Time Trends In Cancer Incidence Research Articles

Time trends in cancer incidence in Australian people living with HIV between 1982 and 2012.

The aim of the study was to describe time trends in cancer incidence in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Australia between 1982 and 2012. A population-based prospective study was conducted using data linkage between the national HIV and cancer registries. Invasive cancers identified in PLHIV were grouped into AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs), infection-related non-ADCs (NADCs), and non-infection-related NADCs. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates of cancers were calculated and compared over five time periods: 1982-1995, 1996-1999, 2000-2004, 2005-2008 and 2009-2012, roughly reflecting advances in HIV antiretroviral therapy. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) compared with the Australian general population were calculated for each time period. Generalized linear models were developed to assess time trends in crude and age-standardized incidences. For ADCs, the crude and age-standardized incidences of Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma substantially declined over time (P-trend <0.001 for all) but SIRs remained significantly elevated. For infection-related NADCs, there were significant increases in the crude incidences of anal, liver and head and neck cancers. Age-standardized incidences increased for anal cancer (P-trend = 0.002) and liver cancer (P-trend <0.001). SIRs were significantly elevated for anal cancer, liver cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma. For non-infection-related NADCs, the crude incidence of colorectal, lung and prostate cancers increased over time, but age-standardized incidences remained stable. Continuous improvements and high coverage of antiretroviral therapy have reduced the incidence of ADCs in PLHIV in Australia. Clinical monitoring of anal and liver cancers in people living with HIV should be performed, given the increasing incidence of these cancers.

Trends in breast and cervical cancer in India under National Cancer Registry Programme: An Age-Period-Cohort analysis

BackgroundTrend analysis in cancer quantifies the incidence rate and explains the trend and pattern. Breast and cervical cancers are the two most common cancers among Indian women which contributed 39.4 % to the total cancer in India for the year 2020. This study aimed to report the time trends in cancer incidence of breast and cervical cancer using Age–Period–Cohort (APC) model from five Population Based Cancer Registries (PBCRs) in India for the period of 1985–2014. MethodAge-Period-Cohort model was fitted to five PBCRs of Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Bhopal and Barshi rural for breast and cervical cancer for 25−74 age-groups. The Estimated Annual Percent Change (EAPC) was calculated. Rate Ratio (RR) of cohort effects were estimated with a constraint of period slope to be zero (p = 0) since cohort has a stronger association with incidence than period. ResultA significant increase was noted in breast cancer in all PBCRs (EAPC, Range: Delhi, 1.2 % to Bangalore, 2.7 %) while significant decrease in cervical cancer (EAPC, Range: Bangalore -2.5 % to Chennai, -4.6 %) from all the PBCRs including Barshi rural during the period. RR estimates for breast cancer showed increasing trend whereas cervical cancer showed decreasing trend in successive birth cohorts across all five PBCRs. ConclusionIn both breast and cervical cancers, a significant age, cohort and period effect was noted in Bangalore, Chennai and Delhi. Despite period effect, the cohort effect was predominant and it may be attributed to the generational changes in risk factors among cancer breast and cervix.

Current Status and Time Trends of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide

Current Status and Time Trends of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide

Cell phone use and the risk of glioma: are case-control study findings consistent with Canadian time trends in cancer incidence?

BackgroundThere remains controversy as to whether cell phones cause cancer. We evaluated whether temporal changes in cell phone use and the incidence of glioma in Canada were consistent with the hypothesis of an increased risk. DesignWe used data from the Canadian Cancer Registry to calculate annual incidence rates for glioma between 1992 and 2015. The annual number of new cell phone subscribers was determined using national industry statistics. The number of newly diagnosed gliomas was compared to the predicted number by applying risks from epidemiological studies to age-specific population estimates. Specifically, we calculated the “predicted” number of incident gliomas by determining the annual prevalence of cell phone users and years of use. These estimates were multiplied by the corresponding risk estimates to determine the predicted number of gliomas. ResultsThe number of cellular subscriptions in Canada increased from nil in the early-1980s to approximately 29.5 million in 2015. In contrast, age-standardized glioma incidence rates remained stable between 1992 and 2015. When applying risk estimates from i) a recent pooled analysis of Swedish case-control studies, ii) the 13 country INTERPHONE study, and iii) more recent results from data collected from the Canadian component of the INTERPHONE these risks overestimated the observed number of glioma cases diagnosed in Canada in 2015 by 50%, 86%, and 63%, respectively. InterpretationPredictions of glioma incidence counts using estimates of the relative risk of glioma due to cell phone use from case-control studies over-estimated the incidence rates of glioma in Canada. The absence of an elevation in incidence rates of glioma in conjunction with marked increases in cell phone use suggests that there may not be a causal link between cellphones and glioma.

Trends in cancer incidence and survival in the Augsburg study region—results from the Augsburg cancer registry

ObjectivesKnowledge about time trends of cancer incidence and cancer survival in a defined region is an essential prerequisite for the planning of regional healthcare infrastructure. The aim of the study...

Cancer Incidence Trends in the Oil Shale Industrial Region in Estonia.

Large oil shale resources are found in Eastern Estonia, where the mineral resource is mined, excavated, and used for electricity generation and shale oil extraction. During industrial activities in the last 100 years, pollutants have been emitted in large amounts, some of which are toxic and carcinogenic. The current study aims to analyse time trends in cancer incidence in the oil shale industry-affected areas and compare them with overall cancer incidence rates and trends in Estonia. We analysed Estonian Cancer Registry data on selected cancer sites that have been previously indicated to have relationships with industrial activities like oil shale extraction. We included lung cancer, kidney cancer, urinary bladder cancer, leukaemia, breast cancer, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. A statistically significantly higher lung cancer age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was found during the study period (1992—2015) only in males in the oil shale areas as compared to males in Estonia overall: 133.6 and 95.5 per 100,000, respectively. However, there appeared to be a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the lung cancer ASIR in males in the oil shale areas (overall decrease 28.9%), whereas at the same time, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in non-oil shale areas (13.3%) and in Estonia overall (1.5%). Other cancer sites did not show higher ASIRs in the oil shale industrial areas compared to other areas in Estonia. Possible explanations could be improved environmental quality, socio-economic factors, and other morbidities.

Commentary: Time trends of cancer incidence in Campania: 25 years of observation

Introduction: Childhood cancer is relatively uncommon and the European age-standardized rate was 164 new case per million per year among 0 to 15 years old children (95% CI 158-170). We analyzed data collected in the Mod. 1.01 of the AIEOP (Association Italian Pediatric Hematology-Oncology) over 25 years (1990-2014) about patients with malignant disease diagnosed in 90 towns of the “Ground of fires” (56 in Napoli and 34 in Caserta province). Methods: Thanks to the wide monitored population we defined 5 time trends: 1990-94; 1995-99; 2000-04; 2005-09; and 2010-14. We calculated the ratio between observed cases (O) and expected (E) numbers of cases among the children from “Terra dei fuochi”. Results: 2037 cancer patients (0-15 years) were registered in the AIEOP database: 1144 males (56.1%) and 893 females (43.8%). Conclusions: It is note-worthy to underline that our cases needed to be integrated with the Hospital Informative System and Register of births, marriage and deaths to have a better collection of observed cases. This is a limit of our study. The data analysis do not show significant differences in number of observed cases and type of diseases respect to our previous epidemiological study on cancer cases registered in Campania.

Time trends of cancer incidence in childhood in Campania region: 25 years of observation.

BackgroundChildhood cancer is relatively uncommon and the European age-standardized rate was 164 new case per million per year among children 0 to 14 years of age (95 % CI 158-170). Aims of our study are to evaluate the cases of these malignant diseases observed between 0 and 15 years of age in the Campania region between 1990 and 2014, the ration between observed and expected cases by disease and province of residence. Also we studied the percentage of extra-regional migration over the time by disease and province of residence.MethodsIn this study we reported the patients with malignant disease observed in 25 years (1990–2014) based on the specialized registry, the Mod. 1.01 of the AIEOP (Association Italian Pediatric Hematology-Oncology). The size of the monitored population also allowed us to systematically examine five time trends: 1990–94: 1995–99; 2000–04; 2005–09; and 2010–14.ResultsBetween 1990 and 2014 a total of 3655 malignant neoplasms were reported: Napoli province (2059 cases), Salerno province (625), Caserta province (589), Avellino province (229), and Benevento province (153). Epidemiological data suggested that about 4100 cases could be expected in Campania region during the same period. The overall ratio between observed (O) and expected (E) numbers of cases in the five periods considered rose gradually from 0.69 in the first period to 0.76, then 0.82, 0.91, and 0.94, in the other periods considered. The extra-regional migration involved 1029 cases (28.1 %), showing a reduction from 33.7 % of the first period to 20.3 % of the last period considered. Considering single province of residence we observed the lowest rate of migration in Napoli and Caserta province, whereas higher levels were observed in the other provinces. For all provinces, except Salerno, the extra-regional migration declined significantly over time.ConclusionsThe present findings showed an increase over time of O/E ratio, probably due to improvement in the organization of centers and greater trust of families in local centers. It is possible to further improve the efficiency of healthcare system of Campania region and migration can be reduced with a more rational use of hospitals throughout region.

Time trends in cancer incidence in persons living with HIV/AIDS in the antiretroviral therapy era: 1997-2012.

Utilizing the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, the largest HIV cohort in North America, we conducted one of the few comprehensive comparisons of cancer incidence time trends in HIV-infected (HIV+) versus uninfected persons during the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Prospective cohort study. We followed 44 787 HIV+ and 96 852 demographically matched uninfected persons during 1997-2012. We calculated age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-standardized incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRR, HIV+ versus uninfected) over four calendar periods with incidence rate and IRR period trend P values for cancer groupings and specific cancer types. We observed 3714 incident cancer diagnoses in HIV+ and 5760 in uninfected persons. The HIV+ all-cancer crude incidence rate increased between 1997-2000 and 2009-2012 (P trend = 0.0019). However, after standardization, we observed highly significant HIV+ incidence rate declines for all cancer (25% decline; P trend <0.0001), AIDS-defining cancers (55% decline; P trend <0.0001), nonAIDS-defining cancers (NADC; 15% decline; P trend = 0.0003), and nonvirus-related NADC (20% decline; P trend <0.0001); significant IRR declines for all cancer (from 2.0 to 1.6; P trend <0.0001), AIDS-defining cancers (from 19 to 5.5; P trend <0.0001), and nonvirus-related NADC (from 1.4 to 1.2; P trend = 0.049); and borderline significant IRR declines for NADC (from 1.6 to 1.4; P trend = 0.078) and virus-related NADC (from 4.9 to 3.5; P trend = 0.071). Improved HIV care resulting in improved immune function most likely contributed to the HIV+ incidence rate and the IRR declines. Further promotion of early and sustained ART, improved ART regimens, reduction of traditional cancer risk factor (e.g. smoking) prevalence, and evidence-based screening could contribute to future cancer incidence declines among HIV+ persons.

What is the Most Suitable Time Period to Assess the Time Trends in Cancer Incidence Rates to Make Valid Predictions--an Empirical Approach.

Projections of cancer cases are particularly useful in developing countries to plan and prioritize both diagnostic and treatment facilities. In the prediction of cancer cases for the future period say after 5 years or after 10 years, it is imperative to use the knowledge of past time trends in incidence rates as well as in population at risk. In most of the recently published studies the duration for which the time trend was assessed was more than 10 years while in few studies the duration was between 5-7 years. This raises the question as to what is the optimum time period which should be used for assessment of time trends and projections. Thus, the present paper explores the suitability of different time periods to predict the future rates so that the valid projections of cancer burden can be done for India. The cancer incidence data of selected cancer sites of Bangalore, Bhopal, Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai PBCR for the period of 1991-2009 was utilized. The three time periods were selected namely 1991-2005; 1996-2005, 1999-2005 to assess the time trends and projections. For the five selected sites, each for males and females and for each registry, the time trend was assessed and the linear regression equation was obtained to give prediction for the years 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. These predictions were compared with actual incidence data. The time period giving the least error in prediction was adjudged as the best. The result of the current analysis suggested that for projections of cancer cases, the 10 years duration data are most appropriate as compared to 7 year or 15 year incidence data.

Time trends of cancer incidence in Setif, Algeria, 1986-2010: an observational study.

BackgroundIncidence rates of various cancers are increasing in Arab countries and are expected to reach those of industrialized ones in few decades. This paper aimed to describe the incidence rates of most common cancers - and/or of those cancer preventable through modifiable behaviors - recorded in the province of Setif, Algeria from 1986 through 2010.MethodsCancer diagnoses for the 1986–2010 period were provided by the population-based Cancer Registry of Setif, disentangled by site, morphology, age (quinquennia), sex, and calendar period. The corresponding population was obtained from the Algerian Institute of Statistics. Age-standardized rates (world population) (ASR-WR) were computed by calendar period (five quinquennias from 1986–1990 to 2006–2010), while annual percent changes (APCs) were computed for the period 1996–2010.ResultsDuring the 2006–2010 period, ASR-WR for all cancer sites were 106.4/100,000 in men and 110.3 in women. The four leading cancers were: lung (18.0%); colon-rectum (9.6%); bladder (9.1%); and prostate (6.5%) in men; breast (36.4%); colon-rectum (8.5%); cervix uteri (6.0%); and thyroid (6.0%) in women. Between 1996–2010, overall cancer incidence increased statistically significantly (p < 0.05) in both men (APC = +2.5%) and women (APC = +3.7%). Statistically significant decreasing trends were observed for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (APC = -3.4%) in men, and for cervical (APC = -4.2%) and gallbladder (APC = -3.2%) cancers in women. Statistically significant increasing trends were observed for most common cancers both in men (lung:+1.8%, colon-rectum:+5.4%, prostate:+4.3%, liver:+8.9%, and bladder:+5.9%) and women (breast:+8.2%, colon-rectum:+4.5%, lung:+10.0%, liver:+5.4%, thyroid:+5.3%, and larynx:+13.8%).ConclusionsInternational recommendations against cancer must be strongly promoted in Setif after taking into account epidemiological transition, lifestyle, and environmental changes.

Trends in cancer incidence in Lithuania between 1991 and 2010

Background. Analysis of time trends in cancer incidence provides an estimate of the burden of cancer in a certain population and is a useful tool for planning cancer control. Identification of changing epidemiological patterns in cancer is crucial in formulating future healthcare clinical tools, evaluating prognostic and therapeutic models, and generating new hypotheses on disease aetiology and prevention. Materials and methods. Patients diagnosed with cancer in Lithuania between 1991 and 2010 were considered into analysis. Crude rates and age-standardized incidence rates for both sexes were calculated, as well as annual percent change with 95% confidence intervals for selected cancer sites using the Joinpoint Regression Analysis. Results. With the major exceptions of male lung cancer and stomach cancer in both sexes, cancer incidence has increased for most cancer sites in the last two decades in Lithuania. The strongest rises in incidence were seen for prostate cancer in men and thyroid cancer in women. Overall cancer incidence in men was strongly influenced by newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases. Conclusions. This up-to-date analysis provides a basis for establishing priorities to cancer control actions in Lithuania. These results show increase in incidence rates in Lithuania of all cancers combined among both men and women. Trends in cancer incidence rates for males were heavily influenced by trends in prostate cancer which is the most common cancer among men. Increasing cancer incidence requires targeted interventions on risk factors control, early diagnosis, and improved management and pharmacological treatment for selected cancer sites.

Antioxidant Small-spotted Catshark Burgers

Event Abstract Back to Event Antioxidant Small-spotted Catshark Burgers Joana Patriarca1*, Maria J. Rodrigues1 and Rui Pedrosa1 1 Polytechnic Institute of Leiria - Marine Resources Research Group (GIRM), Portugal Tons of fish are rejected daily, not only on board, but also on shore during the industrial processing (INE, 2012). In order to reuse these wastes, restructured seafood products must be developed. On the other hand, in western countries a trend in the increase of the number of cancer cases is observed, especially among the youngsters (Steliarova-Foucher et al, 2004). A healthy and high quality nutrition plays an important role on cancer prevention (Davis et al, 2010; Kuno et al, 2012). Many authors found several phytochemical compounds naturally present in foods with powerful antioxidant properties. These have the ability to stop or delay the development of the tumors, by inducing apoptosis and prevent angiogenesis or metastasis (Kou et al, 2013). In the present work, it was developed a restructured functional food based on rejected small-spotted catshark. The functional capacity of this food is attained by the addition of ingredients with proven antioxidant ability. Studies have been made to optimize the antioxidant extraction process from the fish burger through different combinations of solvent extraction. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the restructured product was characterized in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Apparently, a higher level of antioxidants is detected when methanol is used for extraction during twelve hours at room temperature. The results also showed the functional fish product presents a higher capacity for DPPH reduction and increased values for ORAC by comparison with small-spotted catshark only. Acknowledgements The idea of the present project was granted with the National University Award Lotaçor 2011-2012. References Davis, C.D., Emenaker, N.J., Milner, J.A. (2010). Angiogenesis: Molecular Targets for Nutritional Preemption of Cancer. Seminars in Oncology, 37(3):243-257. INE (2012). Estatística da Pesca 2011. Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P., Direcção-Geral de Recursos Naturais, Segurança e Serviços Marítimos, Lisboa, Portugal Kou, X., Kirberger, M., Yang, Y., Chen, N. (2013). Natural products for cancer prevention associated with Nrf2–ARE pathway. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2:22-28. Kuno, T., Tsukamto, T., Hara, A., Tanaka, T. (2012). Cancer chemoprevention through the induction of apoptosis by natural compounds. Journal of Biophysical Chemistry, 3(2):156-173. Steliarova-Foucher, E., Stiller, C., Kaatsch P., Berrino, F., Coebergh, J.W., Lacour, B., Perkin, M. (2004). Geographical patterns and time trends of cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents in Europe since the 1970s (the ACCIS project): an epidemiological study. The Lancet, 364(9451):2097-2105. Keywords: DPPH, Fish burger, ORAC, polyphenol content, small-spotted catshark Conference: IMMR | International Meeting on Marine Research 2014, Peniche, Portugal, 10 Jul - 11 Jul, 2014. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: SEAFOOD TECHNOLOGY Citation: Patriarca J, Rodrigues MJ and Pedrosa R (2014). Antioxidant Small-spotted Catshark Burgers. Front. Mar. Sci. Conference Abstract: IMMR | International Meeting on Marine Research 2014. doi: 10.3389/conf.fmars.2014.02.00179 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 05 May 2014; Published Online: 18 Jul 2014. * Correspondence: Miss. Joana Patriarca, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria - Marine Resources Research Group (GIRM), Peniche, Portugal, joanapatriarca22@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Joana Patriarca Maria J Rodrigues Rui Pedrosa Google Joana Patriarca Maria J Rodrigues Rui Pedrosa Google Scholar Joana Patriarca Maria J Rodrigues Rui Pedrosa PubMed Joana Patriarca Maria J Rodrigues Rui Pedrosa Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Time trends in cancer incidence and mortality

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 199, Issue 9 p. 570-571 Editorial Time trends in cancer incidence and mortality Bruce K Armstrong DPhil, FAFPHM, FAA, Corresponding Author Bruce K Armstrong DPhil, FAFPHM, FAA Senior Adviser; and Honorary Professor bruce.armstrong@sydney.edu.au The Sax Institute, Sydney, NSW. Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.Correspondence: bruce.armstrong@sydney.edu.auSearch for more papers by this author Bruce K Armstrong DPhil, FAFPHM, FAA, Corresponding Author Bruce K Armstrong DPhil, FAFPHM, FAA Senior Adviser; and Honorary Professor bruce.armstrong@sydney.edu.au The Sax Institute, Sydney, NSW. Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW.Correspondence: bruce.armstrong@sydney.edu.auSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 November 2013 https://doi.org/10.5694/mja13.11247Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume199, Issue9November 2013Pages 570-571 RelatedInformation

Time trends of cancer incidence and mortality in Catalonia during 1993–2007

To describe time trends of cancer in Catalonia, Spain, during the period 1993-2007. Data have been provided by two population-based cancer registries, Girona and Tarragona, and the Catalan mortality registry. Cancer incidence in Catalonia has been estimated through modeling methods using data from these health structures. During 2003-2007, there were 20,042 cancer cases and 9,842 deaths per year among men and 13,673 new cancer cases and 5,882 deaths among women. The most frequent incident cancers among men were prostate (N=4,258), lung (N=3,021), colorectal (N=3,007) and bladder (N=2,238), whereas among women they were breast (N=3,907), colorectal (N=2,088), corpus uteri (N=734) and lung (N=527). During 1993-2007, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) rose 1.2% per year among men [prostate (6.3%), testis (5.7%), kidney (2.9%), liver (2.2%) and colorectal (2.1%)]. ASIRs decreased for stomach (-2.9%), oral cavity and pharynx (-2.8%), larynx (-2.7%) and esophagus (-2%). Among women, ASIRs only rose for lung (5.2%), kidney (3.1%), oral cavity and pharynx (2.6%) and thyroid (1.6%). ASIRs decreased for corpus uteri (-2.3%), stomach (-1.7%) and ovary (-1.6%). Cancer mortality decreased -1.3% per year among men and -2.1% among women during the same period. Among men, the decrease of incidence/mortality of tobacco-related tumors was related to a reduction of smoking prevalence. Among women, the stabilization of breast cancer incidence and the rise of lung cancer incidence are similar to that observed in most European regions. These results allow assessing the effectiveness of public health strategies and they pose new frontiers for cancer control in Catalonia.

Time trends of cancer incidence for all primary sites in the province of Vojvodina from 1985 to 2010

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Trends of cancer incidence and mortality in Cali, Colombia. 50 years experience

The Population-based Cancer Registry of Cali aims to report all new cases in permanent residents within the limits of the city of Cali. Time trends of cancer incidence and mortality are described. The registry has been in continuous operation for 50 years. CANCER CASES REPORTS ARE OBTAINED ACTIVELY BY VISITING ALL SOURCES OF INFORMATION: hospitals, pathology departments, hematology laboratories, radiotherapy centers, government offices where death certificates are processed and physician's offices. It is estimated that the reporting is at least 95% complete. Drastic decreases are documented in rates for tumors causally related to infectious agents, especially cancers of the uterine cervix and the stomach. Gradual increases are documented in rates of tumors linked to affluence and the metabolic syndrome, especially cancers of the colon and the female breast. An unexpected increase in the incidence of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland in women is reported. Tobacco-related cancers, especially cancer of the lung, showed marked increase in incidence rates around 1970, apparently the beginning of an epidemic similar to the one reported in Western societies. But the increase in incidence stopped around 1980, resulting from a strong anti-smoking campaign launched in Colombia in the 1970s. The findings have influenced prevention strategies implemented by public health authorities, specially the establishment of a city-wide program to prevent cervix cancer via widespread use of vaginal cytology and anti-smoking campaigns. Also, new population-based cancer registries have been established in other Colombian cities as well as in Ecuador.

Tendência da mortalidade por neoplasias malignas selecionadas em Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil, 1980-2006

Time trends in cancer incidence and mortality in the Western Amazon remain unknown. This study explored age-standardized cancer mortality rates according to anatomical site in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil, by constructing linear regression time trend models. Cancer mortality showed an increasing but inconstant trend in men and stability in women. At the end of the time series, the highest cancer rates among women were for the cervix, lung, liver and intrahepatic biliary tract, stomach, and breast. Among men, the highest rates were for cancer of the lung, prostate, liver and intra-hepatic biliary tract, stomach, and esophagus. The study showed an increasing mortality time trend for cancer of the prostate, breast, and lung and declining mortality rates for cervical cancer in women, lung cancer in men, and stomach cancer in both sexes. The high mortality rate from liver cancer merits attention, considering the high hepatitis B and C infection rates in the State of Acre.

Time trends of cancer incidence in urban Beijing, 1998–2007

To report the time trends of cancer incidence in urban Beijing from 1998 to 2007. All data were obtained from Beijing Cancer Registry from 1998-2007 in urban Beijing. Time trends of incidence rate of cancer were assessed by annual percentage change (APC) of age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of world standard population during this 10-year period. For all 156851 cancer cases combined, the incidence rate rose in both males and females, with an APC of 2.23% and 3.74%, respectively. The incidence rate of upper gastrointestinal cancers declined significantly, with an APC of -2.83% in esophageal cancer and -1.37% in male gastric cancer, while lower gastrointestinal cancer, such as colorectal cancer, increased with an APC of 4.08%. The rates of kidney and bladder cancer increased with an APC of 7.93% and 5.57%, respectively. For women, the APC continued to rise in breast cancer (4.98%), ovary cancer (6.16%), cervix uteri cancer (11.74%), corpus uteri cancer (6.96%) and thyroid gland cancer (13.39%). The rate of prostate cancer among men increased with an APC of 8.58%; the rate of lymphoma and leukemia increased with APC of 5.48% and 5.44%, respectively. Because of population aging and urban modernization, the cancer burden in Beijing has become more and more severe and similar to the western developed countries.

Time Trends and Racial Differences in Female Breast Cancer Incidence in Pennsylvania, 1985–2004

Background: Differences in breast cancer incidence time trends can result from changes in ascertainment, new diagnostic codes, or possibly changes in underlying risk factors. Methods: Female breast cancer incidence data between 1985 and 2004 were obtained from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry. Joinpoint regression was applied to characterize time trends of age-specific, race-specific, and histology-specific breast cancer incidence. Estimated annual percent change (APC) was calculated. Spatial analysis was applied to detect spatial clusters of county-specific incidence for breast cancer in Pennsylvania. Results: The age-adjusted incidence of invasive breast carcinoma and breast carcinoma in situ was higher in white women than in black women. Invasive breast carcinoma incidence began to decrease significantly in 2001 (APC -3.0%) among white women but has been stable among black women since 1987. Among white women, the age-adjusted incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ increased significantly from 1985 to 1999 but was stable for lobular carcinoma in situ. Among black women, the incidence for both ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ increased significantly over time. For women under the age of 40, breast carcinoma in situ incidence increased significantly over time (APC 4.5% and 10.0% in white women and black women, respectively, 1985-2004). Young black women had a higher incidence of both invasive breast carcinoma and breast carcinoma in situ compared to young white women. Conclusions: Although the increase in breast carcinoma in situ is partly explained by improved diagnosis and screening, other risk factors should be considered. In addition, factors responsible for higher breast cancer rates among younger black women and women living in urban areas should be carefully assessed.