Timing Of Marriage Research Articles

Development and Validation of Determinants of Marriage Delay Scale for women

Abstract The study was designed to develop and validate the Determinants of Marriage Delay Scale for Women in Pakistan. In light of the Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, four determinants identified were Family Responsibilities and Financial Dependency, Socioeconomic and Physical Conditions, Cultural Expectations, and Personal and Psychological Concerns. The instrument revealed a highly reliable and content valid scale with high factor loadings, showing appropriate representation on each component. The scale thus integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive and culturally sensitive tool for understanding complex influences on delays in the timing of marriage among women. This study explored not only how family-related factors, but also economic, cultural, and personal factors interactively shape the timing of marriage and offered a base for further research and policy interventions. The scale addresses such determinants and supports the formulation of specific strategies that can help women make appropriate decisions about marriage, which would meet both self and societal expectations. Keywords: Determinants, Marriage Delay, Women, Scale Development, EFA, CFA

Comparison of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and resilience in parents faced with abortion in Iran: a longitudinal study

BackgroundAbortion could impact the mental well-being of parents. Resilience also has a significant effect on the mental health of the family as a factor in coping with abortion. This study aimed to compare depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and resilience in parents after abortion.MethodsThe present longitudinal study was performed on 200 hospitalized women and their spouses in the post-partum department of Shiraz hospitals in 2023. The instruments used in this study included questionnaires of fertility and demographic characteristics, hospital depression and anxiety (HADS), Connor’s resilience, and Cohen’s perceived stress. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25.ResultsThe mean age of the fathers was 35.37 ± 4.99 and that of mothers was 31.35 ± 6.23. The scores of parents’ anxiety, depression, and perceived stress in the first 24 h after facing abortion were in the highest possible state and decreased in 12 weeks, and their resilience also increased. In all three time periods, the mean scores of the fathers’ anxiety, depression, and perceived stress were lower than those of the mothers, but the mean score of resilience was always higher in fathers. Fathers´ age and mothers’ age, mothers’ age at the time of marriage, fathers’ job, number of children, gender of the last child (boy or girl), and unwanted pregnancy were among the predicting variables of anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and resilience of both parents faced with abortion.ConclusionAlthough mental disorders in fathers were fewer than mothers compared to post-abortion resilience, identifying and managing these issues promptly is crucial for enhancing post-abortion mental well-being in both parents. How parents navigate the challenges of pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion can significantly impact the couple’s health.

Experiences of teenage pregnancy and its consequences on adolescent girls in rural Sindh, Pakistan.

To explore the challenges of teenage pregnancy experienced by adolescent girls, and its impact on their social and psychological wellbeing. The qualitative study was conducted from August 5 to September 17, 2023, in different villages in northern Sindh after approval from the institutional ethical review board of Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with the subjects who had experienced teenage pregnancy in the preceding 2 years. Data was transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Of the 37 subjects, 20(54%) were aged 19-20 years. The age at the time of marriage was 15-16 years in 22(59%) cases, and 16(43%) had received no formal education. Challenges, impact and outcome of teenage pregnancy were the 3 main themes identified on the basis of the collected data, indicating that it was a challenging experience for adolescent girls resulting in poor health outcomes. Community-based interventions are needed to promote female education that may put an end to adolescent motherhood.

Sexual Function and Quality of Life in Iranian Women With Human Papillomavirus Infection.

Considering the prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the lack of HPV vaccination program in Iran among young women and the importance of quality of life and sexual performance in women, we decided to conduct a study to examine the relationship between HPV infection and sexual dysfunction and quality of life in Iranian women. In this cohort study, 250 married women who infected with HPV were recruited via convinence sampling from colposcopy clinic of Arash women hospital (Tehran, Iran) from April 2020 to May 2022.They were evaluated concerning their sexual function in the domains of desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain with the female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire (the total FSFI score is calculated by the sum of the nineteen items). Sexual quality of life-female (SQOL-F) items (Likert-type scale with a cut-off of 65 points) were organized into four sub-scales: psychosexual feelings, sexual and relationship satisfaction, self-worthlessness, and sexual repression. All patients filled out the female sexual function index (FSFI) and sexual quality of life (SQOL) questionnaires. Variables were analysed via correlation coefficient and linear regression tests. Mean age and mean marriage duration were 38.5±4.5 and 12.2±7.2, respectively. There was a weak correlation between FSFI and SQOL (r=0.15, p=0.001).Time of marriage and genital warts were the predictors on the FSFI and SQOL. The findings suggest that HPV infection can impair sexual function and quality of life. This research contributes valuable insights, especially considering the prevalence of HPV.

The Moderating Effect of Gender Role in Relationship Between Emotional Divorce and Marital Satisfaction: Comparison of Partial Least Square (PLS) and Consistent Partial Least Square Methods (PlSc) Methods.

Emotional divorce refers to a state of emotional disengagement from one's spouse, which can lead to marital dissatisfaction. Gender role conflict is a predictor of marital dissatisfaction and ultimately, divorce. The literature suggests that rigid adherence to traditional gender roles may contribute to emotional divorce. In this article, the authors aim to investigate the moderating effect of gender roles in the relationship between emotional divorce and marital satisfaction by using two multivariate methods in statistical analysis. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 539 women aged 18-65 years. The standard questionnaires used include 1) Bem Sex Role Inventory (Short form), 2) Gutman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire, and 3) Evaluation and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness (ENRICH) Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale. To achieve the purpose of the study, PLS and PLSc methods have been used. The mean age and time of marriage were 33.88 ± 6.6 and 13.03 ± 7.29 years. There is a significant negative relationship between emotional divorce and marital satisfaction. The gender role of most participants in the study has been androgenic and feminine, which has increased the moderating effect of this relationship. Also, when there is a common (reflective) factor model, Consistent Partial Least Square is more likely to provide a better fit than Partial Least Square. The results showed that higher women's marital satisfaction would be associated with lower emotional divorce. On the other hand, the role of gender is a mediating factor in marital satisfaction and emotional divorce. Having good male and female characteristics can have a positive impact on marital satisfaction, so increasing couples' knowledge of gender roles and trying to reduce traditional extreme roles can help increase marital satisfaction and reduce emotional divorce.

Attachment Anxiety, Marital Adjustment and Psycho-Social Support of Love and Arranged Marriages Among Meranao Women

This study aims to explore the level of attachment anxiety, marital adjustment, pyscho-social support of love and arranged marriages among Meranao women specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1.What is the demographic profile of the respondents in love marriage and arranged marriages in terms of present age, age at the time of marriage, family monthly income, number of children and sibling rank? 2. What is the level of attachment related anxiety, the marital adjustment of the respondents in love and arranged marriages among the following aspects psychological, social, emotional and spiritual? 3. What are the marital adjustment of the respondents in love and arranged marriages when classified as social, physical, financial and spiritual? 4. What is the level of marital quality of the respondents in love and arranged marriages on the following aspects; commitment, trust and mutual interaction? 5. What are the forms of marital support of the respondents in love and arrange marriages receive in terms of psychological, confidant, affective and social support? 6. How do love marriages differ from arranged marriages along the following along the following aspects; level of attachment anxiety, marital adjustment, level of marital quality and marital support? 7. What marriage counseling program has been developed on the basis of the findings of the study. This study was conducted at Tuca, Pindolonan and Dawayan, Marawi City with the total number of 327 married Meranao women, with a breakdown of 132 for love marriage and 195 for arranged marriage. The researcher utilized the descriptive–correlation design. Part of study was done through describing the demographic profile of the respondents and personal profile in terms of age, gender, socio economic status, educational attainment, monthly income and occupation. Their perceptions on their marriage particularly on attachment anxiety, marital adjustment, marital quality and marital support were also given descriptions. On the other hand, these two important variables were then correlated so as to establish a conclusion that a wife’s profile can affect her perception on her marriage life.

Child marriage and well-being in Central and Western Africa: A scoping review of costs and potential benefits for girls.

Child marriage is practiced widely in West and Central Africa with established links to several negative outcomes, particularly for girls. Although some reviews on predictors of the practice of child marriage exist, to date no review has focused on the costs and potential benefits to girls who have experienced child marriage. We conducted a scoping review of PubMed, African Index Medicus, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Global Health and in the grey literature for studies on child marriage and adjustment up to October 2023. Studies were included if they assessed marriages where the female was younger than 18 at the time of marriage, were conducted in Central and Western African countries, explored positive and/or negative indicators of well-being and mental health in the context of child marriage, were written in English, were published in a peer-reviewed journal, or was a published thesis or dissertation, grey literature, or technical report, were conducted between 2014 and 2023, and presented qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-method data. Based on the inclusion criteria, we included nine qualitative and four quantitative studies. Using the lens of Self-Determination Theory, we found that overall child marriage compromised needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Further, child marriage was linked to negative mental health outcomes. However, for some girls, child marriage was associated with some benefits including social recognition and elevated status in society. Future research on adjustment within the context of child marriage should focus on all aspects of well-being as well as the processes associated with adjustment for girls.

Porutham - Creating varied Rhythmic Cadences with Chart Templates

Porutham is a Tamil word meaning ‘matching’. The word has varied meanings according to the context in which it is used in Tamil language. Porutham in Astrology means ‘match making between two astrological charts’ at the time of marriage. Porutham also means perfectly matched partners or friends. ‘Nalla Porutham’ is the phrase which means ‘Good Match’. It also means that it will be ideally suited for the particular object.Musically ‘Poruthams’ can be used as part of various cadential forms like Korvai, short ending items like Muktayi, theermanam, arudi etc. This can also be used in ‘Jati Pallavis’, in the Pallavi portion of Ragam, Tanam, Pallavi and in Kritis where neravals are sung. Porutham is generally done as a rhythmic exercise, where Jatis are employed when a percussion artiste uses Poruthams and Swaras are used when a Vocalist/instrumentalist uses them.This article also covers various examples covering porutham ideas for various kritis where neravals are popularly sung. Sample kritis have been taken from different Talas like Adi Tala, Rupaka Tala and Misra Chaapu Tala. Ragam-Tanam-Pallavis and Jati Pallavis have not been covered in this article, as we propose to cover them extensively in a separate article.

Factors and consequences of early marriage among women in Jumla

Background: In Nepal, child marriage is seen as a significant obstacle to the country's social and economic growth as well as a significant threat to the health of women. Despite a steady decline in this harmful practice over the past decade, child marriage remains widespread, with approximately one in five girls married in childhood across the globe. The objective of the study was to find out the factors and consequences of early marriage among women in Jumla. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among the residents of Jumla District where 280 married reproductive age group women were taken as subjects. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data was collected by using semi-structured interview schedule. Analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Study findings showed that majority (77.9%) of the respondents got early marriage. Early marriage was statistically association with educational status at the time of marriage (p=0.000), occupational status (p=0.000), type of marriage ((p=0.014), educational status of father (p=0.009), occupational status of father (p=0.016), parental income (p=0.000), decision making (p=0.003), husband´s education and occupation (p=0.000). Inadequate education (70.7%) and economic resources (83.9%), customs (66.8%) and unemployment (63.2%) are the main reasons of early marriage. Likewise, increasing responsibility (80.7%), lower abdominal pain (67.5%), uterine prolapse (65.4%), early pregnancy (71.1%), unplanned pregnancy (58.9%) and prolonged labor (51.8%) are the main consequences of early marriage. Therefore, it is concluded that more than three fourth of the respondents were married early which lead to many consequences. Conclusion: The study concluded that more than three fourth of the respondents got early marriage. Early marriage had significant association with educational status at the time of marriage, occupational status, type of marriage, occupational status of father, parental income, decision making at time of marriage, husband´s education and occupation. Inadequate education and economic resources, customs and unemployment are the main reasons of early marriage. Likewise, early pregnancy, unplanned pregnancy, prolonged labor, lower abdominal pain, uterine prolapse, and increasing responsibility are the main consequences of early marriage. Hence, the efforts have to be made to prevent the early marriage through awareness and various educational programs.

Investigating Pathways Linking of Women's Education Status and Empowerment to Intimate Partner Violence Among Married Women in Sri Lanka: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

In Sri Lanka, intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a major concern, particularly for married women. Women's education and empowerment are significant contributors to IPV. Despite this, there have been no recent studies exploring the complex relationship between education and multidimensions of empowerment in relation to IPV in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this research addresses this gap by exploring the complex pathways connecting married women's education and multidimensional empowerment to IPV. Using data from the 2019 Sri Lankan Women's Wellbeing Survey, this study included 1,165 married women. A path analysis based on structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the complex interplay between distinct empowerment domains and IPV. The SEM results revealed both direct and indirect effects of women's education and empowerment on IPV experiences. Education is positively linked to age at marriage, employment status, and husbands' educational level, while inversely associated with accepting attitudes toward violence. Age at marriage plays a major role as a mediator, mediating the relationship between women's education and their involvement in decision-making, and the relationship between husbands' education and women's IPV experience. Moreover, the relationship between women's age at marriage and their IPV experiences was fully mediated by their decision-making ability, highlighting the importance of empowerment in decision-making. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions that address the interconnected factors affecting IPV risk among married women in Sri Lanka, particularly focusing on education, empowerment, and marriage timing.

Adult Children’s Marital Timing and Upward Intergenerational Financial Transfers: Variation across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

Marriage is a key adult milestone yet is also considered a greedy institution that monopolizes resources, jeopardizing adult children’s financial transfers to aging parents. As the age at which marriage shifts later into adulthood, this study examines whether marriage still operates as a greedy institution, considering the role of marital timing on upward financial transfers to aging parents. Using data from Waves I–V of Add Health and Wave I of the Add Health Parent Questionnaire from 1994 to 2018, we examined whether timing of marriage (never, early, on time, and late) was associated with adult children’s upward financial transfers to their parents, accounting for variation across gender, race, and ethnicity. Adult children who never married were the largest group who gave upward financial transfers to their aging parents (33%). Results suggested that marriage or timing of marriage was a greedy institution among men, women, white, Hispanic, and Asian adults, but not Black adults, suggesting heterogeneity in the role of marriage on family support.

Divorce Among Surgeons and Other Physicians in the United States.

To compare divorce prevalence among surgeons with that of non-surgeon physicians. The demanding nature of a career in surgery uniquely challenges the social wellbeing of a surgeon; however, its impact on marital health has not yet been well described. A cross-sectional study was conducted using publicly available U.S. Census data from 2017-2021 to investigate prevalence of divorce across different occupations. Survey respondents were divided into two groups, surgeons and non-surgeon physicians, with the remaining Census participants as a control. All participants under the age of 18 were excluded to focus on the U.S. adult population. Lifetime prevalence of divorce was measured across occupations and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors independently associated with divorce. Secondarily, the occurrence of more than one marriage was used to supplement understanding of marital health. A total of 3,171 surgeons and 51,660 non-surgeon physicians were identified, with both groups similarly aged (51.6 and 50.2y, respectively) and predominately male (82.9% and 61.9%, respectively). In unadjusted analysis, 21.3% (676/3,171) of surgeons had undergone a divorce compared to only 17.9% (9,252/51,660) of non-surgeon physicians, a 19% increase in risk of divorce (Risk ratio [RR]=1.19; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.11-1.28). Both surgeons and non-surgeon physicians were significantly less likely to report being divorced compared with the general population. The increased divorce prevalence among surgeons persisted in multivariable analysis that adjusted for age, age at time of marriage, sex, race, income, hours worked per week, and number of children in the household, with surgeons experiencing a 22% increased prevalence of divorce over non-surgical physicians (adjusted divorce prevalence of 21.8% vs. 18.7%, respectively; odds ratio [OR]=1.22; 95% CI, 1.09-1.35). In subgroup analysis, the finding of higher divorce prevalence for surgeons over non-surgeon physicians was concentrated among men (adjusted divorce prevalence: 22.6% of male surgeons vs. 18.9% of male non-surgeon physicians; adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI, 1.11-1.42), White (adjusted divorce prevalence: 22.4% of white surgeons vs. 19.1% of white non-surgeons; adjusted OR 1.22, 95% CI, 1.09-1.38) and Asian surgeons (adjusted divorce prevalence: 12.0% of Asian surgeons vs. 8.1% of Asian non-surgeons; adjusted OR 1.55, 95% CI, 1.06-2.26), with the effect not present in other measured subgroups. Both surgeons and physicians have lower divorce prevalence than the general population. Surgeons exhibit higher prevalence of divorce compared with non-surgeon physicians, with measured demographic and work characteristics insufficient to explain this difference.

Forgotten Family: The Influence of Women and Children on the Nexus of Wage Earning and Demographic Change in England, 1260–1860

E. A. Wrigley identified the responsiveness of nuptiality and marital fertility to changes in male wages. Others have theorized the importance of women's decision-making in the timing of marriage, but without much empirical evidence. Combining new long-run series of annual wages for men, for married and single women, and for children with existing demographic data, the influence of women and children's remuneration on household formation is investigated. Women played a key role in the functioning of early modern preventive checks. High wages encouraged single women to delay marriage, reducing marital fertility. This counterbalanced the encouragement of nuptiality stimulated by high male earnings, which helped balance population and economic growth. Juvenile earnings had little influence on family formation, challenging links suggested in accounts of protoindustrialization or proletarianization. Demographic evidence suggests that economic circumstances contributed to the timing of medieval marriage, but poverty more often than prosperity prompted celibacy.

Early neonatal mortality in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2019: an analysis of trends and a multivariate decomposition analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey

BackgroundEarly neonatal deaths, occurring within the first six days of life, remain a critical public health challenge. Understanding the trends and factors associated with this issue is crucial for designing effective interventions and achieving global health goals. This study aims to examine the trends in early neonatal mortality in Ethiopia and identify the key factors associated with changes in early neonatal mortality over time.MethodsThis study utilized five consecutive Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey datasets from 2000 to 2019. To investigate the trends and identify factors influencing changes in early neonatal mortality over time, conducted a trend analysis and a logit-based multivariate decomposition analysis. Data management and analyses were performed using STATA version 17/MP software. All analyses were weighted to account for sampling probabilities and non-response. Statistical significance was determined at a two-sided p-value threshold of less than 0.05.ResultThe analysis included a total of 12,260 weighted women from the 2000 survey and 5,527 weighted women from the 2019 survey. Over the study period, there was an overall downward trend in early neonatal mortality, decreasing from 34 deaths per 1000 live births in 2000 to 27 deaths per 1000 live births in 2019. The annual rate of reduction was estimated to be 1.03%. Approximately 45% of the observed decline in early neonatal mortality rate can be attributed to changes in population characteristics or endowments (E) during the study period. Factors such as the mother’s age, maternal education, marital status, preceding birth interval, types of pregnancy, and the sex of the child significantly contributed to the compositional change in the early neonatal mortality rate.ConclusionOver the past two decades, Ethiopia has seen a modest decline in early neonatal mortality, but this progress falls short of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) targets. To achieve the SDGs, the Ministry of Health and its partners should intensify efforts to reduce early neonatal mortality. Strategies like preventing early/late pregnancies, promoting appropriate marriage timing, and prioritizing education could help further reduce early neonatal deaths. Further research is also needed to explore the factors driving this issue.

Demographic consequences of social movements: local protests delay marriage formation in Ethiopia

Abstract Despite their significance, life-course dynamics are rarely considered as consequences of social movements. We address this shortcoming by investigating the relationship between protest and marriage formation in Ethiopia. Building on scholarship in social movements and insights from family demography, we argue that exposure to protest delays marriage formation. To test our theoretical arguments, we created an original panel dataset using georeferenced data from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. We combined the marriage histories of 4,398 young women with fine-grained measures of exposure to local protests that we compiled from two conflict datasets covering events between 2002 and 2016. Using discrete-time event history analyses, we find that protest delays first-marriage formation. Additional analyses suggest that political uncertainty and disruptions in interethnic marriages cannot explain this effect. Instead, we provide tentative evidence that protest delays marriage formation by preoccupying large segments of the marriageable population, rendering them unavailable for this critical life-course transition. Our findings pave the way for scholarship on the demographic outcomes of protest and contribute to understanding marriage patterns in a country where the timing of marriage has far-reaching social consequences.

Intergenerational associations of maternal depression with daughters' family formation

AbstractObjectiveThis work investigates the potential associations between maternal major depressive disorder (MDD) and daughters' family formation behaviors, specifically the timing of marriage and first birth.BackgroundFamily and life course research has established the importance of intergenerational ties and linked lives for children's health, education, social life, and transition to adulthood more broadly. However, mothers' MDD has remained a relatively understudied factor shaping young people's family formation behaviors.MethodThe analyses used a sample of 1127 linked mother–father–daughter triads from the Chitwan Valley Family Study (CVFS) in Nepal. Discrete‐time event‐history models at the month level were run to assess whether daughters' differential exposure to maternal MDD was prospectively associated with entry into marital unions and parenthood.ResultsAlthough there was no relationship between maternal lifetime MDD and daughters' family formation, results showed that being first exposed to maternal MDD during childhood, specifically between the ages of 0 and 10, increased the monthly odds of transitioning to parenthood by more than 80%. Additional findings showed that an increased pace of getting married was a primary determinant of accelerated childbearing.ConclusionDaughters' exposure to mothers' depression was associated with daughters' family formation transitions. The timing of exposure, however, was a particularly important driver of that association. We argue that the study of parents' mental ill‐health provides untapped opportunity for future intergenerational research.

Where have I got to? Associations of age at marriage with marital household assets in educated and uneducated women in lowland Nepal.

Women's underage marriage (<18 years) is associated with adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Poverty in the natal household has been widely considered to be a key risk factor for underage marriage, but the evidence base is unreliable. When investigating this issue, most studies use marital wealth inappropriately, as a proxy for wealth in the natal household. In contrast, we investigated whether the timing of women's marriage was associated with the wealth of the households they marry into, and how this may vary by women's education level. This approach allows us to explore a different set of research questions which help to understand the economic value placed on the timing of women's marriage. We used data on 3,102 women aged 12-34 years, surveyed within 1 year of marriage, from the cluster-randomized Low Birth Weight South Asia Trial in lowland rural Nepal. Linear mixed-effects regression models investigated independent associations of women's marriage age and education level with marital household wealth, and their interactive effects. Models adjusted for marital household traits. We analysed the full sample, and then only the uneducated women, who comprised a substantial proportion in our sample. In the full sample, we found that each later year of women's marriage was associated with 1.5% lower asset score for those with primary education, and with 0.3% and 1.3% higher asset score for those with lower secondary or secondary/higher education, respectively. For uneducated women, relative to marrying ≤14 years, marrying at 15, 16, 17 and ≥18 years was associated with 1.5%, 4.4%, 2.4% and 6.2% greater marital asset score respectively. On average, marrying ≥18 years was associated with greater marital assets for secondary-educated women. There were only very modest benefits in terms of marital household wealth for delaying marriage beyond 16 years for uneducated women or those with low education. These findings elucidate potential trade-offs faced by families, including decisions over how much education, if any, to provide to daughters. They may help to understand the economic rationale underpinning the timing of marriage, and why early marriage remains common despite efforts to delay it.

Marital quality in a context of displacement: the role of union formation characteristics among Syrian refugee and Jordanian youth

Marital quality is an important determinant of well-being and is related to how unions are formed. Both processes of union formation and marital relationships may be influenced by stressful conditions, including insecurity and displacement. We leverage unique representative data on young Syrian refugees in Jordan to learn more about the interplay between displacement, union formation characteristics and marital quality. Through comparisons with youth from the Jordanian host population, we assess the role of key contextual predictors of marital quality, such as consanguinity and young people’s role in choosing their spouse, with a focus on gender differences. We measure marital quality with six separate items capturing aspects of equality, respect and interpersonal communication and a unidimensional scale identified through exploratory factor analysis. Results show that consanguinity, marital duration and number of children are generally unrelated to marital quality in both populations. In contrast, involvement in spouse choice emerges as the strongest predictor, with both Syrians and Jordanians in family-arranged unions experiencing lower-quality marriages. Among Syrians, women suffer more from lower marital quality, especially when arranged unions happen at a young age, and marriages formed after displacement to Jordan appear more fragile. The study is one of the first to explore predictors of marital quality in a non-Western, conflict-affected population. The findings emphasise the importance of the demographic study of family dynamics in situations of insecurity and displacement moving beyond a narrow focus on marriage timing to cover a wider range of marriage outcomes related to family well-being.

결혼 전 주택소유, 미혼 청장년의 결혼확률과 결혼시기에 영향을 미치는가?

Single individuals consider housing problems as the primary determinant in their decision to marry in South Korea. If they own a house, are they less likely to avoid marriage and more inclined to marry sooner? To identify this, we investigate the impact of pre-marital homeownership on the transition to marriage and its timing. To do so, we exploit a linear probability model with two-way fixed effects. We find no significant evidence of pre-marital homeownership on the transition to marriage, consistent across individual characteristics. Similarly, we also find that there is no evidence of the effects of pre-marital homeownership on marriage timing. However, the evidence of gender heterogeneity reveals that the pre-marital homeownership has marriage-delaying effects for women. These findings suggest the necessity of government intervention to discourage owning a house before marriage.

The Meaning of Mangolusi in The Batak Toba Wedding Ritual

This study explores how the meaning of Mangulosi in the traditional wedding rituals of the Batak Toba people is deeply explored and uses ethnographic communication theory to present the wedding customs of the Toba Batak people. (Hymes in Kuswarno 2008: 22) and the constructivist paradigm. Data collection techniques were conducted through in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, documentation, literature review, combination/triangulation and sources. The researcher used the traditional Toba Batak marriage subject, namely Mangulosi, as a data source to analyze the series of questions asked in the study with reference to the theory used. Research findings show that the traditional marriage landscape is in disarray. Toba Batak is a sacred custom that all members of the Toba Batak community perform or must perform, both at the time of marriage and after death. As for , the event begins with a marriage proposal from the groom's family (first her ) to the bride's family. Traditional Wedding the Mangulosi event at Batak Toba begins with a marriage proposal from the groom's family to a woman from the bride's family. Thereafter, the wedding continued as a regular wedding until the end of Event. Regarding weddings, there is a gift piece Uros Cross given by the groom to the bride. This matter is a symbol of love for a life partner, and also has other meanings, namely, getting acquainted with or uniting with a formal family that takes care of the marriage. The event will then conclude with 4,444 pieces of food distributed to other people and the surrounding community. This is part of the traditional Toba Batak wedding ceremony. Traditional Batak Wedding the act of mangulosi in Toba is performed and symbolized by the gift of uros cloth from the male family to the female family. This is part of the traditional Batak wedding ceremony of Toba Mangulosi and has the significance of ritual sanctity, obligatory wedding ceremony, and symbol of love between the groom and bride women.