates for PEM Electrolyzers

Hydrogen production by electrolysis offers significant advantages over established and more common processes such as steam reforming with regard to CO2 emissions, in particular through the use of electrical energy from renewable sources and the establishment of a decentralized supply structure. The advantages of PEM (proton exchange membrane) electrolysis include high power density, scalability, and the high purity of the produced hydrogen. However, so far the manufacturing of the PEM electrolyzers is realized only on small scale, which makes the widespread use difficult and is a main cost driver for electrolyzer systems.In the scope of the publically funded lead project H2Giga, a series of manufacturing processes are developed for industrial scale-up production of PEM electrolyzer components, in particular the bipolar plates (BPP) and the porous transport layers (PTL). Base materials like stainless steel are used that can be processed at a low cost but need protective coatings to withstand the highly corrosive conditions during electrolysis, especially at the anode side of each cell.In our approach, these coatings are produced by electroplating, and their protective properties are investigated by electrochemical and surface characterization techniques. Precious metals (e.g. gold, platinum) are promising due their good stability at high anodic potentials and low pH values. However, nickel alloys, especially tin-nickel, could offer a cost-effective alternative. An improved stability of the tin-nickel alloy is observed above +1.5 V vs. NHE which can be attributed to the formation of an oxide layer. The coating systems showing the best results are investigated further in a multi-cell stack setup.

Formation and Physicochemical Properties of Composite Electrochemical Coatings of Tin–Nickel Alloy with Silicon Dioxide Incapsulated by Nanosized Titanium Dioxide

Formation and Physicochemical Properties of Composite Electrochemical Coatings of Tin–Nickel Alloy with Silicon Dioxide Incapsulated by Nanosized Titanium Dioxide

The design and properties of galvanic anticorrosive coatings for important precision parts of farming equipment

The paper explores the possibility of using a number of nickel alloys in multilayer coatings to decrease nickel consumption and preserve the functional effect of the coating. The following is proved by the graphical calculation technique using experimental data on the galvanic properties of the multilayer coating parts. Nickel-iron, nickel-phosphorus and nickel-tin alloy can be applied as a lower coating layer rather than semi-shiny, shiny or composite nickel. It is advisable to use a nickel-iron alloy as the middle (second) layer, and the concentration of iron depends on the composition of the first and third layers. If a nickel-iron alloy is applied as the material of the first layer, then the second layer may be semi-shiny (Ns-sh) or shiny (Nsh) nickel. The substitution of nickel layers for nickel alloys allows to considerably (about 10%) decrease the cost of a multilayer coating, while the protective properties are remaining the same. The application of the same nickel-containing alloys as single-layer anticorrosive coatings shows a lower level of protective properties.

Revealing the Effect of Phase Composition and Transformation on the Mechanical Properties of a Cu-6Ni-6Sn-0.6Si Alloy.

In the present study, a Cu–6Ni–6Sn–0.6Si alloy is fabricated through frequency induction melting, then subjected to solution treatment, rolling, and annealing. The phase composition, microstructure evolution, and transition mechanism of the Cu–6Ni–6Sn–0.6Si alloy are researched systematically through simulation calculation and experimental characterization. The ultimate as-annealed sample simultaneously performs with high strength and good ductility according to the uniaxial tensile test results at room temperature. There are amounts of precipitates generated, which are identified as belonging to the DO22 and L12 phases through the transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The DO22 and L12 phase precipitates have a significant strengthening effect. Meanwhile, the generation of the common discontinuous precipitation of the γ phase, which is harmful to the mechanical properties of the copper–nickel–tin alloy, is inhibited mightily during the annealing process, possibly due to the existence of the Ni5Si2 primary phase. Therefore, the as-annealed sample of the Cu–6Ni–6Sn–0.6Si alloy possesses high tensile strength and elongation, which are 967 MPa and 12%, respectively.

Recent progress in the direct synthesis of γ-valerolactone from biomass-derived sugars catalyzed by RANEY® Ni–Sn alloy supported on aluminium hydroxide

Direct synthesis of γ-valerolactone from sugars using RANEY® nickel–tin alloy supported on aluminum hydroxide catalysts under mild reaction conditions produced an outstanding yield up to 74.9%.

Selective Conversion of 2-Methylfuran to 1,4-Pentanediol Catalyzed by Bimetallic Ni-Sn Alloy

The selective conversion of 2-methylfuran (2-MeF) to 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PeD) over bimetallic nickel-tin alloy catalysts in the ethanol/H2O solvent mixture was studied. By using bulk Ni-Sn(x); x = 3.0 and 1.5 catalysts, a maximum yield of 1,4-PeD (49%) was obtained at 94% conversion of 2-MeF. The dispersion of Ni-Sn(x) on the aluminium hydroxide (AlOH) or g-Al2O3 supports allowed to an outstanding yield of 1,4-PeD (up to 64%) at 433 K, 3.0 MPa of H2 within 12 h. Ni-Sn(3.0)/AlOH catalyst was found to be reusable and the treatment of the recovered Ni-Sn(3.0)/AlOH catalyst with H2 at 673 K for 1 h restored the catalyst’s original activity and selectivity.

Compositionally tuned NixSn alloys as anode materials for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries with a high pseudocapacitive contribution

Nickel tin alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with tuned composition NixSn (0.6 ≤ x ≤ 1.9) were synthesized by a solution-based procedure and used as anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (SIBs). Among the compositions tested, Ni0.9Sn-based electrodes exhibited the best performance in both LIBs and SIBs. As LIB anodes, Ni0.9Sn-based electrodes delivered charge-discharge capacities of 980 mAh g−1 after 340 cycles at 0.2 A g−1 rate, which surpassed their maximum theoretical capacity considering that only Sn is lithiated. A kinetic characterization of the charge-discharge process demonstrated the electrode performance to be aided by a significant pseudocapacitive contribution that compensated for the loss of energy storage capacity associated to the solid-electrolyte interphase formation. This significant pseudocapacitive contribution, which not only translated into higher capacities but also longer durability, was associated to the small size of the crystal domains and the proper electrode composition. The performance of NixSn-based electrodes toward Na-ion storage was also characterized, reaching significant capacities above 200 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 but with a relatively fast fade over 120 continuous cycles. A relatively larger pseudocapacitive contribution was obtained in NixSn-based electrodes for SIBs when compared with LIBs, consistently with the lower contribution of the Na ion diffusion associated to its larger size.

Production of an Electrolytic Alloy Nickel-Tin-Bor

A method for the preparation and properties of an alloy based on nickel is discussed. An electrolyte for the deposition of a tin-nickel alloy has been developed. The influence of electrolysis regimes and electrolyte composition on the physical and mechanical properties (microhardness, spreading coefficient of solder, transient electrical resistance, coating ability to soldering, phase composition, porosity, adhesion, corrosion resistance) of an electrolytic coating based on nickel-tin alloy precipitated from a chloride electrolyte. The possibility of using a tin-nickel alloy as a solderable coating instead of gold and silver is shown.

Development of Three-Dimensional Ni-Sn Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Advances in energy storage devices in the next 10-15 years are expected to come from lithium-ion batteries1. However, the current architecture used in Li-ion electrodes appears to pose a limit on energy and power densities in electrodes. New architectures are needed to design Li-ion batteries with the improved performance desired in advanced high-power applications. Novel 3D Li-S battery architecture combines power density and energy density in a single battery in a way that a high surface area cathode and anode are interdigitated. Interdigitation allows multi-directional flow of Li ions compared to the one-directional movement in conventional 2D Li-ion batteries making the path length for Li ions short at all points between the electrodes. The battery is fabricated using anode tin-nickel alloy (Ni3Sn4) deposited on high surface area nickel foam used as the negative electrode current collector. The anode is then conformally coated with a solid polymer electrolyte using layer-by-layer method. Remaining void spaces in the foam are filled with lithium sulfide (Li2S) cathode using a slurry coating process. To complete the cell, nickel mesh current collector is applied to the slurry.

PROTECTIVE ABILITY OF TIN-NICKEL COATINGS

The calculation of the corrosion current of the steel – plating allowed us to estimate the protective properties and the porosity of the Tin-Nickel coatings. Measured in 3% NaCl solution the potential of steel electrode covered by tin alloy-Nickel thickness of 5, 10, 15 µm, respectively, has values of -277 mV, -314 mV, -355 mV, and the potential of steel 0.8 KP was 440 mV relative to the standard hydrogen electrode. At a thickness of 15 µm and at the mentioned potential the current density of corrosion for system steel – coating from tin-Nickel oxalate electrolyte was 2.3 µa/cm2, and for the coating from fluoride-chloride electrolyte was 7.5 µA/cm2. Therefore, the protective ability of tin-Nickel coatings obtained from oxalate-sulfate electrolytes is 3 times higher than similar coatings from fluoride-chloride electrolyte. Corrosion tests in salt spray chamber for Sn-Ni coatings obtained from oxalate-ammonium electrolyte confirmed the high corrosion resistance of tin-Nickel coatings when the ratio of the metals in the electrolyte was Ni/Sn = 5/1. The coatings obtained from oxalate electrolytes, distinguished by small size grains, in contrast to the coatings deposited from fluoride-chloride electrolyte. The increase in the microhardness of the coatings contributes a more microcrystalline surface topography of the alloy tin-Nickel deposited from oxalate-sulfate electrolytes, as it was evidenced by the results of crystallographic calculations. The test of specimens for microhardness showed that the samples obtained from oxalate-sulfate electrolytes are a bit harder (255 MPa) than samples obtained from fluoride-chloride electrolyte (245 MPa). The study of the structure of the coatings was performed using scanning electron microscope. SEM data showed that coatings obtained from the fluoride-chloride electrolyte have the pores, whereas poros are practically absent for caotings obtained from oxalate-ammonium. Probably, for these reasons the tin-Nickel coating obtained from oxalate-ammonium electrolyte better resists to corrosion in comparison with similar coating prepared from fluoride-chloride electrolyte. The technological process of depositing tin-nickel alloy from said weakly acid electrolyte is twice as effective and high-speed as compared to alkaline tinning, since the electrochemical equivalent of tin (II) is twice as high as for tin (IV) deposited from the alkaline electrolyte. It has been established that coatings obtained from oxalate-ammonium electrolytes, due to increased polarization during electrodeposition, are finer-grained, corrosion-resistant in comparison with coatings obtained from fluoride-chloride electrolytes. High dissipation ability of oxalate-ammonium electrolytes makes it possible to deposit tin-nickel coatings on composite products. The new technological processes studied in the result of the work made it possible to improve the physical and chemical properties of the coatings, to reduce material costs and to reduce environmental pollutionForcitation:Shekhanov R.F. Protective ability of tin-nickel coatings. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 10. P. 75-81

Effect of Surfactants on Electrodeposition of the Sn–Ni Alloy from Oxalate Solutions

The effects of surfactants on the electrolytic deposition of tin–nickel alloys from oxalate–ammonium electrolytes were determined. The adsorption of the nonionic surfactant at the interface decreases the rate of charge transfer across the interface. As a result, the electrochemical stage of the electroreduction of metals slows down, and the alloy is deposited in the form of shiny finely crystalline coatings. The range of optimum surfactant concentrations in the oxalate–ammonium electrolyte was determined based on the simulation of the interface impedance obtained during the alloy deposition and the electron microscopy studies of the obtained coatings.

Electrochemical Deposition of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings from Tin–Nickel Alloys

We propose the optimal composition of a polyligand ammonium-chloride-fluoride electrolyte and a mode of electrolysis for the deposition of functional coatings formed by tin–nickel alloys. The tin–nickel alloy with a tin content of 65 wt.% and a nickel content of 35 wt.% proves to be the most promising for microelectronics in the case of its application instead of gold coatings. It is shown that the obtained coatings are suitable for soldering with the use of low-temperature solders and acid-free fluxes and for the ultrasonic spot welding. The electrolytic deposits of tin–nickel alloys are investigated as the anodes of lithium–ion batteries by the potentiodynamic and galvanostatic cycling methods. It is shown that the deposits obtained from an alkaline tartrate-trilonate electrolyte are characterized in the first cycles by a high specific capacity of up to 700 mA ∙ h/g. In the course of cycling, this parameter decreases to 500 mA ∙ h/g. The obtained tin–nickel alloys guarantee high densities of charge-discharge currents without mechanical fracture.

Electrodeposited Ni-Sn intermetallic alloy electrode for 3D sulfur battery

3D architecture appeared to be a promising design to enhance the performance of the Lithium-ion batteries by shortening the lithium ion diffusion path and increasing the energy density per unit area. In this paper, we report preliminary results of facile electrodeposition of intermetallic tin-nickel alloy from electrolyte solution onto 3D structured nickel foam for 3D lithium-sulfur battery. The coated films were characterized for their morphologies, structural and electrochemical properties. Scanning electron microscope images revealedthin and homogenous film while XRD revealed the expected phase of intermetallic alloy Ni3Sn4. The electrochemical activity of the film showed to be a promising start to be used as an anode material and needs further works to be optimized.

Functional electrolytic coatings of tin-nickel alloys for integrated circuits

Functional electrolytic coatings of tin-nickel alloys for integrated circuits

Electrodeposition of tin–nickel alloys from oxalate–sulfate and fluoride–chloride electrolytes

The processes of electrodeposition of tin–nickel alloys from sulfate–oxalate and fluoride–chloride electrolytes are investigated. Oxalate electrolytes for the deposition of the tin–nickel alloy have a high throwing power in comparison with that of the fluoride–chloride electrolyte. Increasing the polarization in the electrodeposition of alloys from an oxalate electrolyte provides an increase in the microhardness and corrosion resistance of coatings.

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid in Water into g-Valerolactone over Bulk Structure of Inexpensive Intermetallic Ni-Sn Alloy Catalysts

A bulk structure of inexpensive intermetallic nickel-tin (Ni-Sn) alloys catalysts demonstrated highly selective in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid in water into g-valerolactone. The intermetallic Ni-Sn catalysts were synthesized via a very simple thermochemical method from non-organometallic precursor at low temperature followed by hydrogen treatment at 673 K for 90 min. The molar ratio of nickel salt and tin salt was varied to obtain the corresponding Ni/Sn ratio of 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.5, and 0.75. The formation of Ni-Sn alloy species was mainly depended on the composition and temperature of H2 treatment. Intermetallics Ni-Sn that contain Ni3Sn, Ni3Sn2, and Ni3Sn4 alloy phases are known to be effective heterogeneous catalysts for levulinic acid hydrogenation giving very excellence g-valerolactone yield of >99% at 433 K, initial H2 pressure of 4.0 MPa within 6 h. The effective hydrogenation was obtained in H2O without the formation of by-product. Intermetallic Ni-Sn(1.5) that contains Ni3Sn2 alloy species demonstrated very stable and reusable catalyst without any significant loss of its selectivity. © 2015 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)