Tin Monoxide Research Articles

Effect of stannous oxide on the structure and properties of iron phosphate glass

A novel phosphate glass of the P2O5-SnCl2-Fe2O3 system was synthesized using the melt-cooling technique. The effect of substituting SnO for SnCl2 on the properties of the glass was systematically explored. The material was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a thermal expansion test. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) analysis revealed that the glass transition temperature initially rises and subsequently falls with increasing SnO content. The incorporation of Sn and Fe ions not only reduces the characteristic temperature of the glass but also enhances its chemical stability, presenting significant potential for applications in low-temperature sealing technologies.

Room Temperature Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Hybrid Layered SnO Mesoflowers and Laser-Induced Graphitic Carbon Devices.

In this work, we demonstrate chemiresistive volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors prepared by drop-cast assembly of layered tin monoxide mesoflowers (SnO-MFs) on additively produced laser-induced graphene-like carbon (LIG). The SnO-MFs were synthesized below 100 °C at ambient pressure and offer a low fabrication energy alternative route to typical furnace-prepared metal-oxide materials. The additive dropcast assembly of room-temperature operating metal oxide active material allows the substitution of LIG for metal current collectors and glass for alumina, reducing the environmental footprint of the sensor. The sensors can detect methanol (150-4000 ppm) at room temperature and humidity (∼18 °C, ∼55% RH), with response and recovery times (150 ppm methanol) of t 90,resp ≈ 50 ± 10 s and t 90,rec ≈ 5 ± 0.5 s, respectively. The sensors demonstrated a limit of detection (170 ± 40 ppm) below 8 h worker safety exposure levels (200 ppm) and stable DC resistance responses ΔR/R = 9 ± 2% to 710 ppm of methanol for over 21 days in ambient laboratory conditions, n = 4. First-principles density functional theory simulations were used to elucidate the interactions of VOC species on the SnO surfaces. LIG-SnO hybrid sensors thus present a resource-efficient route to develop chemiresistive sensors for low-power applications, although with cross-selectivity to other alcohol species.

High-Dimensional Physical Reservoir with Back-End-of-Line-Compatible Tin Monoxide Thin-Film Transistor.

This work demonstrates a physical reservoir using a back-end-of-line compatible thin-film transistor (TFT) with tin monoxide (SnO) as the channel material for neuromorphic computing. The electron trapping and time-dependent detrapping at the channel interface induce the SnO·TFT to exhibit fading memory and nonlinearity characteristics, the critical assets for physical reservoir computing. The three-terminal configuration of the TFT allows the generation of higher-dimensional reservoir states by simultaneously adjusting the bias conditions of the gate and drain terminals, surpassing the performances of typical two-terminal-based reservoirs such as memristors. The high-dimensional SnO TFT reservoir performs exceptionally in two benchmark tests, achieving a 94.1% accuracy in Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology handwritten number recognition and a normalized root-mean-square error of 0.089 in Mackey-Glass time-series prediction. Furthermore, it is suitable for vertical integration because its fabrication temperature is <250 °C, providing the benefit of achieving a high integration density.

Development of MWCNT/Gd2O3/SnO2 composite fabricated GCE for voltammetric detection of L- cysteine

A highly sensitive electrochemical method for the determination of L- Cysteine (L-cys) was developed using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the composite of bimetallic gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) and stannous oxide (SnO2) embedded on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). This modified electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of L-cys in a phosphate buffer solution (0.1 M, pH 7). The proposed electrode showed a linear range of 0.011 μM–27.7 μM, sensitivity of 0.048 μA μM−1 cm−2 and a detection limit (LOD) of 5.993 nM. X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) was performed to characterize all the synthesized materials and the composite prior to electrode fabrication. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was performed to account for the rise in the anodic peak in the potential concluding the current conductivity. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was also performed to confirm the results. This work introduces a simple and easy approach to the sensitive detection of L-cys. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to characterize the fabricated electrode and was used to investigate the redox properties of this modified electrode at various scan rates. This low-cost nanomaterial fabricated has a wide linear range with excellent stability and reproducibility. The practical applicability of the sensor was confirmed by sensing the L-cys in real samples, possessing satisfactory recoveries (95.8 % and 107.1 %).

Synthesis of complex polyolester as base stock for high-performance lubricant: Optimization, characterization, and evaluation

Synthetic esters are expected to have broad application prospects in the high-end lubrication sectors owing to their fascinating custom-tailored properties. Herein, we synthesized a novel complex polyolester (CPE) via a stepwise esterification procedure using stannous oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst. Response surface methodology coupled with the Box–Behnken design (BBD-RSM) was employed to optimize the experimental parameters and elucidate the interactions among the operating variables on the low-temperature fluidity of CPE. The optimization results indicated that the lowest pour point (−42 °C) could be obtained under the catalyst dosage of 1.2 wt%, the first step reaction temperature of 164 °C, the first step reaction time of 100 min, and the second step reaction temperature of 178 °C. Particularly, there is a significant interactive effect between the catalyst dosage and the second step reaction temperature. Followed by the molecular distillation of the crude ester prepared under the optimal conditions, the refining results revealed that the non-ideal components had been effectively removed and the total acid number of the final product was substantially reduced to below 0.1 mg KOH/g. The molecular structures of the as-synthesized esters were confirmed by FT-IR, NMR, GPC, ESI–MS, and TGA characterization and their physicochemical and tribological properties were also evaluated according to standard methods. In view of the unique molecular structural design, the developed CPE displayed plentiful prominent technological specificities, which makes it plausible to be served as a potential high-performance base stock. Therefore, the findings of this study may provide some valuable insights for expanding the application scope of synthetic esters into various special industrial scenarios.

Effects of isotropic stress on the band structure elastic, optical, thermal, and x-ray diffraction properties of TiSnO3.

Cubic perovskite titanium stannous oxide (TiSnO3) is a promising material for various applications due to its functional properties. However, understanding how these properties change under external stress is crucial for its development and optimization. This study employed density functional theory calculations to investigate the structural, electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of TiSnO3 under varying degrees of external static isotropic stress (0-120 GPa). The study reveals a significant decrease in the bandgap of TiSnO3 with increasing stress due to lattice modifications and the formation of delocalized electrons. Partial density of states analysis indicates that Sn and O states play a key role in shaping the electronic band structure. TiSnO3 exhibits increased light absorption with stress, accompanied by a blue shift in absorption peaks, whereas, both polarizability and refractive index decrease with increasing stress. Mechanically, all elastic moduli (bulk, shear, and Young's) show an increase under stress, signifying a stiffening response of the material under stress. Similarly, the Pugh ratio suggests a transition from ductile to brittle behaviour at elevated stress levels. Phonon dispersion calculations indicate the instability of the cubic phase at 0 K. However, a phonon gap emerges at 30 GPa and widens with increasing stress. X-ray diffraction further supports these findings by demonstrating a shift in diffraction peaks towards higher angles with increasing stress, consistent with the applied stress. In conclusion, this computational study offers a thorough understanding of how external stress influences the properties of TiSnO3, providing valuable insights for potential applications in various fields.

Exploring the Post-Annealing Influence on Stannous Oxide Thin Films via Chemical Bath Deposition Technique: Unveiling Structural, Optical, and Electrical Dynamics

Stannous oxide (SnO2) thin films have garnered significant attention for their promising applications in various electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this study, we investigate the impact of post-annealing on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of stannous oxide thin films deposited using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The thin films were prepared on a Borosilicate glass substrate, followed by a controlled annealing process to enhance their performance. Structural analysis was conducted using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine the cubic crystalline structure and the crystallite size increase induced by post-annealing. The results revealed alterations in grain size from the SEM and the purity of samples confirmed from EDX results. The optical properties of the Stannous oxide thin films were examined using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The optical absorption and bandgap characteristics were analyzed to understand how post-annealing influences the optical behavior of the thin films. Where the optical absorption was 320nm and the bandgap ranges were 3.86eV to 3.83eV. Furthermore, the electrical properties of the thin films were evaluated semiconducting nature, and conductivity increased with rising post-annealing. The findings from this study contribute to the understanding of the role of post-annealing in tailoring the properties of Stannous oxide thin films. The optimization of structural, optical, and electrical characteristics is crucial for their successful integration into electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Theoretical study of the effect of ionization effect on the thermal conductivity of stannous oxide

Effectively modulating the thermal conductivity of materials is critical for meeting the various requirements of thermal-management devices. In this work, the influence of ionization on the phonon-transport properties of stannous oxide (SnO) was systematically investigated using first-principles calculations combined with the Boltzmann transport equation. The results show that ionization has a positive effect on the thermal conductivity of SnO, and this phenomenon can be further enhanced with increased ionization magnitude. Specifically, it was found that the thermal conductivities of SnO along the x (y) and z directions could be increased by 35%/200% and 65%/300% after the removal of four and eight electrons, respectively, from neutral SnO. The phonon mode information implies that the enhancement of thermal conductivity mainly originates from the suppression of anharmonicity in the ionized SnO. This behavior was further demonstrated by analyzing the root mean square displacement and potential-well structure. More in-depth examination suggested that the enhancement of the thermal conductivity of SnO does not originate from the ionization itself, but from the internal strain in the lattice caused by the ionization. The findings presented in this work elucidate how ionization can impact thermal conductivity, providing theoretical guidance for modulating thermal conductivity at the electron level.

Experimental and theoretical study of the Sn-O bond formation between atomic tin and molecular oxygen.

The merging of the electronic structure calculations and crossed beam experiments expose the reaction dynamics in the tin (Sn, 3Pj) - molecular oxygen (O2, X3Σ-g) system yielding tin monoxide (SnO, X1Σ+) along with ground state atomic oxygen O(3P). The reaction can be initiated on the triplet and singlet surfaces via addition of tin to the oxygen atom leading to linear, bent, and/or triangular reaction intermediates. On both the triplet and singlet surfaces, formation of the tin dioxide structure is required prior to unimolecular decomposition to SnO(X1Σ+) and O(3P). Intersystem crossing (ISC) plays a critical role in the reaction mechanism and extensively interosculates singlet and triplet surfaces. The studied reaction follows a mechanism parallel to that for the gas phase reaction of germanium and silicon with molecular oxygen, however, the presence of the tin atom enhances and expands ISC via the "heavy atom effect".

Photocatalytic degradation of noxious p-nitrophenol using hydrothermally synthesized stannous and zinc oxide catalysts

The present research work compares the effectiveness of the hydrothermally produced Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Stannous Oxide (SnO2) nanocatalysts through a new approach for the degradation of p-nitrophenol present in water as a noxious chemical. The study focuses on the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol due to its detrimental effects on both the environment and human health. The photocatalyst, ZnO and SnO2 have been synthesized using a facile hydrothermal approach at 140 °C for 7 h. Both photocatalysts were characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM to comprehend their morphologies and structures. It was observed that the ZnO photocatalyst has better degradation efficiency (95%) as compared to the SnO2 catalyst (79%) towards the degradation of p-nitrophenol. A detailed investigation has been carried out to understand the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol in terms of the total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS). In addition, it was discovered that the optimal conditions for degrading p-nitrophenol are ZnO photocatalysts with a concentration of 0.1 g/L at a pH of 10.5, in the presence of 5 mM H2O2 and a pollutant concentration of 20 ppm.

Fermi level depinning via insertion of a graphene buffer layer at the gold–2D tin monoxide contact

Two-dimensional (2D) tin monoxide (SnO) has attracted much attention owing to its distinctive electronic and optical properties, which render itself suitable as a channel material in field effect transistors (FETs). However, upon contact with metals for such applications, the Fermi level pinning effect may occur, where states are induced in its band gap by the metal, hindering its intrinsic semiconducting properties. We propose the insertion of graphene at the contact interface to alleviate the metal-induced gap states. By using gold (Au) as the electrode material and monolayer SnO (mSnO) as the channel material, the geometry, bonding strength, charge transfer and tunnel barriers of charges, and electronic properties including the work function, band structure, density of states, and Schottky barriers are thoroughly investigated using first-principles calculations for the structures with and without graphene to reveal the contact behaviours and Fermi level depinning mechanism. It has been demonstrated that strong covalent bonding is formed between gold and mSnO, while the graphene interlayer forms weak van der Waals interaction with both materials, which minimises the perturbance to the band structure of mSnO. The effects of out-of-plane compression are also analysed to assess the performance of the contact under mechanical deformation, and a feasible fabrication route for the heterostructure with graphene is proposed. This work systematically explores the properties of the Au–mSnO contact for applications in FETs and provides thorough guidance for future exploitation of 2D materials in various electronic applications and for selection of buffer layers to improve metal–semiconductor contact.

Red and Blue-Black Tin Monoxide, SnO: Pitfalls, Challenges, and Helpful Tools in Crystal Structure Determination of Low-Intensity Datasets from Microcrystals

The crystal structures of red and blue-black tin(II) oxide, SnO, have been determined for the first time by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Blue-black SnO crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/nmm, representing a layer structure consisting of the square–pyramidally coordinated tin and slightly distorted tetrahedrally coordinated oxygen atoms, in accordance with previous results. In contrast, red SnO crystallizes in the orthorhombic centrosymmetric space group Pbca rather than in the non-centrosymmetric space group Cmc21, as assumed for a long time. Its layer structure consists of very regular, trigonal–pyramidally coordinated tin atoms as well as trigonal–planar coordinated oxygen atoms. Special care was taken on space group determination, including lattice centering. C-centering could be excluded because of systematic absence violations detected when collecting and processing a primitive triclinic dataset and by generating precession images. In the absence of meaningful extinction conditions resulting from the very small crystal under examination, the structure was initially solved and refined in the triclinic space group P1. Subsequently, the observed atom coordinates were used to reconstruct the actual symmetry skeleton. The various possibilities to identify the correct space group starting from the triclinic solution are demonstrated, and the unique structural features of the crystal structure are visualized.

Effects of Plasma Treatment on the Surface and Photocatalytic Properties of Nanostructured SnO2-SiO2 Films.

In this work, we study the effects of treating nanostructured SnO2-SiO2 films derived by a sol-gel method with nitrogen and oxygen plasma. The structural and chemical properties of the films are closely investigated. To quantify surface site activity in the films following treatment, we employed a photocatalytic UV degradation test with brilliant green. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was found that treatment with oxygen plasma led to a high deviation in the stoichiometry of the SnO2 surface and even the appearance of a tin monoxide phase. These samples also exhibited a maximum photocatalytic activity. In contrast, treatment with nitrogen plasma did not lead to any noticeable changes in the material. However, increasing the power of the plasma source from 250 W to 500 W led to the appearance of an SnO fraction on the surface and a reduction in the photocatalytic activity. In general, all the types of plasma treatment tested led to amorphization in the SnO2-SiO2 samples.

1D Narrow-Bandgap Tin Oxide Materials: Systematic High-Resolution TEM and Raman Analysis.

We demonstrate for the first time the structure identification and narrow-bandgap property of 1D hybridized SnO/SnO2 nanoparticles derived from the calcination of a single-source precursor, i.e., tin(II) oxalate. Systematic Raman analysis together with high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) measurements of the tin oxide samples were carried out by changing the calcination temperatures. These data revealed the simultaneous formation of 1D SnO/SnO2 in the rod particles that grew in air. It was also found that Sn(II) can be introduced by changing the concentration of Sn(II) salt in the precursor synthesis and the maximum temperature in calcination. Particles measuring 20~30 nm were sintered to produce tin oxide nanorods including tin monoxide, SnO. Photoabsorption properties associated with the formation of the SnO/SnO2 nanocomposites were also investigated. Tauc plots indicate that the obtained tin oxide samples had a lower bandgap of 2.9~3.0 eV originating from SnO in addition to a higher bandgap of around 3.5~3.7 eV commonly observed for SnO2. Such 1D SnOx/SnO2 hybrids via tin oxalate synthesis with this optical property would benefit new materials design for photoenergy conversion systems, such as photocatalysts.

Ab initio Study of Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Tin Monoxide with Doping and Strain Modulation

Ab initio Study of Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Tin Monoxide with Doping and Strain Modulation

Conversion of p-type SnO to n-type SnO2 via oxidation and the band offset and rectification of an all-Tin oxide p-n junction structure

p-Type Tin monoxide (SnO) is a metastable phase and can be oxidized into n-type SnO2 in an O2 environment during growth and post-growth annealing. Here we first grow SnO thin films by RF magnetron sputtering with different oxygen partial pressure in the sputtering gas followed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in O2 to obtain n-type conducting SnO2 films. We found that while after RTA in N2 stoichiometric SnO film is p-type conducting, films sputtered with excess O and RTA in O2 crystallize in rutile SnO2 structure and exhibit n-type conductivity. Exploiting the transformation of p-SnO to n-SnO2 through oxidation, we fabricate an all-Tin Oxide transparent p-n quasi-homojunction (p-SnO/n-SnO2) and compare it to a p-SnO/n-ZnO heterojunction structure in term of their rectification behavior. XPS measurements reveal that both SnO2 and ZnO at the Γ point exhibit a type II band offset with SnO with their respective valence band (conduction band) offset of 2.8 eV (1.9 eV) and 2.4 eV (1.33 eV). On the other hand, the indirect conduction band minimum of SnO shows a type I band offset in both junctions with a small conduction band offset of ∼0.1–0.17 eV. The SnO/SnO2 p-n structure shows a reasonable rectification with an ideality factor of ∼12.3, which can be potentially useful in many transparent p-n junction based devices.

Sambucus Canadensis leaf extract mediated synthesis and analysis of antibacterial and photocatalytic degradation property of stannous oxide nanoparticles

Sambucus Canadensis leaf extract mediated synthesis and analysis of antibacterial and photocatalytic degradation property of stannous oxide nanoparticles

Acceptor and compensating donor doping of single crystalline SnO (001) films grown by molecular beam epitaxy and its perspectives for optoelectronics and gas-sensing

(La and Ga)-doped tin monoxide [stannous oxide, tin (II) oxide, SnO] thin films were grown by plasma-assisted and suboxide molecular beam epitaxy with dopant concentrations ranging from ≈ 5 × 1018 to 2 × 1021 cm−3. In this concentration range, the incorporation of Ga into SnO was limited by the formation of secondary phases observed at 1.2 × 1021 cm−3 Ga, while the incorporation of La showed a lower solubility limit. Transport measurements on the doped samples reveal that Ga acts as an acceptor and La as a compensating donor. While Ga doping led to an increase in the hole concentration from 1 × 1018−1 × 1019 cm−3 for unintentionally doped (UID) SnO up to 5 × 1019 cm−3, La-concentrations well in excess of the UID acceptor concentration resulted in semi-insulating films without detectable n-type conductivity. Ab initio calculations qualitatively agree with our dopant assignment of Ga and La and further predict InSn to act as an acceptor as well as AlSn and BSn as donors. These results show the possibilities of controlling the hole concentration in p-type SnO, which can be useful for a range of optoelectronic and gas-sensing applications.

Design and Performance Analysis of Low Sub-threshold Swing p-Channel Cylindrical Thin-film Transistors

Background: Tin monoxide (SnO) attracts considerable interest for p-channel Cylindrical Thin Film Transistors (CTFTs) applications due to their merits, including low hole effective mass, Sn s and O p orbital hybridization at the valance band maxima, and ambipolar nature, among other p-type oxide semiconductors. Objective: This article analyses the influence of channel radius and the impact of dielectric materials on the performance of SnO-based CTFT devices through 3D numerical simulations. Methods: The radius of the active layer in the CTFT was varied in the range from 10 nm to 30 nm, and it has been observed that an increase in channel radius reduces the switching behavior of the devices. Results: The 10 nm thick CTFT exhibited superior results with a lower threshold voltage of 1.5 V and higher field-effect mobility of 13.12 cm2/V-s over other simulated CTFTs. Conclusion: The obtained mobility values are superior to the existing planar TFTs reports. To improve the device performance further, the CTFTs with various dielectric materials have been simulated and optimized with high field-effect mobility and low sub-threshold swing values.

Aquatic Weed Derived SnO2 Nanoparticle: Synthesis, Characterization and its Application for Degradation of Dyes and Wastewater Treatment

The spread and destruction of freshwater ecosystems by aquatic invasive organisms poses a threat to economic, social and environmental processes. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, commonly known as water hyacinth, is globally distributed, toxic and floating watery plant. Its rapid development causes an abundance of the plant to float on the surface of water, reducing the amount of oxygen in water and destroying the aquatic ecosystem. Thus, its invasive growth has become a global concern. Green synthesis method was used to synthesize stannous oxide nanoparticles from water hyacinth as a precursor. The plant extract acted as a reducing agent due to presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. The UV-Vis analysis, XRD, SEM coupled with EDX and FT-IR were utilized for characterization of the nanoparticles. The results indicated that the nanoparticles produced have high potential to degrade the methyl orange and methylene blue dyes. The use of metal nanoparticles has also shown reduction of various pollutants varying from 60-90% in wastewater. When the concentration of these nanoparticles was doubled, they were found to be more effective under optimized conditions from wastewater.