Time Of TB Diagnosis Research Articles

Costs incurred by people with co-morbid tuberculosis and diabetes and their households in the Philippines.

Diabetes is a risk factor for TB mortality and relapse. The Philippines has a high TB incidence with co-morbid diabetes. This study assessed the pre- and post-TB diagnosis costs incurred by people with TB and diabetes (TB-DM) and their households in the Philippines. Longitudinal data was collected for costs, income, and coping mechanisms of TB-affected households in Negros Occidental and Cebu, the Philippines. Data collection was conducted four times during TB treatment. The data collection tools were developed by adapting WHO's cross-sectional questionnaire in the Tuberculosis Patient Cost Surveys: A Handbook into a longitudinal study design. Demographic and clinical characteristics, self-reported household income, number of facility visits, patient costs, the proportion of TB-affected households facing catastrophic costs due to TB (>20% of annual household income before TB), coping mechanisms, and social support received were compared by diabetes status at the time of TB diagnosis. 530 people with TB were enrolled in this study, and 144 (27.2%) had TB-DM based on diabetes testing at the time of TB diagnosis. 75.4% of people with TB-DM were more than 45 years old compared to 50.3% of people with TB-only (p<0.001). People with TB-DM had more frequent visits for TB treatment (120 vs 87 visits, p = 0.054) as well as for total visits for TB-DM treatment (129 vs 88 visits, p = 0.010) compared to those with TB-only. There was no significant difference in the proportion of TB-affected households facing catastrophic costs between those with TB-DM (76.3%) and those with TB-only (68.7%, p = 0.691). People with TB-DM in the Philippines face extensive health service use. However, this does not translate into substantial differences in the incidence of catastrophic cost. Further study is required to understand the incidence of catastrophic costs due to diabetes-only in the Philippines.

Longitudinal trends in glycated hemoglobin during and after tuberculosis treatment

AimsTo investigate the impact of pulmonary TB on glycemic status during and after TB treatment, and associations of glycemic trends with antidiabetic therapy and TB outcomes. MethodsData from two prospective cohort studies of adults in Chennai, India, with pulmonary TB were combined for this analysis. Participants were classified by baseline hemoglobin A1c (A1C) as having normoglycemia (NG; n = 74), prediabetes (pre-DM; n = 110), or diabetes (DM; n = 244). Repeat A1C measurements were performed at TB treatment months 3 and 6, and then 6 and 12 months after TB treatment completion. ResultsMedian A1C at baseline declined after TB treatment initiation in all groups. No baseline NG or pre-DM participants progressed to DM by end of study, while 16.7% of baseline DM participants shifted to pre-DM or NG levels of A1C. In the baseline DM group, rising A1C after the intensive phase of TB treatment was significantly associated with adverse TB outcomes. ConclusionsIncident TB promotes transient glucose elevation but was not conclusively shown to promote chronic dysglycemia. Rising A1C during and after TB treatment may predict unfavorable treatment response in persons presenting with A1C ≥ 6.5 % at the time of TB diagnosis.

P143 Incidence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in a cohort of bacteriologically confirmed TB patients at a tertiary hospital in Ghana

Poster session 2, September 22, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM ObjectivesChronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a common complication of tuberculosis. Previous studies on CPA in TB had involved general TB patients with a majority not bacteriologically proven. Although, ruling out evidence of TB is critical in diagnostic algorithms for CPA, in rare cases, CPA may occur in patients with active TB. This prospective longitudinal study aimed to determine the incidence of CPA at three timepoints in a cohort of bacteriologically confirmed TB patients placed on anti-TB therapy in Ghana.MethodsConsecutive patients in whom MTB was detected by molecular analysis (GeneXpert MTB) and subsequently placed on anti-TB treatment were enrolled. They were screened for CPA at baseline or the time of TB diagnosis (0-1 week), end of treatment (6-7 months), and post-treatment (12-13 months). Screening involved assessment of signs and symptoms, quality of life (QoL) using St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, imaging investigations (chest radiograph and/or CT scan), and mycology testing (LDBio Aspergillus IgG & IgM ICT and culture). CPA cases were defined based on a diagnostic algorithm developed for resource-constrained settings. During follow-up timepoints, CT scan was done when Aspergillus serology changed from negative to positive. GeneXpert MTB or acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear results were obtained from laboratory records during follow-up timepoints.ResultsA total of 46 patients were enrolled at baseline, of whom 34 (74%) were resurveyed at the end of treatment. Only 13 patients have been screened post-treatment so far. There were 6 (13%) relapse cases. At baseline, Aspergillus serology was positive in 4 (8.7%) patients and later increased to 6 (17.6%) and now 3 (23.1%) at the end and post-treatment respectively. Specifically, 4 (8.7%), 2 (6.9%), and 1 (10.0%) patient(s) met the criteria for CPA at baseline, end of treatment, and post-treatment respectively. All four cases of CPA described at baseline occurred in relapse patients. Among these patients, the initial MTB load determined by GeneXpert MTB was either trace or very low and follow-up AFB smear and/or GeneXpert MTB were negative between 2 to 3 months. Among relapse patients, average years since the primary episode of TB was four in those with CPA versus nine in those without CPA. Persistent cough and hemoptysis were the common symptoms of CPA. All CPA patients had cavitation, irregular intraluminal lining of cavity, and all but one had pleural thickening and/or paracavitary fibrosis. Two CPA patients at baseline have been rescreened post-treatment, one still has features of CPA and one had died. Also, the two CPA patients at the end of treatment continue to have CPA features when rescreened. Quality of life score improved significantly at the end of treatment for TB without CPA (51.4-3.8) while for those with putative CPA co-infection the improvement was less (53.8-25.7).ConclusionCPA should be considered in patients with suspected TB relapse, a very low or trace GeneXpert MTB, and positive Aspergillus serology. These patients had a less satisfactory symptom improvement after TB treatment. Aspergillus serology testing at the beginning of TB relapse therapy may provide prognostic information.

Impact of lung function on treatment outcome in patients with TB.

BACKGROUND: The potential association between the lung function status at baseline and TB treatment outcome has not been evaluated previously. We aimed to investigate the impact of lung function status at the time of TB diagnosis on treatment outcome in patients with pulmonary TB (PTB).METHODS: A retrospective cohort study on data from all consecutive patients with culture-confirmed PTB and available spirometry test results admitted during the year 2016 to the Regional anti-TB dispensary no.1 in Kharkiv, Ukraine.RESULTS: A total of 278 patients with PTB were included into the study. The rate of negative treatment outcome (failure or death) was higher in patients with restrictive and mixed lung dysfunction than in those with normal spirometry results (25.6% vs. 6.8%, P = 0.0007; 37.5% vs. 6.8%, P = 0.003, respectively). In a logistic regression model, restrictive lung disease and mixed-type lung disease were associated with negative treatment outcome (OR 4.19, 95% CI 1.60-13.28, P = 0.007 and OR 5.46, 95% CI 1.28-24.44, P = 0.02, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: Lung function at the time of diagnosis has an important impact on treatment outcomes in patients with PTB; the more severe the restriction in lung function the higher the likelihood of a negative treatment outcome.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes VIH/SIDA diagnosticados con tuberculosis en el Servicio de Atención Integral del Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral durante el periodo 2010-2016

Introducción: el diagnóstico de TB puede ser particularmente difícil en niños infectados con VIH porque es común la superposición clínica con otra enfermedad relacionada con el VIH, lo que dificulta y retrasa un correcto diagnóstico.&#x0D; Objetivo: conocer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes VIH/SIDA diagnosticados con tuberculosis en el Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral durante el periodo 2010- 2016.&#x0D; Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, la información se obtuvo de los expedientes de los pacientes VIH/SIDA diagnosticados con tuberculosis en el Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral durante el periodo 2010-2016. Las variables de estudio se recolectaron en un instrumento diseñado para estos fines. Los datos se procesaron mediante el paquete estadístico SPSS 2007 y en el análisis se usó estadística descriptiva.&#x0D; Resultados: el 13.2 % de los pacientes con VIH desarrollaron TB, 72.3 % presentaba una inmunosupresión grave al momento del diagnóstico de TB, 45 % refería el antecedente de contacto TB y el 90.5 % era intradomiciliario. 53 % no estaba recibiendo TARV antes de establecer el diagnóstico TB. Tos (65.9 %), fiebre (61.7 %) y pérdida o mal progreso de peso (40.4 %), fueron las principales manifestaciones clínicas. 76.6 % completó 6 meses de tratamiento, 17 % se perdió durante el seguimiento y 4.3 % falleció durante el tratamiento.&#x0D; Conclusión: 13.2 % de los pacientes con VIH desarrollaron tuberculosis, con un importante deterioro de su inmunidad al momento de hacer este diagnóstico, más de la mitad no recibía terapia antiretroviral; un alto porcentaje de estos pacientes tenían antecedente de contacto intradomiciliario con un caso TB, 17 % abandono tratamiento antituberculosis luego de iniciado.

1383. Everolimus is Associated with an Increased Risk of Tuberculosis in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is an important post-transplant infection. Everolimus has been documented to reduce the risk of cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients, but its impact on other infections is less known. The present study aimed to assess immunosuppressive regimens on TB risk in solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients via a matched case–control study.MethodsFrom May 2005 to December 2018, SOT recipients with TB were retrospectively identified, and those without TB undergoing transplantation at the same university hospital were selected as controls. Controls and cases were matched by age (±5 years), transplant type and year (±5 years) at a ratio of 4:1. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of TB.ResultsTB developed in 30 SOT recipients (13 kidney, 7 heart, 6 liver, and 4 lung) after a mean duration of 1,601 days after transplantation, with predominant lung involvement (87%). The diagnosis was made by culture in 70% and pathology in 17%. Rifamycins-based regimens were used in 27 cases, and 4 developed rejection without graft failure. A total of 106 controls were selected. At the time of TB diagnosis, cases were more likely to use everolimus than controls (27% vs. 11%, P < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed in the use of tacrolimus, cyclosporin, sirolimus, prednisolone, or mycophenolate mofetil. The median duration of everolimus use was 585 and 698 days in 8 cases and 12 controls, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that everolimus use (adjust odds ratio [aOR] 22.3, 95% conference interval [CI] 2.5–203.0) and hemodialysis (aOR 19.6, 95% CI 1.3–287.1) were independently associated with TB.ConclusionTB is more likely to develop in SOT recipients on everolimus and hemodialysis. Further studies to confirm our findings are warranted, and TB risk assessment should be performed for those receiving everolimus and hemodialysis.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis coinfection: clinical features and predictors of mortality

Background/aim: This study was undertaken to identify subjects with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis (HIV/TB) coinfection in a group of HIV-positive patients followed at five different healthcare centers, and to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of these subjects as well as the predictors of mortality. Materials and methods: A database search for subjects with TB coinfection was performed among 1475 HIV-positive adult patients and a total of 66 individuals were identified with HIV/TB coinfection. Results: There were 66 patients (4.5%) with TB coinfection. Twenty-one percent (n = 14) of the patients with TB coinfection died during the study period and these patients had significantly lower baseline CD4 counts at the time of TB diagnosis (P = 0.005). None of the patients with CD4 count of ≥200 cells/mm3 died during follow-up and a low CD4 count at the time of TB diagnosis (<200 cells/ mm3) was associated with poor survival (P = 0.012). However, none of the parameters emerged as significant independent predictors of survival in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Coexistence of TB and HIV infection is associated with many clinical challenges and a better understanding of patient characteristics as well as the parameters impacting the outcome will improve the quality of care provided for this group of patients.

Smoked and smokeless tobacco use among pulmonary tuberculosis patients under RNTCP in urban Puducherry, India

BackgroundSmoking is associated with unfavourable treatment outcomes like failures and defaults among the TB patients. ObjectivesTo study the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among the pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients in urban Pondicherry and study the association of various socio-demographic variables with current smoked and smokeless tobacco users. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 235 PTB patients from 6 randomly selected urban PHCs of Pondicherry from Jan 2013 to March 2014. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence was used. Chi-square test and multiple-logistic regression were done. ResultsPrevalence of smoking among the PTB patients at the time of TB diagnosis was 35.3%, whereas the same during the continuation phase (CP) was 23.4%. Among 83 smokers at the time of diagnosis, 52 modified and 31 did not modify their smoking after TB diagnosis. Similarly, prevalence of smokeless tobacco use both at the time of TB diagnosis and during CP was 9.8%. Male and lower education level was associated with current smoking. Similarly, female and lower education level was associated with current smokeless tobacco use. ConclusionsOne-third of PTB patients used smoked or smokeless tobacco during their CP. Health programme needs to concentrate on PTB patients who continue to use smoked or smokeless tobacco during their treatment; necessary interventions need to be planned.

Burden of HIV and tuberculosis co-infection in Montreal, Quebec.

Define the burden of HIV-TB co-infection and predictors of HIV screening among incident TB cases. Analysis of surveillance data on TB incident cases reported to Montreal's Public Health Department from 2004 to 2009. Among all reported TB cases, proportions of cases with HIV testing and HIV infection were calculated by patient characteristics. A test for linear trends was performed on the annual proportions of HIV-tested and HIV-positive cases. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for HIV testing at time of TB diagnosis were computed. A total of 778 incident TB cases were included in the analysis. HIV testing was reported for 50.8% (n=395) of cases. The proportion of HIV-tested cases increased significantly from 43% in 2004 to 70% in 2009. HIV-TB co-infection was found in 9.3% of patients with reported HIV status or in 4.2% of the overall cohort. HIV prevalence was high in men, individuals aged 40-59, those originating from Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, and the homeless. Multivariate analysis revealed that HIV testing at time of TB diagnosis was performed mainly for subjects born in the Caribbean, Central or South America, or Sub-Saharan Africa, those with pulmonary disease, and injection drug users. Although reporting of HIV testing among incident TB patients increased, targeted HIV testing still occurs. HIV prevalence in TB cases remained stable during the study period; however, it may be underestimated due to missed opportunities for HIV testing and under-reporting.

Survival of HIV patients with tuberculosis started on simultaneous or deferred HAART in the THRio cohort, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

BackgroundThe timing of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) after a tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected patients can affect clinical outcomes and survival. We compared survival after tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected adults who initiated HAART and tuberculosis therapy simultaneously to those who delayed the start of HAART for at least two months. MethodsThe THRio cohort includes 17,983 patients receiving HIV care in 29 public clinics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. HAART-naïve patients at the time of a new TB diagnosis between September 2003 and June 2008 were included. Survival was measured in days from diagnosis of TB. We compared survival among patients who initiated HAART within 60 days of TB treatment (simultaneous – ST) to those who started HAART >60 days of TB treatment or never started (deferred – DT). Kaplan–Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted. ResultsOf 947 patients diagnosed with TB, 572 (60%) were HAART naïve at the time of TB diagnosis; 135 were excluded because of missing CD4 count results. Among the remaining 437 TB patients, 56 (13%) died during follow-up: 25 (10%) among ST patients and 31 (16%) in DT group (p=0.08). ST patients had lower median CD4 counts at TB diagnosis than DT patients (106 vs. 278, p<0.001). Cox proportional hazards utilizing propensity score analysis showed that DT patients were more likely to die (adjusted HR=1.89; 95% CI: 1.05–3.40; p=0.03). ConclusionHAART administered simultaneously with TB therapy was associated with improved survival after TB diagnosis. HAART should be given to patients with HIV-related TB as soon as clinically feasible.

Increased genetic diversity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis W-Beijing genotype that predominates in eastern China

ObjectivesTo determine the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strains in a Chinese population predominately infected with strains of the W-Beijing family. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in three counties of eastern China. M. tuberculosis strains were collected at TB clinics, and patients were interviewed by trained physicians at the time of TB diagnosis. RD105 and RD181 were used to identify W-Beijing and modern W-Beijing strains, respectively, while seven-locus variable numbers of tandem repeat–mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (VNTR–MIRU) analysis was employed to differentiate the genotypes of these strains. ResultsOf 441 strains studied, 394 (89.3%) were identified as W-Beijing family strains; of them, 299 were modern W-Beijing strains. VNTR–MIRU identified 409 genotypes from 426 strains, including 395 unique patterns and 14 clusters. Ancestral W-Beijing strains were more likely to be clustered (OR=1.32, 95%CI: 0.58–2.97) compared to modern W-Beijing strains. The proportions of clustered strains were 14.6%, 4.2% and 0% at sites Funing (FN), Deqing (DQ) and Yinzhou (YZ), respectively. Of the seven MIRU loci, VNTR3820 was found to have the highest discriminatory power and allelic diversity. ConclusionsVNTR–MIRU typing appears to be a reliable method for analyzing M. tuberculosis transmission in relatively closed populations. The low clustering proportions indicate that endogenous relapse may be a main source of TB cases in eastern China. Furthermore, our results indicate that migration has played may play an important role in the recent transmission of the W-Beijing family of M. tuberculosis.

P90 Vitamin D status improves following recovery from tuberculosis

Introduction and ObjectivesVitamin D deficiency associates with active tuberculosis, but the question of whether this arises as a cause or as a consequence of disease is controversial. Paired comparison of...

Predictors of Death during Tuberculosis Treatment in TB/HIV Co-Infected Patients in Malaysia

BackgroundMortality among TB/HIV co-infected patients is still high particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the predictors of death in TB/HIV co-infected patients during TB treatment.MethodsWe reviewed medical records at the time of TB diagnosis and subsequent follow-up of all newly registered TB patients with HIV co-infection at TB clinics in the Institute of Respiratory Medicine and three public hospitals in the Klang Valley between January 2010 and September 2010. We reviewed these medical records again twelve months after their initial diagnosis to determine treatment outcomes and survival. We analysed using Kaplan-Meier and conducted multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis to identify predictors of death during TB treatment in TB/HIV co-infected patients.ResultsOf the 227 patients studied, 53 (23.3%) had died at the end of the study with 40% of deaths within two months of TB diagnosis. Survival at 2, 6 and 12 months after initiating TB treatment were 90.7%, 82.8% and 78.8% respectively. After adjusting for other factors, death in TB/HIV co-infected patients was associated with being Malay (aHR 4.48; 95%CI 1.73-11.64), CD4 T-lymphocytes count < 200 cells/µl (aHR 3.89; 95% CI 1.20-12.63), three or more opportunistic infections (aHR 3.61; 95% CI 1.04-12.55), not receiving antiretroviral therapy (aHR 3.21; 95% CI 1.76-5.85) and increase per 103 total white blood cell count per microliter (aHR 1.12; 95% CI 1.05-1.20)ConclusionTB/HIV co-infected patients had a high case fatality rate during TB treatment. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in these patients can improve survival by restoring immune function and preventing opportunistic infections.

Tuberculosis among HIV-1-infected subjects in a tertiary out-patient service in São Paulo city, Brazil

TB is currently considered to be the most important infectious disease among HIV-1-infected subjects in developing countries, such as Brazil. A retrospective analysis of TB cases was performed, occurring from January 1995 to December 2010 in our cohort of 599 HIV positive patients. The primary outcome was the occurrence of active TB. Forty-one TB cases were diagnosed over this period of 16 years, among 599 HIV positive patients in an open cohort setting in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. All-time lowest mean CD4 T cell count at the time of TB diagnosis was 146 and 186 cells/mm³, respectively. The mean HIV viral load was 5.19 log10 copies/mL, and 59% of the patients were on HAART. TB incidence was 1.47 per 100 person-years, for a total follow-up time of 2775 person-years. The probability of surviving up to 10 years after diagnosis was 75% for TB patients as opposed to 96% for patients with other, non-TB opportunistic diseases (p = 0.03). TB can be considered a public health problem among people living with HIV in Brazil despite of the widespread use of antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection/AIDS.

PIN96 Does Connecting Tobacco Cessation Intervention in Tuberculosis Care Improve Quality of Life Outcomes?

Objectives: The objective of this study was to document the impact of an integrated TB directly observed therapy short-course (DOTS) plus smoking cessation intervention (SCI) on HRQoL. Methods: This was a non-randomized controlled study (quasi experimental design) involving 120 TB patients who were current smokers at the time of TB diagnosis. Patients were assigned to either of two groups: conventional TB-DOTS plus smoking cessation intervention (SCIDOTS group) or conventional TB-DOTS only (DOTS group). The effects of the novel intervention on HRQoL were measured using EQ-5D questionnaire. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA was used to examine the effects. Results: When compared, participants who received the integrated intervention had a better HRQoL than those who received the conventional TB care. The SCIDOTS group had a significantly greater increase in EQ-5D utility score than the DOTS group during 6 months follow-up (mean± SD = 0.98 ± 0.08 vs. 0.91 ± 0.14, p = 0.006). Similarly, the mean scores for EQ-VAS showed a consistently similar trend as the EQ-5D indices, with the scores increasing over the course of TB treatment. Furthermore, for the EQ-VAS, there were significant main effects for group [F (1, 84) = 4.91, p = 0.029, η2 = 0.06], time [F (2, 168) = 139.50, p = <0.001, η2 = 0.62] and group x time interaction [F (2, 168) = 13.89, p = <0.001, η2 = 0.14]. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that an integrated TB-tobacco treatment strategy could potentially improve overall quality of life outcomes among TB patients who are smokers.

Simultaneous HAART improves survival in children coinfected with HIV and TB

This study assesses the outcome of current treatment guidelines and the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on survival of HIV/TB-coinfected patients in a resource-limited setting. Observational cohort study at the pediatric HIV Clinic, RML Hospital, Delhi. All HIV-infected patients who visited the clinic for the diagnosis of TB between 2002 and 2006 were observed until 31 March 2010. TB was diagnosed either at the time of enrolment or during follow-up visits. Clinical and epidemiological data were registered. We compared children who were given HAART with TB treatment at time of diagnosis [simultaneous therapy (ST)] and children who received delayed HAART. Survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model. Among the 298 children, 126 (42.2%) had TB, including 96 who received ST (76% of 126) and 30 who did not. There were no differences between the two groups except for a lower CD4 count in patients undergoing ST. ST was associated with improved survival [hazard ratio (HR), 0.35; 95% CI, 0.20-0.74; P = 0.002] and so were year of TB diagnosis and other AIDS-defining conditions. Multivariate analysis revealed that ST was a powerful predictor of survival (HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.14-0.68; P = 0.003). After adjusting for other prognostic variables such as age, gender, CD4 count at time of TB diagnosis, by Cox multivariate analysis, ST remained robustly associated with improved survival (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.17-0.71; P = 0.001). Starting HAART during tuberculosis therapy significantly improves survival and provides further impetus for the integration of TB and HIV services.