24-h Time Research Articles

Comparative Efficacy of Postoperative Pain Management Techniques Following Costal Cartilage Harvest: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis

Abstract Background Efficient pain control is essential in reconstructive surgeries, particularly in procedures involving the harvest of costal cartilage. This study examines and compares different pain relief treatments using a network meta-analysis (NMA) to determine the most effective techniques for managing pain. Methods We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) by scanning several databases such as PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and Weipu till March 18, 2024. The review analyzed randomized controlled trials and observational studies that evaluated the effectiveness of local anesthetics and multimodal analgesia techniques in treating postoperative pain following costal cartilage harvest. Primary outcomes were pain scores at 6-, 12-, 24-, and 48-h post-surgery, while secondary outcomes included the need for rescue analgesia and opioid-related adverse effects. Results Fourteen studies involving 935 participants were included. The analysis revealed that multimodal strategies, particularly ‘Methylene Blue and Ropivacaine Intercostal Nerve Block (MB & Ropivacaine ICNB) combined with Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA),’ were the most effective techniques to reduce pain scores across 6, 24, and 48-h time points. “Pre-operation SAPB & PSB + PCA” was most effective in reducing pain score at 12h and significantly decreased the need for rescue analgesia and opioid-related adverse effects. In contrast, traditional ICNB with single drug consistently showed the least efficacy. Conclusion The results of our study strongly support the use of multimodal analgesic techniques instead of typical single medication ICNB for managing postoperative pain after costal cartilage harvest. These strategies not only provide superior pain control but also contribute to reducing the dependency on opioids, aligning with current clinical priorities to enhance recovery and minimize opioid-related risks. No Level Assigned This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Machine learning models for river flow forecasting in small catchments.

In consideration of ongoing climate changes, it has been necessary to provide new tools capable of mitigating hydrogeological risks. These effects will be more marked in small catchments, where the geological and environmental contexts do not require long warning times to implement risk mitigation measures. In this context, deep learning models can be an effective tool for local authorities to have solid forecasts of outflows and to make correct choices during the alarm phase. In this study, we investigate the use of deep learning models able to forecast hydrometric height in very fast hydrographic basins. The errors of the models are very small and about a few centimetres, with several forecasting hours. The models allow a prediction of extreme events with also 4-6h (RMSE of about 10-30cm, with a forecasting time of 6h) in hydrographic basins characterized by rapid changes in the river flow rates. However, to reduce the uncertainties of the predictions with the increase in forecasting time, the system performs better when using a machine learning model able to provide a confidence interval of the prediction based on the last observed river flow rate. By testing models based on different input datasets, the results indicate that a combination of models can provide a set of predictions allowing for a more comprehensive description of the possible future evolutions of river flows. Once the deep learning models have been trained, their application is purely objective and very rapid, permitting the development of simple software that can be used even by lower skilled individuals.

Cu‐based catalysts for the one‐pot condensation‐hydrogenation of cyclopentanone to produce valuable SAF precursors

A process combining aldol condensation and hydrogenation of bio‐based cyclopentanone (CPO) in a one‐pot reaction is proposed. Cu‐based bifunctional catalysts obtained from hydrotalcite‐type precursors were found highly active in mild reaction conditions (i.e. 130‐170°C), producing valuable bi‐cyclic (C10) and tri‐cyclic (C15) aliphatic alcohols/ketones with interesting application as sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) precursors with enhanced properties. The presence of surficial strong basic sites active in aldol condensation, together with the formation of highly dispersed copper nanoparticles able to catalyze C=C and C=O hydrogenation (TOF of 0.06‐0.16 s‐1), assured high catalytic efficiency and fine control of the products nature and distribution. From the optimization of both catalysts formulation and reaction conditions it was found that, properly tuning the Cu content, it is possible to drive products distribution towards the production of bi‐cyclic C10 aliphatic alcohol with high selectivity (75% at total CPO conversion, when Cu = 10 wt.%, at 170°C, 1.0 MPa of H2) and short reaction time (4h). The optimized catalyst formulation showed impressive stability over multiple reaction/regeneration cycles, demonstrating the high potential of the proposed catalytic process for future applications in sustainable biofuels production.

The 24-hour molecular landscape after exercise in humans reveals MYC is sufficient for muscle growth.

A detailed understanding of molecular responses to a hypertrophic stimulus in skeletal muscle leads to therapeutic advances aimed at promoting muscle mass. To decode the molecular factors regulating skeletal muscle mass, we utilized a 24-h time course of human muscle biopsies after a bout of resistance exercise. Our findings indicate: (1) the DNA methylome response at 30 min corresponds to upregulated genes at 3 h, (2) a burst of translation- and transcription-initiation factor-coding transcripts occurs between 3 and 8 h, (3) changes to global protein-coding gene expression peaks at 8 h, (4) ribosome-related genes dominate the mRNA landscape between 8 and 24 h, (5) methylation-regulated MYC is a highly influential transcription factor throughout recovery. To test whether MYC is sufficient for hypertrophy, we periodically pulse MYC in skeletal muscle over 4 weeks. Transient MYC increases muscle mass and fiber size in the soleus of adult mice. We present a temporally resolved resource for understanding molecular adaptations to resistance exercise in muscle ( http://data.myoanalytics.com ) and suggest that controlled MYC doses influencethe exercise-related hypertrophic transcriptional landscape.

The dynamics of urine sodium concentration after intra-venous furosemide in patients with acute heart failure

Abstract Background The urine sodium concentration measured at 2 hours after the administration of intravenous (IV) furosemide in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) is recommended as a marker to assess the responsiveness to IV furosemide. However, little is known regarding the dynamics of natriuresis in the very acute phase after IV furosemide and its association with prognosis in patients with AHF. Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamics of natriuresis in the very acute phase after IV furosemide and its prognostic implication in patients with AHF. Methods DIURESIS-AHF (Diuretic Resistance Measured by Sodium Excretion and Urine Output in Acute Heart Failure) is a multicenter, prospective, and observational study that evaluated the urine samples at the time of 0h, 1h, 2h, 6h, and 24h after the first administration of IV furosemide in hospitalized patients with AHF. Results After excluding 20 patients who needed additional IV furosemide within the first 6 hours, and 9 patients with missing data about 1h-spot urine sample, 84 patients with AHF (79±8 years, 55% men) were analyzed. Median N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels at admission were 4722 [interquartile: 2616-8095] pg/mL, and median first IV furosemide doses were 20 [interquartile:20-20] mg. 29 combined event of all-cause death and heart failure rehospitalization were observed during a 1-year follow-up after registration. Urine sodium concentration corrected for urine creatinine concentration peaked 1 hour and decreased at 2 hours after IV furosemide. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis indicated that 1h urine sodium concentration below 50 mEq/L was significantly associated with a high incidence of composite endpoint (Log-rank P=0.033), and this association was retained even after adjusting for age and sex (hazard ratio, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.03-5.45]; P=0.042), but 2h urine sodium below 50 mEq/L was not associated with a poor prognosis (Log-rank; P=0.630). Conclusions Urinary sodium excretion after IV furosemide administration peaked at 1 hour after IV furosemide and decreased at 2 hours in patients with AHF. The urine sodium concentration below 50 mEq/L at 1 hour, but not 2 hours, was associated with adverse events.Urine Na trajectoriesKaplan Meier curves

A smartphone based AI model to detect left ventricular systolic dysfunction on 12-lead ECG

Abstract Background Despite echocardiography being essential for cardiac assessment, a point-of-care tool for rapid left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) evaluation is lacking in current clinical practice, highlighting the need for a widescale, easily deployable method to assess LV function. Purpose To develop and validate two artificial intelligence (AI) models that accurately detect reduced LVEF on a single 12-lead ECG using a smartphone, facilitating early identification of patients at risk for heart failure who may benefit from more detailed echocardiographic evaluation. Methods A large collection of ECGs and transthoracic echocardiograms (TTEs) was sourced from our hospital data vault from 2011 to 2021. ECGs were paired to TTEs within a 24h time window and the resulting pairs were randomly assigned to the model development dataset (50%) and validation dataset (50%). Two distinct AI-ECG models were developed: one to detect LVEF≤40% and another for LVEF<50%, derived from the ESC definition of heart failure. Both AI-ECG models were paired with smartphone based ECG digitization technology. Key performance metrics include area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and F1-score. Results A total of 1,205,370 ECGs (198,274 patients) and 291,433 TTEs (105,849 patients) were collected and paired, resulting in 109,809 ECG-TTE pairs (56,236 patients). The validation dataset consisted of 25,510 distinct TTE-ECG pairs (25,510 patients). Prevalence of LVEF≤40% and LVEF<50% was 5.4% and 7.9% respectively. The LVEF≤40% model demonstrated an AUC of 0.963 (95% CI: 0.959-0.966), sensitivity 0.924 (95% CI: 0.91-0.937), specificity 0.887 (95% CI: 0.883-0.891), and F1-score of 0.474 (95% CI: 0.457-0.490). PPV and NPV were 0.318 (95% CI: 0.304-0.333) and 0.995 (95% CI: 0.994-0.996) respectively. Performance of the LVEF <50% model shows an AUC of 0.952 (95% CI: 0.947-0.956), with a slightly lower sensitivity of 0.899 (95% CI: 0.886-0.912), specificity of 0.875 (95% CI: 0.871-0.879), PPV of 0.382 (95% CI: 0.368-0.395), NPV of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.989-0.992), and F1-score of 0.536 (0.521-0.55). Conclusion The AI models exhibit the ability to identify reduced LVEF from standard 12-lead ECGs using a smartphone. Results suggest potential clinical utility as a preliminary screening tool to select patients for confirmatory echocardiography. This AI application could potentially offer a timely and cost-effective method for identifying patients at risk for future development of heart failure.

Time to positivity of blood cultures in paediatric patients.

Continuous monitoring of blood culture (BC) systems allows rapid detection of microbial growth. We aimed to determine differences in time to positivity (TTP) in BACTEC BC between organisms and whether a 36-h period was sufficient to detect all relevant pathogenic bacteria for children admitted to a tertiary care paediatric hospital. This was a retrospective audit of positive aerobic (AE) and anaerobic (AN) BC from paediatric inpatients with available TTP from 1 August 2016 to 2 January 2019. First positive BC per bacteraemia episode was analysed. Overall, 649 BC were positive, of which 480 first positive BC were analysed: 246 AE (51.3%) only, 216 paired (45%) (108 AE and 108 AN) and 18 AN (3.8%) only. There were 372 episodes of bacteraemia in 340 patients. Median age was 19 months (interquartile range (IQR): 1.25-60). Median TTP for AE and AN cultures was 13.20 (IQR: 9.84-18.48) and 13.92 h (IQR: 10.32-17.04), respectively. Organisms were GNR 49.7%, GPC 29.6%, contaminants 14.5%, mixed 3.0%, other 2.4% and yeast 0.8%. Streptococcus agalactiae had the fastest median TTP in AE and AN cultures, followed by Escherichia coli (AE 8.88 vs. 10.20 h). For paired AE and AN cultures, TTP was faster for AE versus AN cultures (13.36 vs. 14.52 h, P = 0.001). A 36-h cut-off time captured 97.7% AE BC and 99.1% AN BC with pathogens, and 86.5% AE BC and 91.7% AN BC with contaminants, respectively. GNR were the commonest pathogens in paediatric BC and faster growth was detected in AE versus AN cultures. By 36 h, >97.7% of BC were positive for pathogens versus 86.5% for contaminants.

24-hour movement behaviours and cardiometabolic markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a compositional data analysis.

Are 24-h movement composition and time reallocations between the movement behaviours (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep) differentially associated with cardiometabolic markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) relative to women without PCOS? There was no difference in 24-h movement composition between the groups, although among women without PCOS, reducing SB time while increasing either MVPA or LPA time was associated with beneficial differences in cardiometabolic markers, whereas in women with PCOS beneficial differences were observed only when SB time was replaced with MVPA. Women with PCOS display lower levels of physical activity, higher sedentary time, and less total sleep than women without the syndrome. Exercise interventions among women with PCOS have shown improvements in body composition and insulin sensitivity, while the findings regarding blood pressure, insulin resistance, and lipid profiles are contradictory. This study was part of a prospective, general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) (n = 5889 women). At the 31-year and 46-year follow-up, data collection was performed through postal and clinical examinations, including fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements. Accelerometer data collection of 14 days (n = 2602 women) and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (n = 2780 women) were performed at the 46-year follow-up. Participants were identified as women with or without PCOS at age 31 (n = 1883), and the final study population included those who provided valid accelerometer data at age 46 (n = 857). Women with PCOS (n = 192) were identified based on the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline, while those who exhibited no PCOS features were considered women without PCOS (controls; n = 665). Accelerometer-measured MVPA, LPA, and SB were combined with self-reported sleep to obtain 24-h compositions. Multivariable regression analysis based on compositional data analysis and isotemporal reallocations were performed to investigate the associations between 24-h movement composition and cardiometabolic markers. Isotemporal reallocations were expressed as differences (%Δ) from the sample's mean. There was no difference in overall 24-h movement composition between women with PCOS and controls in midlife. The 24-h movement composition was associated with waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting serum insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in both controls and women with PCOS. Reallocating 15 min from SB to MVPA was associated with favourable differences in cardiometabolic markers in both controls (%Δ range from -1.7 to -4.9) and women with PCOS (%Δ range from -1.9 to -8.6). Reallocating 15 min from SB to LPA was also associated with favourable differences in cardiometabolic markers among controls (%Δ range from -0.5 to -1.6) but not among women with PCOS. The substitution technique used in this study is theoretical, which can be considered as a limitation. Other limitations of this study are the use of self-reported sleeping time and the difference in the group sample sizes. These findings suggest that women with PCOS should be targeted with interventions involving physical activity of at least moderate intensity to improve their cardiometabolic health and underline the importance of developing tailored activity guidelines for women with PCOS. This study was funded by the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Novo Nordisk (NNF21OC0070372), Research Council of Finland (315921/2018, 321763/2019, 6GESS 336449), Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (OKM/54/626/2019, OKM/85/626/2019, OKM/1096/626/2020, OKM/20/626/2022, OKM/76/626/2022, and OKM/68/626/2023), and Roche Diagnostics International Ltd. L.J.M. is supported by a Veski Fellowship. M.Nu. has received funding from Fibrobesity-project, a strategic profiling project at the University of Oulu, which is supported by Research Council of Finland (Profi6 336449). NFBC1966 follow-ups received financial support from University of Oulu (Grant no. 65354, 24000692), Oulu University Hospital (Grant no. 2/97, 8/97, 24301140), Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (Grant no. 23/251/97, 160/97, 190/97), National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki (Grant no. 54121), Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland (Grant no. 50621, 54231), and ERDF European Regional Development Fund (Grant no. 539/2010 A31592). T.T.P. declares consulting fees from Gedeon Richter, Organon, Astellas, Roche; speaker's fees from Gedeon Richter, Exeltis, Roche, Stragen, Merck, Organon; and travel support from Gedeon Richter. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest. N/A.

B-130 Time-of-day dependence of running averages for some components of metabolic panels at our hospital: relation to strategy for patient-based quality control

Abstract Background Our hospital system recently reorganized its lab services so as to restrict in-house testing almost exclusively to inpatient testing. This disruption in patient mix caused us to reassess properties of running averages for our most common analytes, for potential use of such data in real-time patient-based quality control (PBQC). In particular, we examined whether there were analytes for which there was significant dependence of running averages on 24-h clock time (time-of-day, TOD). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 3-months' data (FY24, Q2) for patient results of 13 components of the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) and Comprehensive Metabolic Panel: Albumin*, Alkaline phosphatase, Alanine amino transferase, Aspartate aminotransferase*, Calcium*, Chloride*, CO2*, Creatinine, Potassium*, Total Protein*, Sodium, Total Bilirubin, and Urea. Running averages for 20 consecutive results (20-mers) were computed for data restricted to results within reference intervals. This produced an overall mean (X) and standard-deviation (SD) of 20-mers for each analyte. We then computed the average 20-mer result (Y) reported within 1-h bins across 24-hour clock time (t). Y(t) was regarded as having TOD-dependence if: (a) there was an 8-h interval of contiguous results for Y that were strictly either below or above X; and (b) either nadir or apex values for |Y-X| exceeded 0.5 SD. Results Seven analytes (*, above) demonstrated TOD-dependence of running means for 20-mers according to criteria given above. An example of TOD-dependent Y(t) is shown in Figure (Albumin). Conclusions For our hospital, TOD-dependence of running means was identified for 7 of 13 metabolic panel analytes. TOD-dependence of running means is a circumstance in which use of only a fixed target for running means in PBQC would lead to inherent TOD-dependent variation in capability for systematic error detection. Use of TOD-dependent targets for PBQC would be appropriate in these cases.

Establishment of a Disease Model Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Trabecular Meshwork Cells in a Chinese Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Mega-Pedigree.

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is one of the most common insidious blinding eye diseases. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of it is extremely important. It is accepted that POAG attacks specific ocular tissue, such as trabecular meshwork and optic nerve damage, which causes elevated intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage. This study aimed to develop a preliminary prediction model for this disease by establishing the patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived trabecular meshwork cells (TMCs) (p-iPSCs-TMCs) in the largest POAG family named "GZ.1" in China and preliminarily analyze the pathogenic mechanisms. Peripheral blood of patients in GZ.1 and healthy individuals not belonging to the family were collected and reprogrammed into iPSCs. Then, the iPSCs were differentiated into iPSCs-TMCs. Next, their morphology and function were compared. Finally, their pathogenic mechanisms were analyzed. The patient-specific iPSCs (p-iPSCs) and healthy individual-specific iPSCs (n-iPSCs) were all successfully generated. Their morphology was quite similar to each other. However, p-iPSCs-TMCs exhibited compromised morphology and function. p-iPSCs-TMCs displayed the morphology of heterogeneous distribution and accumulation in clusters, while n-iPSCs-derived TMCs (n-iPSCs-TMCs) showed a uniformly distributed and homogenous appearance. Moreover, p-iPSCs-TMCs showed greater cell apoptosis (p < 0.01), impaired proliferating ability (24-h and 48-h time points: p < 0.05, 72-h and 96-h time points: p < 0.001), production of reactive oxygen species (p < 0.05), and impaired phagocytosis ability than n-iPSCs-TMCs (24-h, 48-h, and 72-h time points: p < 0.0001, 96-h time point: p < 0.001). The p-iPSCs-TMCs can be successfully differentiated from peripheral blood, while the cells show impaired morphology and function compared with n-iPSCs-TMCs. Given this, p-iPSCs-TMCs can serve as an ideal disease model for POAG in GZ.1. Our study on the morphology and function of iPSCs-TMCs in GZ.1 may provide a valuable tool for elucidating the pathogenesis of POAG.

Endothelial pyroptosis-driven microglial activation in choroid plexus mediates neuronal apoptosis in hemorrhagic stroke rats

BackgroundSpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with alarmingly high rates of disability and mortality, and current therapeutic options are suboptimal. A critical component of ICH pathology is the initiation of a robust inflammatory response, often termed “cytokine storm,” which amplifies the secondary brain injury following the initial hemorrhagic insult. The precise sources and consequences of this cytokine-driven inflammation are not fully elucidated, necessitating further investigation. MethodsTo address this knowledge gap, our study conducted a comprehensive cytokine profiling using Luminex® assays, assessing 23 key cytokines. We then employed single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics at three critical time points post-ICH: the hyperacute, acute, and subacute phases. Integrating these multimodal analyses allowed us to identify the cellular origins of cytokines and elucidate their mechanisms of action. ResultsLuminex® cytokine assays revealed a significant upregulation of IL-6 and IL-1β levels at the 24-h post-ICH time point. Through the integration of scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics in the hemorrhagic hemisphere of rats, we observed a pronounced activation of cytokine-related signaling pathways within the choroid plexus. Initially, immune cell presence was sparse, but it surged 24 h post-ICH, particularly in the choroid plexus, indicating a substantial shift in the immune microenvironment. We traced the source of IL-1β and IL-6 to endothelial cells, establishing a link to pyroptosis. Endothelial pyroptosis post-ICH induced the production of IL-1β and IL-6, which activated microglial polarization characterized by elevated expression of Msr1, Lcn2, and Spp1 via the NF-κB pathway in the choroid plexus. Furthermore, we identified neuronal populations undergoing apoptosis, mediated by the Lcn2-SLC22A17 pathway in response to IL-1β and IL-6 signaling. Notably, the inhibition of pyroptosis using VX-765 significantly mitigated neurological impairments. ConclusionsOur study provides evidence that endothelial pyroptosis, characterized by the release of IL-1β and IL-6, triggers microglial polarization through NF-κB pathway activation, ultimately leading to microglia-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the choroid plexus post-ICH. These findings suggest that targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating endothelial cell pyroptosis and neutralizing inflammatory cytokines may offer neuroprotection for both microglia and neurons, presenting a promising avenue for ICH treatment.

Investigating the impact of botulinum toxin type a on the migration of normal human dermal fibroblasts: An invitro wound healing assay.

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is widely utilized in the management of hypertrophic and keloid scars. One proposed mechanism for scar prevention involves the inhibition of fibroblast migration in scars by BoNT-A. However, the data regarding the effect of BoNT-A on the migration of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of different types and dilutions of BoNT-A on the migration of NHDF. In vitro scratch wound assay, NHDF cells were cultured, incubated, and subjected to scratching using a sterile tip. Subsequently, the scratched NHDF monolayer was treated with different types of BoNT-A, including onabotulinumtoxinA (ONA), incobotulinumtoxinA (INCO), prabotulinumtoxinA (PRABO), or letibotulinumtoxinA (LETI), at varying concentrations of 10, 20, 25, 40, 50, and 100 units/milliliter (U/mL). Additionally, abobotulinumtoxinA (ABO) was administered at concentrations of 33, 50, 66, 71, 100, 150, 300, and 500 U/mL. Normal saline solution (NSS) served as a negative control. The extent of NHDF migration was evaluated by comparing each dilution of BoNT-A with the controls using high-content imaging at the 48-h time point. Furthermore, the viability of the of NHDF was assessed. The concentrations of 25, 40, and 50 U/mL of ONA (p < 0.001) and 25 U/mL of LETI (p < 0.05) demonstrated significantly inhibited NHDF migration in comparison to the control group. Conversely, all dilutions of PRABO, INCO, and ABO exhibited comparable NHDF migration to that of the control group. Regarding NHDF viability, no significant decrease was observed across any of the BoNT-A types and dilutions. Different types and dilutions of BoNT-A demonstrated variable inhibitory effects on NHDF migration invitro. The selection of BoNT-A formulation may significantly impact the clinical outcome of scar prevention related to fibroblast migration.

Harnessing the Energy Potential and Value-Added Products from the Treatment of Sugarcane Vinasse: Maximizing Methane Production Through Co-Digestion with Sugarcane Molasses and Enhanced Organic Loading.

This study assessed the impact of organic loading rate (OLR) on methane (CH4) production in the anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of sugarcane vinasse and molasses (SVM) (1:1 ratio) within a thermophilic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR). The OLR ranged from 5 to 27.5kg COD.m-3.d-1, with a fixed hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24h. Organic matter removal varied from 56 to 84%, peaking at an OLR of 5kg COD.m-3.d-1. Maximum CH4 yield (MY) (272.6 mL CH4.g-1CODrem) occurred at an OLR of 7.5kg COD.m-3.d-1, while the highest CH4 production rate (MPR) (4.0L CH4.L-1.d-1) and energy potential (E.P.) (250.5 kJ.d-1) were observed at an OLR of 20kg COD.m-3.d-1. The AFBR exhibited stability across all OLR. At 22.5kg COD.m-3.d-1, a decrease in MY indicated methanogenesis imbalance and inhibitory organic compound accumulation. OLR influenced microbial populations, with Firmicutes and Thermotogota constituting 43.9% at 7.5kg COD.m-3.d-1, and Firmicutes dominating (52.7%) at 27.5kg COD.m-3.d-1. Methanosarcina (38.9%) and hydrogenotrophic Methanothermobacter (37.6%) were the prevalent archaea at 7.5kg COD.m-3.d-1 and 27.5kg COD.m-3.d-1, respectively. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the organic loading rate significantly influences the efficiency of methane production and the stability of microbial communities during the anaerobic co-digestion of sugarcane vinasse and molasses, indicating that optimized conditions can maximize energy yield and maintain methanogenic balance.

Diurnal timing of physical activity and risk of colorectal cancer in the UK Biobank

BackgroundPhysical activity reduces colorectal cancer risk, yet the diurnal timing of physical activity in colorectal cancer etiology remains unclear.MethodsThis study used 24-h accelerometry time series from UK Biobank participants aged 42 to 79 years to derive circadian physical activity patterns using functional principal component analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine associations with colorectal cancer risk.ResultsAmong 86,252 participants (56% women), 529 colorectal cancer cases occurred during a median 5.3-year follow-up. We identified four physical activity patterns that explained almost 100% of the data variability during the day. A pattern of continuous day-long activity was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.89–0.99). A second pattern of late-day activity was suggestively inversely related to risk (HR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.85–1.02). A third pattern of early- plus late-day activity was associated with decreased risk (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80–0.99). A fourth pattern of mid-day plus night-time activity showed no relation (HR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.88–1.19). Our results were consistent across various sensitivity analyses, including the restriction to never smokers, the exclusion of the first 2 years of follow-up, and the adjustment for shift work.ConclusionsA pattern of early- plus late-day activity is related to reduced colorectal cancer risk, beyond the benefits of overall activity. Further research is needed to confirm the role of activity timing in colorectal cancer prevention.

PSVIII-6 Effect of adding plant extracted saponin (PES) on accumulative gas production kinetics and methane emission of the prairie blend pelleted feed products in ruminant system

Abstract The objectives of this study were to study the effect of adding plant extracted saponin (PES) as phytochemical feed additive on in vitro accumulative gas production kinetics and methane (CH4) emission of blend pelleted feed products in ruminant system. Four levels of PES (0, 1, 2, 3%) were added to canola meal and pea mixtures with two different ratios (CMP1: 50:50; CMP2: 70:30) which were used to make Prairie blend pellet feed products. The accumulative gas production kinetics and CH4 were determined using in vitro systems. Ruminal fluid for in vitro studies was obtained from rumen fistulated lactation dairy cows. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with the PES level as a fixed effect and in vitro run with fistulated animals as a random effect. The data were analyzed using Mixed Model Procedure of SAS. Polynomial contract was used to determine linear and quadratic relationship. The results showed that adding PES did not significantly affect the asymptotic production (a) with an average of 104.06 ± 12.38 (SD) mL/g DM, the gas production fractional rate (c) with an average of 1.00 ± 0.90 %/h, the average production at one-half of asymptotic production (AP) with an average 11.26 ± 0.87 mL and lag time with an average of 2.08 ± 0.81 h. As to CH4 emission at different incubation times, the result showed that at short incubation times (2 h, 4 h, 12 h), adding PES showed numerically reduced CH4 from 277 to 1.08 mL/g (at 2 h) and 4.39 to 1.59 mL/g (at 4 h). With increasing PES level, CH4 was significantly linearly reduced (P = 0.019) from 8.31 to 6.30 mL/g at 12h incubation time. At long incubation (24 h), adding PES did not have significant impact on CH4. In conclusion, adding PES at the studied levels to Prairie blend pellet feed products did not significantly affect accumulative gas production kinetics but it had a high potential to decrease CH4 emission at short incubation times.

400 Effect of pH on in vitro ruminal metabolism of trans-10 18:1 and trans-11 18:1

Abstract Dietary C18 unsaturated fatty acids are extensively biohydrogenated by rumen microbiota into 18:0 and trans-18:1 isomers. Usually, the biohydrogenation (BH) pathways produce mostly 18:0 and trans-11 18:1 as the main intermediate. However, when fed low-forage diets that decrease the rumen pH, the main BH intermediate often is the trans-10 18:1 isomer. This change in BH, called the trans-10 shift, is associated with milk fat depression, but despite that, little is known about the triggers of the trans-10 shift and its ecological role in rumen microbiota. Microbiota stressed by low rumen pH may benefit from increased trans-18:1 availability favoring the production of the trans-18:1 isomer with a slower rate of BH. Thus, we hypothesize that at low rumen pH conditions, the BH of trans-10 18:1 will be slower than that of trans-11 18:1. We tested that with an in vitro experiment using batch incubation in Hungate tubes, replicated in 5 wk. In each run, 24 tubes were allocated at 6 treatments and 4 incubation times (0, 6, 24 and 48 h). The treatments resulted from the combination of 2 buffering solution pH (6.74 vs. 5.85) and 3 substrates: 1) Control (60 mg feed DM) 2) T10 (Control plus 1.2 mg of trans-10 18:1) and 3) T11 (Control plus 1.2 mg of trans-11 18:1). Volatile fatty acids (VFA) and long-chain fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Data were analyzed using the 2 × 3 factorial arrangement for each incubation time. Low pH resulted in less 30 to 37% DM disappearance than those with high pH at all incubation times (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The decrease in VFA with low pH was less expressive (≈17%) and only evident at 24 and 48 h incubation times. The low pH also decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the BH of 18:1n-9 (less ≈47 to 53%), 18:2n-6 (less 30 to 34%) and 18:3n-3 (less 20 to 22%) at 24h and 48h incubation times, respectively. The disappearance of trans-11 18:1 was 14.6% at 6 h, 29.0% at 24 h and 32.8% at 48 h and was not affected by pH. The disappearance of trans-10 18:1 was dependent on pH. At 6 h and high pH the disappearance of both was similar, but at low pH the disappearance of trans-10 18:1 was much less (9.8%) than that of trans-11 18:1. However, at 48 h and low pH, the disappearance was similar between isomers and the disappearance of trans-10 18:1 was much greater (46.6%) than trans-11 18:1. In summary, the BH of trans-10 18:1 is less at low pH than at high pH, and this could in part explain its abundance in some practical ruminant feeding conditions. Acknowledgements: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) funding through PTDC/CAL-ZOO/29654/2017(RumOmics), PTDC/CAL-ZOO/4515/2021(Gene2Rumen), UIDB/00276/2020 (CIISA), and LA/P/0059/2020 (AL4Animals) projects.

PSII-8 The effects of diet and finishing phase on the behavioral time budgets of feedlot cattle

Abstract Feedlot cattle undergo many transitions in diet, social group structure, and environment during the finishing period. Little is known about how their behavior may be altered by these transitions. The objective of our pilot project was to compare the behavior of younger feedlot cattle fed a low-concentrate diet to that of finishing cattle, and to create 24-h time budgets for activity and oral behaviors in these groups. Cattle [n = 20; body weight (BW) = 305 ± 21 kg, mean ± SD] were fed a low-concentrate feedlot diet (60:40, concentrate:forage; ST) and cattle (n = 20; BW = 522 ± 45 kg) received a finishing diet (90:10, concentrate:forage; FI) twice daily. Animals were separated by diet and housed in groups of 10. Trained observers recorded behaviors of each group by live instantaneous recording every 5 min for a continuous 48 h, resulting in 192 h of data collected. We predicted that ST cattle would spend more time eating and ruminating due to the higher forage diet. We also expected that FI animals would rest more and spend less time standing and walking as a result of being more familiar with the environment and their social group structure. We also quantified a wide range of oral behaviors including rumination, grooming and manipulation of non-feed items in the pen. Behaviors were summarized by 24-h period, animal, group, and diet, then averaged by animal, and then averaged again by group (n = 2/diet). Missing values accounted for 3% of the activity data and 11% of the oral behaviors. T-tests revealed that ST cattle ruminated more than FI (352 ± 3 vs. 304 ± 1 min/d, mean ± SE, P = 0.02), but differences between treatments were not detected for time spent eating (196 ± 15 vs. 131 ± 3 min/d), standing (584 ± 13 vs. 588 ± 29 min/d), walking (46 ± 10 vs. 35 ± 5 min/d), or lying (768 ± 16 vs. 772 ± 7 min/d; P ≥ 0.13). When fed the ST diet, cattle spent 5 ± 2 min/d grooming group mates, while FI cattle groomed others for 11 ± 1 min/d, although this was not analyzed statistically because it was rare. Similarly, there were numerical differences in the amount of time spent orally manipulating non-food items (8 ± 3 and 18 ± 1 min/d for ST and FI animals, respectively) that have not been previously described. These results suggest that behavioral differences might be more apparent with larger sample sizes, but with the present experimental design, the predictions were not supported. Nonetheless, these are the first behavioral observations of feedlot cattle and provide a comprehensive time budget of their activity, including a range of oral behaviors over a 48-h period.

Influence of weather research and forecasting model microphysics and cumulus schemes for forecasting monsoon rainfall over the Kelani River basin, Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT Creating precise quantitative precipitation forecasts is essential for reducing losses and damages. This study aimed to identify the best microphysics and cumulus schemes for forecasting monsoon rainfall over the Kelani River basin, Sri Lanka, using the WRF-ARW model. Four extreme rainfall events from the 2020 and 2021 monsoon seasons were simulated with various microphysics and cumulus parameterizations to find the optimal combinations. These combinations were then tested for their ability to forecast two monsoon events with a 24-h lead time. Simulated and forecasted rainfalls were compared with observations from 15 gauging stations. Results indicate that WSM3 and WSM6 microphysics schemes with the Betts–Miller–Janjic (BMJ) cumulus scheme are optimal for simulating rainfall, with WSM3_BMJ being the most suitable for forecasting. The findings of this study provide valuable initial data for research in regions with similar environmental conditions, offering insights into the suitability of various physics schemes for simulating and forecasting monsoon rainfall, particularly under extreme conditions. Furthermore, given the prevalence of monsoons in many tropical and subtropical climates, these results will be instrumental in enhancing the use of numerical weather prediction models for forecasting monsoon rainfall on a global scale.

Optimizing and Determination of Natural Bio-catharantin Mutagen in Polyploidization of Triploid Lembah Palu Shallot (Allium wakegi Araki)

Induction of polyploidy can be achieved using chemical mutagen or antimitotic compounds that affect cell division, resulting in doubling number of chromosomes. A new inducer for chromosome doubling mutation agent – bio-catharantin – may be used. This report determined the mortality rate of bio-catharantin used for mutation induction experiments in shallot plants. Two sets of experiments were arranged in a two factorial randomized block design, i.e. five levels of bio- catharantin concentration treatment (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0%) combined with soaking periods of 6-, 12-, and 24-h. Each combination was repeated three times, with five seed bulbs in each combination. The result shows that the mortality rate of shallot tends to increase with increasing concentration and soaking time. A high percentage of the mortality rate was found at all concentrations other than control at 24-h soaking time. Hence, the mortality rate of prolonged soaking (24 h) is greater at higher concentrations. However, at lower concentrations of 2.5 and 5% for 6- and 12-h soaking time the mortality rate was low (13 and 27%, 7 and 60%, respectively). Meanwhile, at 10%, the result shows relatively high mortality rates (13 and 73%, respectively). Administration of bio-catharantin at 5 and 10% with a 12-h soaking period causes optimal mortality rate, whereas the germination rate shows the opposite trend. To find the accuracy of the efficacy of bio-catharantin concentration between 5–10%, we introduced 7.5% in the second experiment. The concentration of 7.5% has a significant effect on leaf diameter, where it becomes smaller as inhibited by increased concentration (2.5 and 5.0%) but becomes larger again at 7.5% (0.59 mm) nearing control (0.70 mm) and drops again to 0.23 mm (10%). This is not usually the trend of inhibition when a larger concentration is used except when polyploidization has taken effect, presumably at 7.5% bio-catharantin with a 12-h immersion period.

Rainfall event separation and determination of the water quality volume

A procedure is presented and demonstrated for identifying the minimum interevent time for automatic separation of rainfall events and the subsequent use of the event statistics to determine the water quality volume. The proposed procedure for identifying the minimum interevent time is more robust that the conventional approach that requires interevent times to have an exponential distribution. The procedure is validated in South Florida and at locations in Athens (Georgia), Roanoke (Virginia), and St.Louis (Missouri). Minimum interevent times of 6h, 6h, 12h, and 9h, respectively, were found at the study locations, and it was demonstrated that the interevent times do not generally have an exponential distribution. Conventional determination of the water quality volume does not formally consider the influence of the drain time in sizing the water quality storage basin, and a procedure is presented herein for taking the drain time into account. The procedure is demonstrated at the study locations using multiple rainfall-runoff models. It is shown that a maximum drain time of 24h would not generally be adequate in South Florida, but would be adequate in Athens, Roanoke and St.Louis, however, a maximum drain time of 48h would not generally be adequate at all locations.